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二andHenryHalletHeartrateHeartrateNobelprizesinPhysiologyorMedicine1936DefinitionofAchemicalreleasedfromanerveendingdiffusestothepostsynapicreceptorwhereitcauseseffectonthepostsynapticneuron.Identification SomethingthatpotentiatesorinhibitstheSomethingthatpotentiatesorinhibitsthetransmissionofanerveimpulsebutisnottheactualmeansoftransmissionNeurotransmitterco-Dale’NeurotransmitterCoexistenceofacetylcholineandvasoactiveintestinalandneuromodulatorNeurotransmitterofCholines(NE,E,DA,5-HT,histamine)Aminoacidsneurotransmitter(Glu,Asp,GABA,Gly)Peptides(tachykinin,opioidpeptide,HRPetPurinesGas(NOand

ClassificationofAcetycholine(muscarinicreceptor,nicotinicAdrenergic(receptorandAminoacidsneurotransmitter(Glureceptor,GABAreceptor,GlyClassificationofM-AChR,AdrenergicR,RofPeptide,GABABR,DAR,5-HT(except5-HT3)RChR,GABAAR,GlyR,NMDA,5-Acetylcholine,CholinergicneuronCholinergicfiberAcetylcholine,MetabolismofCholinergicNeuronin CholinergicfiberinSomaticnervousN2AChR:muscle-typenicotinicCholinergicfiberCholinergicfiberinPreganglionicautonomicParasympatheticpostganglionicSympatheticpostganglionicendingsthatsweatglandsandsympatheticvasodilatorMotornerveCholinergicNicotinicReceptor（N1R, CholinergicM1RGqIP3/DAG(brain,M2RGicAMP M3RGqIP3/DAG(gland,smoothM4RGicAMP (smoothM5RGqDistributionofMuscarinicA汗腺MABrain:M1DistributionofnicotinicN1:neuronal-typenicotinicRN2:muscle-typenicotinicRDistributionofnicotinicNeuron-typenicotinicN2AChR:muscle-typenicotinicBlockerorantagonistofAChTypesofMAtropine阿托品Muscle-typeorneuronaltypeNAChRMuscle-typeNNeuron-typeNAdrenalin,

NoadrenergicneuronAdrenergicneuronDopaminergicneuronMetabolismofA, AdrenergicfiberinM MMostpostganglionicsympatheticAdrenergicFunctionsofNEandNEinCNS ysaroleincardiovascularactivity,mood,foodintake,bodytemperatureetal.EinCNS ysaroleinTargetresponsedependsonthetargetreceptorInbloodvesselsofarterioles:1receptorInbloodvesselsofskeletalmuscle:2BlockerorantagonistofAdrenergicR phentolamine酚妥拉明1 prazosine呱唑嗪2 yohimbine propranolol 1 practolol 2 DAAllDAreceptorsaremetabotropic

D1D2postsynapticonD2,autoreceptorsinSN,VTA,regulateDAsynthesis.FunctionsFunctionsofysaroleinParkinsondisease:degenerationofdopaminergicneuronsinSNcbehavioraldisordersMentalandmoodEndocrineofCardiovascularSerotonergicSerotonergic5-HTIPIP3(Ca2+release5-HT5-HT3Histaminergicneurontuberomammillarynucleus FunctioninEndocrineof4.HistaminergicAminoacids**aminoacid*aminoacid

MetabolismofAMPAreceptors（4subtypes）-4-propionate,-氨基羥甲基惡唑丙酸)Kainatereceptors（5subtypes）NMDA-R（6subtypes）Metabotropic-Rs（11

NMDARTwotypesofionotropicglutamatereceptors:OnethatopenswhenitbindsglutamateandthecellisdepolarizedbyNa+entry(AMPA/kainatereceptor)OnethatopensonlywhenitbindsglutamateandthecellisdepolarizedbyNa+andCa2+entry(NMDAreceptor)(cortexandH)NMDALong-termpotentiation PCaMMetabotropicmGluR1,mGluR5:Gq;postsynapticmGluR2,mGluR3:GimGluR4,mGluR6-R8:Theyarebothpresynapticandpostsynapticandwidelydistributedinthebrain.reuptakebyGABAtransporterGABA-T：GABA轉(zhuǎn)氨酶GABAIonotropicRs:GABAA,GABACMetabotropicR:GABAA&GABAB:GABAC:Retina&GABAAGABABPresynapticandpostsynapticAntagonistofGABAGABAABicuculline荷包牡丹堿GABABGABACGlycineGlyStrychnine士的寧Tachykinin:SP,neurokinaseA,A(3-10)&B,neuropeptideK&&Hypothalamicregulatorypeptides&neurohypophysispeptides:Brain-gutpeptide:CCK,VIP,Receptorsofpeptide①Receptorsof Substancep,neurokinaseA,neurokinase②Receptorsofopioidμ、κ、Functions:Pain,visceralactivityetAdenosine:inhibitory(co-exsitencewithmonoamineoraminoacidneurotransmitters) 突觸傳遞效應(yīng)（遞質(zhì)共存抑制性作用為主、抗驚厥突觸傳遞效應(yīng)（遞質(zhì)共存抑制性作用為主NeurotransmittersofotherNOL-Arginine+ L-Citrulline+ The1998NobelprizewasawardedtothreeU.S.scientists(BobFurchgott,LouIgnarro,andFeridMurad)fordiscoveringthismechanismcelllayermuscelcells三BasicPrinciplesof(一)Reflexisthebasicunitofnervousregulation DefinitionofreflexClassificationofreflexUnconditionedreflex&conditionedMonosynapticreflex&polysynapticConstitutionofReflexArc&BasicProcessofReflexAffere