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2021-2022年四川省遂寧市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________
一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.Theauthor'sexperienceinBangkokshowsthat______.
A.therestoftheworldprovestobeextremelyrisky
B.peopleshouldnotbeafraidofvisitingothercountries
C.thelocalsareunawareofthesecretpoliticalprotests
D.thenewshelpspeoplestayawayfromdangerousplaces
2.TheValueofWritingWell
It'sthattimeofyearagain.No,not"theholidayseason".Imean,itisholidaytime,butforprofessorsitdoesn'tstartfeelinglikeholidaytimeuntilfinalgradesareinandthebooksareclosedonanothersemester.No,forme,it'spaper-gradingtime,thetimeofyearwhenI'mremindedoverandoveroftheimportanceofgoodwritingskills--andoftheirrarity.
Theabilitytowritewellisnotagift.Sure,thespecialsomethingthatsetsapartaTolstoyorShakespeareorSalmanRushdieorIsabelAllendeisagift,atalentbornofdisposition,experience,andcommitment.Butjusttobeabletocommunicateclearlywiththewrittenwordtakesnospecialtalent;it'saskilllikeanyother.
Well,notexactlylikeanyother.Becausethewordsweusetowritewitharethesamewordsweusetothinkwith,learningtowritewellhasramificationsthatgobeyondthemerelytechnical.Asweimproveourwritingability,weimproveourabilitytothink--tobuildanargument,toframe.issuesincompellingways,toweaveapparentlyunrelatedfactsintoacoherentwhole.
Anddespitetherecurringhand-wringingandchest-beatingaboutthe"endofliteracy"andthe"deathoftheprintedword",therealityisthatwewritemorethaneverthesedays.Whileit'sararepersonwhositsdownwithpenandpaperinhandandwritesalettertoafriendorlovedone,wepouremailsintotheetheratanastoundingrate.Wetextmessage,tweet,instantmessage,blog,comment,andotherwiseshootwordsateachotherinanear-constantflowofcommunication.Weannotategroupportraits,LOL-ifycatpictures,andtag..,well,everything.Atwork,wewriteletters,proposals,PowerPointpresentations,Businessrequirementdocuments,memos,speeches,missionstatements,positionpapers,operatingprocedures,manuals,brochures,packagecopy,pressreleases,anddozensofmorespecializedtypesofdocuments.
Weare,itseems,writingcreatures.Homoscribus,ifyouwill.
It'snowonderthatBusinessesrepeatedlycite"communicationskills"asthesinglemostdesirabletraitinnewemployees.Thekicker,though,isthatweareasasocietyincrediblybadatwriting.Publicschoolsdoapoorjobofteachingstudentshowtowritewell-theybarelymanagetoinstillthebasicrulesofgrammarandthemiserable5-paragraphessay,letalonehowtowritewithstyle.andverve,howtoputtogetheranargumentthatmovessteadilyfromonepointtothenexttopersuadeareaderofsomecrucialpoint,howtosynthesizeideasanddatafrommultiplesourcesintosomethingthattakesthoseideasonestepfurther.
It'snotjusttheteachers'fault.Teachersdothebesttheycanwithwhatthey'regiven,andalltoooftenwhatthey'regivenisinadequateresourceswithwhichtoteachclassroomsfullofunmotivatedstudentswhocouldcarelessaboutwriting.Addtothattherequirementsofmandatorynation-wideteststhatrewardconformity,notcreativity,andthethreatofpunishmentforanyschoolwhosestudentsfailtofallwithinthefairlyrigidboundariesofthetest'srequirements,andyou'vegotaprettybadsituationallaroundforinstillinginstudentsthepowertowritewell.
Thatis,alas,agreatdisservice.Beingabletowritewellvastlyimprovesstudents'-andothers'-potentialforsuccess,regardlessofthefieldtheyfindthemselvesin.AsI'vealreadymentioned,peoplewhowritewelltendtobebetterabletothinkthroughproblemsandteaseoutpatternsinoutwardlydissimilarsituations.Moreimportantly,peoplewhowritewellhavetheopportunitytomakeamarkintheworld,becausetheirbestideasaren'ttrappedintheirownmindsforlackofameansofexpression.
Thisistruewhetheryou'reaCEOorajanitor,amarketingexpertoranEmergencyMedicalTechnician.Theskills
A.hadnothingtodowithgift
B.wasattributedtotoughtraining
C.wasaborntalent
D.madehimwell-known
3.
Whilegift-givingisanimportantpartofdoingbusinessinJapan,itisnotanormalcustominsuchcountriesas______,______,and______.
4.
ForChristians,Eastereggssymbolize______.
5.
Ifyouhaveanyconcernaboutanewdrugoritssideeffects,youcanaskyourdoctororpharmacistquestions,orcallthedrugcompanyfor______.
6.
JosephThsetanGerganservesforIndianDepartmentofScienceandTechnology.
A.YB.NC.NG
7.
AccordingtoSunilBhartiMittalofBhartiAirtel,whatwillchangethetraditionalwayoftransactionsfundamentally?
A.MasterCard.
B.Textmessages.
C.Pre-paidcards.
D.Telephonenetwork.
8.
Thelawsregulatethatthefosterparentshaveprioritiesinadoptingtheirfosterchild.
A.YB.NC.NG
9.
Afteranalyzingthefirsttimelog,theauthorfoundthathe______.
A.hadlongerofficehoursthanothers
B.spentmosttimecheckinge-mails
C.wastedmuchtimeunconsciously
D.wasonlyconcernedaboutwork
10.
Accordingtothefirstrule,highexecutivepayis______.
A.nothingbutaproblemconcerninggovernance
B.duetotheabusesofpower
C.unrelatedwithbosses'decisions
D.providedformanagerssothatitwouldharmcompanies
11.
WhenGMtomatoesfirstenteredBritishsupermarket,itcausedasensationtothewholeimmediately.
A.YB.NC.NG
12.
Researchersclaimthataslittleasfiveminutesexposuretocommondomesticelectricalappliancewillimpair______.
13.ABriefIntroductionofMarkTwain
Twain,Mark,pseudonym(筆名)ofSamuelLanghorneClemens(1835-1910),Americanwriterandhumorist,whosebestworkischaracterizedbybroad,oftenirreverent(不敬的)humororbitingsocialsatire.Twain'swritingisalsoknownforrealismofplaceandlanguage,memorablecharacters,andhatredofhypocrisyandoppression.
EarlyYears
BorninFlorida,Missouri,ClemensmovedwithhisfamilytoHannibal,Missouri,aportontheMississippiRiver,whenhewasfouryearsold.Therehereceivedapublicschooleducation.Afterthedeathofhisfatherin1847,ClemenswasapprenticedtotwoHannibalprimers,andin1851hebegansettingtypeforandcontributingsketchestohisbrotherOrion'sHannibalJournal.SubsequentlyheworkedasaprinterinKeokuk,Iowa;NewYorkCity;Philadelphia,Pennsylvania;andothercities.LaterClemenswasasteamboatpilotontheMississippiRiveruntiltheAmericanCivilWar(1861-1865)broughtanendtotravelontheriver.In1861ClemensservedbrieflyasavolunteersoldierintheConfederatecavalry.LaterthatyearheaccompaniedhisbrothertothenewlycreatedNevadaTerritory,wherehetriedhishandatsilvermining.In1862hebecameareporterontheTerritorialEnterpriseinVirginiaCity,Nevada,andin1863hebegansigninghisarticleswiththepseudonymMarkTwain,aMississippiRiverphrasemeaning"twofathomsdeep."AftermovingtoSanFrancisco,California,in1864,TwainmetAmericanwritersArtemusWardandBretHarte,whoencouragedhiminhiswork.In1865TwainreworkedatalehehadheardintheCaliforniagoldfields,andwithinmonthstheauthorandthestory,"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,"hadbecomenationalsensations.
YearsofMaturity
In1867TwainlecturedinNewYorkCity,andinthesameyearhevisitedEuropeandPalestine.HewroteofthesetravelsinTheInnocentsAbroad(1869),abookexaggeratingthoseaspectsofEuropeanculturethatimpressAmericantourists.In1870hemarriedOliviaLangdon.AfterlivingbrieflyinBuffalo,NewYork,thecouplemovedtoHartford,Connecticut.MuchofTwain'sbestworkwaswritteninthe1870sand1880sinHartfordorduringthesummersatQuarryFarm,nearElmira,NewYork.RoughingIt(1872)recountshisearlyadventuresasaminerandjournalist;TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)celebratesboyhoodinatownontheMississippiRiver;ATrampAbroad(1880)describesawalkingtripthroughtheBlackForestofGermanyandtheSwissAlps;ThePrinceandthePauper(1882),achildren'sbook,focusesonswitchedidentitiesinTudorEngland;LifeontheMississippi(1883)combinesanautobiographicalaccountofhisexperiencesasariverpilotwithavisittotheMississippinearlytwodecadesafterheleftit;AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889)satirizesoppressioninfeudalEngland.
AboutHisMasterpiece
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884),thesequeltoTomSawyer,isconsideredTwain'smasterpiece.Thebookisthestoryofthetitlecharacter,knownasHuck,aboywhofleeshisfatherbyraftingdowntheMississippiRiverwitharunawayslave,Jim.ThepailsadventuresshowHuck(andthereader)thecrueltyofwhichmenandwomenarecapable.AnotherthemeofthenovelistheconflictbetweenHuck'sfeelingsoffriendshipwithJim,whoisoneofthefewpeoplehecantrust,andhisknowledgethatbeisbreakingthelawsofthetimebyhelpingJimescape.HuckleberryFinn,whichisalmostentirelynarratedfromHuck'spointofview,isnotedforitsauthenticlanguageandforitsdeepcommitmenttofreedom.Huck'sadventuresalsoprovidethereaderwithapanoramaofAmericanlifealongtheMississippibeforetheCivilWar.Twain'sskillincapturingtherhythmsofthatlifehelpmakethebookoneofthemasterpiecesofAmericanliterature.
&
A.YB.NC.NG
14.
Amoreprecisetermforacidrainis______,whichhastwoparts:wetanddry.
15.Comparedwiththeir1960scounterparts,theundergraduatesinMs.Blum'sresearchpreferto______.
A.challengethenotionofauthorshipandoriginality
B.establishauniqueandauthenticidentity
C.haveatryonmanydifferentpersonas
D.domoresocialworkbyWeb-linking
16.
Themainmeasuretheforeignteachertakestogetpaidis______.
17.
Everyyear,adomeownermayspend30%lessinenergyexpenditurethananormalrectilinearhomeone.
A.YB.NC.NG
18.
Studentsfromonedevelopednationtoanotherequalstudentsfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesinnumber.
A.YB.NC.NG
19.
Accordingtotheauthor,iftheanimalsareabletospeak,theycanlaugh.
A.YB.NC.NG
20.WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoostandKaZaAaccordingtoFredrikdeWahl?
A.KaZaAbenefitedtheindustrywhichitentered.
B.KaZaAdidn'timpacttheindustrywhichitentered.
C.Joostdoesn'tthreatentheindustrywhichit'sentering.
D.Joostnegativelyimpactstheindustrywhichit'sentering.
二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(44)
22.(25)
A.Pullhimupthehills.
B.Catchhimifhestartstofail.
C.Findsomeskatesforhim.
D.Teachhimhowtostoponskates.
23.(21)
A.Rightatthismoment.
B.Afterheselectscourses.
C.Attheendofthefirstyear.
D.Attheendoffirstsemester.
24.聽力原文:M:Didyoubuyabirthdaypresentforyoursister,Susan?
W:Notyet,butI'vebeenthinkingaboutgettingheratape.Sheisfondofclassicalmusic.
Q:WhichtapewouldSusanlikebest?
(13)
A.TheBestofJazz.
B.ClassicalFavorites.
C.ChristmasCarols.
D.RockMusicCollection.
25.
【B3】
26.(32)
A.Itservedasafertilizerforcrops.
B.Itformedanewmountain.
C.Itstabilizedairtemperatures.
D.Itdestroyedvariousinsectpests.
27.【B5】
28.(31)
A.Theychangedcolormorequickly.
B.Theydidnotchangecolor.
C.Theychangedcoloronthesameschedule.
D.Theychangedcolormoreslowly.
29.聽力原文:W:Whyareyougivingmeaspeedingticket?Iwasgoingat40milesperhour.
M:Can'tyouseethenoticenearby?Itreads"10mphlimits".
Whatisthepossiblerelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?
(15)
A.Husbandandwife.
B.Teacherandstudent.
C.Policemananddriver.
D.Bossandsecretary.
30.
【B9】
31.
【B4】
32.(26)
A.Thebuyerhastherighttoreprintit.
B.Thebuyerisallowedtochangeit.
C.Theartistcontinuestoholdthecopyrightforit.
D.Theartistmustreportthesaletotheauthority.
33.聽力原文:W:Idon'tthinkIcanhandleallofthesebooksforthiscourse.
M:Ifoundthatyoudon'thavetoreadthemthoroughly.Justskimthroughand{getthemajorpoints.
Q:Whatdoesthewomanfeelaboutherbooks?
(13)
A.Theyaretoomanyandshecan'treadthemall.
B.Theyaretoodifficultandcomplexforhertounderstand.
C.Shefeelstootiredtoreadanybooks.
D.Theyaretooheavyforhertocarry.
34.聽力原文:W:Dr.Weinstein,shouldparentslettheirchildrenwatchtelevisionorreadaboutthewar?
M:Ifparentsaregoingtolettheirkidsreadorwatchtelevisioncoverageofthewar,it'simportantforthemtoreadalongandhelptheirkidsinterpretwhatthey'rereadingorseeing.
Q:Whatshouldparentsdoiftheirchildrenwatchtelevisionorreadaboutthewar?
(16)
A.Toencouragethem.
B.Tostopthemimmediately.
C.Togivesomeexplanation.
D.Toleavethemalone.
35.(24)
A.Manyartistslostfaithinthevalueofart.
B.Manyartistsmovedawayfromlargecities.
C.Manyartistswereforcedtotakejobsinotherfields.
D.ManyartistsintheUnitedStatesmovedtoothercountries.
36.
【B2】
37.(22)
A.Shewillgethimtodohisassignment.
B.Shewillhelphimputhisthingsinorder.
C.Shewillcompletehishomeworkforhim.
D.Shewilltellhimhowtomaintainhiscar.
38.
【B7】
39.【B2】
40.(14)
A.Thestoriesprobablyweren'ttrue.
B.Tomdoesn'tusuallytellfunnystories.
C.She'ssurprisedTomwassoseriouslastnight.
D.ShewantstoknowwhereTomheardthestories.
三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.
AsDr.AlexanderWeisssaid,humanbeingsarealwaysinpursuitof______.
42.Theauthorsaysthatinthecurrentworld,SesameStreet______.
A.hasslightedgeoverothershowstargetingchildren
B.hasmadesomechangessoastokeepupwiththetimes
C.triestocatertoadultswhoaccompanytheirchildrentotheshow
D.isdoomedtofailduetoitsout-datedcontentandpresentation
43.Shedevelopedparalysis(癱瘓),aftergivingbirthtoalargecalf.Thatchangedherstatusfrommilkproducerto"downer",thedairyindustry'swordforacowunabletostandup.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)estimatesthatdownersaccountforbetween130,000and195,000—alargepercentage—ofthetotalcowsslaughteredeachyear.
Herowner,theSunnyDeneRanchdairyfarm,senthertoVeru'sMosesLakeMeats.Shewasgivenaroutinetestfornervous-systemdiseases,killed,thenshippedtoMidwayMeatsinCentralia.Thetest,takenonDecember9thbutnotfullyanalyzeduntilDecember22nd,frozeAmerica's$27-billion-a-yearcattleindustry,theworld'slargestproducerofbeef.ThiscowhadtestedpositiveforBSE(牛綿狀腦病),afatalsicknesspopularlyknownasmadcowdisease.HumanscangetadifferentkindofdiseaseofBSEbyconsumingthebrainsornervous-systemtissueofinfectedcattle.BritaindiagnoseditsfirstcaseofBSEin1986.Iteventuallyspreadto180,000cattleandwaslinkedtothedeathsofnearly150people.
TheUSDAatoncequarantined(隔離)theSunnyDeneherdandmadeeffortstorecallthemeat.TwodozencountriesequallyswiftlyslammedthedooronAmericanbeefexperts,whichearn$3billionayear.TheAsianmarket,particularlyJapan,whichbuysaboutathirdofthoseexports,wasespeciallyquicktobanAmericanmeat.Cattlemencursedtheirbadluckafterayearofdecentprices.
OnDecember27ththeUSDAsuggestedthattheinfectedcowcamefromCanada.ThisdoesnotlettheAmericanbeefindustryoffthehook.ButitsuggeststhatthecauseofthetroubleliesoutsidetheUnitedStates.ItwasnotsuchgoodnewsforCanada.LastMayonecaseofBSEinnorthernCanadaledtoathree-monthbanonexportsofCanadianbeefandlivecattle.Whenwillthecattlemengettheirmarketback.'?TheAmericanshastilysentateamtoJapantotrytocalmJapanesefearsand,morepractically,todiscusstheimportofbeeffromanimalslessthan30monthsold.SteveKay,anexpertonthecattleindustryfromPetaluma,California,pointsoutthatBSEhasneverbeenfoundincattleyoungerthan30months.
MuchasofficialsoncedidinBritain,peoplefromtheUSDAandthemeatindustryhaverushedtoassureAmericansthattheirproductissafe.SharesinMcDonald'satfirsttanked,butrecoveredwhentheburgergiantinsisteditusedstrictsafetystandards.YetAmerica'smeatindustrystillhastopaymoreattentiontowhatitfeedsitsanimalsandhowitkillsthem.
Whatcowsconstituteshighpercentageinthetotalcowsbutcheredeachyear?
A.Cowsthathavegivebirthtocalves.
B.Cowsthathaveproducedmilk.
C.Cowsthatarelessthan30monthsold.
D.Cowsthatcannotstandup.
44.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Eachculturehasitsownform.ofacceptablegreetingbehavior,usuallybasedonthelevelofformalityfoundwithinthesociety.Therulesofsocialdistanceetiquette(禮節(jié))varybyculture.Africans,forex-ample,arefarless(47)______intheirgreetingsthanEuropeans.Expectawarmphysicalgreeting,anex-tendedhandshakeorahandontheshoulderinmostAfricancultures.Alsoexpecttobeaskedhowyourtripwasandhowyourfamilyisdoing.Thetraditionoflonggreetingsstems(48)______thetimewhenAfricansoncewalkedmilestovisitneighboringvillagesonsocialcalls.Thearrivalandagushing(說話滔滔不絕的)greetingwasconsideredthe(49)______avillagercoulddoforatraveler.Don'tbeimpatientwithsuchalongdrawn-out(冗長乏味的)(50)______anddon'tburrythingsalong.Rather,getintothespiritandappreciatethatthepersonyoucametoseeispreparedtotakethetimetosincerely(51)______aboutyourwelfare.
InArgentina,greetingsareusuallyeffusive(過分熱情的)withplentyofhuggingand(52)______,notunliketheFrenchfairelabise(kissonbothcheeks).Thisiseventhecaseinbusinessmeetings,unlesstheyareofahighlyformalnature.InArgentina,menkisswomen,womenkisswomen,(53)______mendonotkissmen.BycontrasttheChinesewayofgreetingshuns(回避)thephysical.Itis(54)______anodoraslightbow.However,whendealingwithindividualsfromcultureswheremoredirectphysicalcontactisthenorm,e.g.,ahandshake,theChinesewill(55)______andshakehands.Don'tinterpretasofthand-shakeorlackofeyecontactasasignofweaknessorlackofaggression.ItsimplymeansthatyourChinesecolleagueis,notoverly(56)______tophysicalcontactwhengreetingastranger.
WordBank:
A.fromI.investigate
B.structuredJ.touching
C.butK.used
D.generallyL.least
E.expeditionM.exchange
F.inquireN.chance
G.adaptO.involved
H.kissing
45.
【C7】
46.【S10】
47.
Companiesdon'twanttospendmoneyonresearchindevelopingappropriatecropsinAfricabecause______.
A.existingtechnologyfailstogrowdry-landcrops
B.onlydozensofyearslatercantheymakeprofits
C.theyarenotencouragedandprobablycannotmakeanyprofit
D.mostofAfricancountriesbelongtothethirdworld
48.
Thesecondmainreasonfortheirunhappinessisthat______.
A.theyarenotpermittedtochangeajob
B.theyhavetoworkontopayofftheirdebts
C.theyhavenootherwayoutthankeepworking
D.theyhavebeenworkinginacompanyfortoolong
49.
Howcanwomengettheroleofpoliticalleadership?
A.Womenmusttakepartinnationalaffairsthroughtheirownefforts.
B.Thegovernmentmustgivesomeconvenientconditionstowomen.
C.Womenmustbeuncompromisingandsteadyandneedmen'ssupport.
D.Menhandthepowertowomenvoluntarilyforabetterfuture.
50.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.
Theinstinctivefoundationoftheintellectuallifeiscuriosity,whichisfoundamonganimalsinitselementaryform.Intelligencedemandsanalertcuriosity,butitmustbeofacertainkind.Thesortthatleadsvillageneighborstotrytopeerthroughcurtainsafterdarkhasnotveryhighvalue.Thewidespreadinterestingossipisinspired,notbyloveofknowledge,butbymalice(惡意);noonegossipsaboutotherpeople'ssecretvirtues,butonlyabouttheirsecretvices.Curiosityproperlyso-called,ontheotherhand,isinspiredbyagenuineloveofknowledge,Youmayseethisimpulse,inamoderatelypureform,atworkinacatthathasbeenbroughttoastrangeroomandproceedstosmelleverycornerandeverypieceoffurniture.Youwillseeitalsoinchildrenwhoarepassionatelyinterestedwhenadrawerorcupboard,usuallyclosed,isopenfortheirinspection.Animals,machines,thunderstorms,andallformsofmanualworkarousethecuriosityofchildren,whosethirstforknowledgeputsthemostintelligentadulttoshame.Thisimpulsegrowsweakerwithadvancingyearsuntilatlastwhatisunfamiliarinspiresonlydisgust,withnodesireforacloseracquaintance.Thisisthestageatwhichpeopleannouncethat"thingsarenotwhattheywereinmyyoungdays".Thethingthatisnotthesameasitwasinthatfar-offtimeisthespeaker'scuriosity.Andwiththedeathofcuriosity,wemayreckonthatactiveintelligence,also,hasdied.Butalthoughcuriositylessensinintensityandinextentafterchildhood,itmayforalongtimeimproveinquality.Curiosityaboutgeneralpropositionsshowsahigherlevelofintelligencethandoescuriosityaboutparticularfacts.Broadlyspeaking,thehighertheorderofgenerality,thegreateristheintelligenceinvolved.Curiositydissociatedfrompersonaladvantageshowsahigherdevelopmentthandoescuriosityconnected,say,withachanceoffood.Thecatthatsniffsinanewroomisnotawhollydisinterestedscientificinquirerbutprobablyalsowantstofindoutwhethertherearemiceabout.Perhapsitisnotquitecorrecttosaythatcuriosityisbestwhenitisdisinterestedbutratherthatitisbestwhentheconnectionwithotherinterestsisnotdirectandobvious,butdiscoverableonlybymeansofacertaindegreeofintelligence.
Accordingtothepassage,howmaymostintelligentadultfeelfacingchildren'sthirstforknowledge?
51.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.
Oneofthemosteminentofpsychologists,ClarkHull,claimedthattheessenceofreasoningliesintheputtingtogetheroftwo"behavior.segments"insomenovelway,neveractuallyperformedbefore,soastoreachagoal.
TwofollowersofClarkHull,HowardandTraceyKendler,devisedatestforchildrenthatwasexplicitlybasedonHulll'sprinciples.Thechildrenweregiventhetaskoflearningtooperateamachinesoastogetatoy.Inordertosucceedtheyhadtogothroughatwo-stagesequence.Thechildrenweretrainedoneachstageseparately.Thestagesconsistedmerelyofpressingthecorrectoneoftwobuttonstogetamarble;andofinsertingthemarbleintoasmallholetoreleasethetoy.TheKendlersfoundthatthechildrencouldlearntheseparatebitsreadilyenough.Buttheydidnotforthemostpart"integrate".Theydidnotpressthebuttontogetthemarbleandthenproceedwithoutfurtherhelptousethemarbletogetthetoy.SotheKendlersconcludedthattheywereincapableofdeductivereasoning.
Themysteryatfirstappearstodeepenwhenwelearn,fromantherpsychologist,MichaelColeandhiscolleagues,thatadultsinanAfricancultureapparentlycannotdotheKendlers'taskeither.Butitlessens,ontheotherhand,whenwelearnthatataskwasdevisedwhichwasstrictlyanalogoustotheKendlers'onebutmucheasierformeAfricanmalestohandle.Insteadofthebutton-pressingmachine,Coleusedalockedboxandtwodifferentlycoloredmatch-boxes,oneofwhichcontainedakeythatwouldopenthebox.Noticethattherearestilltwobehavior.segments--"opentherightmatch-boxtogetthekey"and"usethekeytoopenthebox"---sothetaskseemsformallytobethesame.Butpsychologicallyitisquitedifferent.Nowthesubjectisdealingnotwithastrangemachinebutwithfamiliarmeaningfulobjects:anditiscleartohimwhatheismeanttodo.Itthenturnsourthatthedifficultyof"integration"isgreatlyreduced.
RecentworkbySimonHewsonisofgreatinteresthereforitshowsthat,foryoungchildren,too,thedifficultyliesnotintheinferentialprocesseswhichthetaskdemands,butincertainperplexingfeaturesoftheapparatusandtheprocedure.Hewsonmadetwocrucialchanges.First,hereplacedthebutton-pressingmechanisminthesidepanelsbydrawersinthesepanelswhichthechildrencouldopenandshut.Thistookawaythemysteryfromthefirststageoftraining.Thenhehelpedthechildtounderstandthattherewasno"magic"aboutthespecificmarble.Thetwomodificationstogetherproducedajumpmsuccessratesfrom30%to90%forfive-year-oldsandfrom35%to72.5%forfour-year-olds.Forthree-year-olds,forreasonsthatarestillinneedofclarification,noimprovement--ratheraslightdropinperformanceresultedfromthechange.
Wemayconclude,then,thatchildrenexperienceveryrealdifficultywhenfacedwiththeKendlerapparatus;butthisdifficultycannotbetakenasproofthattheyareincapableofdeductivereasoning.
WhydidtheKendlersconductthetestdescribedinthesecondparagraph?
52.
Thelionrepresentsthosewhoare______.
A.tootrusting
B.strongandcareful
C.reliantonforce
D.lackinginintelligence
53.(59)
54.Fromthepassagewecaninfertaboois______.
A.astrongdesiretodosomethingstrangeorterrible
B.acrimecommittedonimpulse
C.behavior.consideredunacceptableinsociety'seyes
D.anunfavorableimpressionleftonotherpeople
55.
Whatdoes"schoolperformance"(1stinPara.)mean?
A.Students'heschool.
B.Academicperformance.
C.Artshowintheschool.
D.Eventsofaschool.
56.
A"disadvantaged"childison
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