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/第六章寫作一、寫作概述1.大學英語四級統(tǒng)考對寫作的要求大學英語四級考試寫作部分的目的是測試考生用英語表達思想的一般能力,考生應根據要求在30分鐘內寫出大約100—120個詞的短文。四級考試寫作試題是一種指導性寫作(Guidedwriting),實際上文章的語篇結構或主要內容已經確定,不需要考生進行獨立的命題寫作,考生只需根據題型的要求和提示適當地增添一些具體內容,不能自由發(fā)揮,如果題目規(guī)定的內容寫不出來,考試就會失敗。2。大學英語四級統(tǒng)考寫作的評分原則(1)CET是檢查考生是否達到大學英語教學規(guī)定的四級教學要求,對作文的評判應以此要求為準則。(2)CET作文題采用總體評分(GlobalScoring)方法,閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎勵分(RewardingScores),而不是按語言的錯誤數目扣分。(3)從內容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判.內容和語言是一個統(tǒng)一體,作文應表達題目所規(guī)定的內容,而內容要通過語言來表達。要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達思想,也要考慮是否用英語清楚而適當地表達思想,也就是考慮語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙.(4)避免趨中傾向,該給高分的給高分,包括滿分;該給低分的給低分,包括零分。閱卷人員在所評閱的全部作文卷中不應只給中間的幾種分數。3.大學英語四級統(tǒng)考寫作的評分標準(1)本題滿分為15分。(2)評分標準共分為五等,2分、5分、8分、11分及14分,各有標準卷一至兩份。(3)閱卷人員根據閱卷標準,對照樣卷評分,諾認為與某一分數(如8分)相似,即定為該分數(即8分),若認為稍優(yōu)或劣于該分數,則可以加1分(即9分),或減一分(即7分),但不得加或減半分。(4)具體評分標準2分—條理不清,思路紊亂,語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤,且多數為嚴重錯誤。5分—基本切題,表達思想不清楚,連貫性差,有較多的嚴重語言錯誤。8分—基本切題,有些地方表達思想不夠清楚,文字勉強連貫,語言錯誤相當多,其中有許多是嚴重錯誤。11分—切題.表達思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語言錯誤。14分-切題.表達思想清楚,文字通順,連貫性較好。基本上無語言錯誤,僅有個別小錯。(注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關,或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想,則給0分).(5)字數不足應酌情扣分。累計字數90-9980-8970-7960-6950-5949扣分123579注:1.如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結束句均不得計入所寫字數.2.只寫一段者:0一4分;只寫兩段者:0—9分(指規(guī)定三段的作文)。二、大學英語四級統(tǒng)考寫作題型及寫作方法指導在已進行的四級考試中,前五次作文題目均為段首句或段尾句作文,1991年為圖表作文,其余的都是提綱作文。自全國大學英語四級考試實施以來,寫作一直是考生的薄弱環(huán)節(jié),盡管近年來考生的總體水平有了明顯的提高,但他們的英語寫作能力和成績卻不是很理想,滿分15分的作文,考生的平均分一直達不到及格標準(9分).為了使大家熟悉作文考試題型,提高應試能力,現將四級考試可能考到的題型逐類進行介紹和分析,其中將重點介紹最為??嫉奶峋V式作文.(一)段首句作文段首句顧名思義就是每個段落的第一句,一般來說段首句作文中的段首句也就是位于段落之首的主題句,各段首句都從不同角度支持著全文的主題,相互之間存在著一定的邏輯關系,同時又對該段起統(tǒng)帥作用,由此可見段首句有兩層含義:一是點明該段主題,規(guī)定了文章的段落,二是限制每段的內容都要圍繞著它擴展而不能偏離,因此段首句作文是測試考生能否通過對題目及段首句的分析,正確理解和把握段首句所包含的該段的中心論點和全文的主題思想,寫出與段首句在意義上連貫、形式上統(tǒng)一、語氣上一致的文章,段首句作文的寫作步驟與技巧如下:1.認真審題。仔細閱讀指令,明確寫作目的與要求。2.篇章構思。認真分析各段首句所包含的信息,仔細斟酌、推敲各段首句之間的相互關系,以獲取對整篇文章的印象,把握文章主題,展開整體構思.3.擬訂提綱。即使不動筆,也要在腦海中形成一個全文的大體思路。4.開展續(xù)寫.考慮續(xù)寫的方法與模式,緊扣主題句寫好發(fā)展句,使其能起到支持和說明段落中心的作用,使全篇語義連貫,銜接自然。5.檢查修改.下面是一道題為NoSmoking的段首句作文題:NoSmokingl.Smokingisharmful.2。Smokingharmsnotonlythesmokersbutalsopeoplearoundthem。3.Therefore…很顯然,作文的第一段是要讓考生論述吸煙的危害,可從科學的角度,結合自己的所見所聞談談其危害性。第二段可以認為是第一段內容的延續(xù),連詞notonly…butalso起到承上啟下、自然過渡的作用。第三段提示詞Therefore道出了“因果關系",表明這一段應寫結論(conclusion)—-“因為吸煙有害健康,所以我們應該…"下面是一篇范文:NoSmokingSmokingisharmful。Thishasalreadybeenprovedbyscientificresearches。Agreatnumberofdiseasesarecausedbysmoking。Lungcancerisjustoneoftheseonthelist.Inaddition,smokingiseconomicallyharmful.Peoplespendalotofmoneyonit.Smokingnotonlyharmsthesmokerbutalsopeoplearoundthem。Withsmokersaroundthem,non-smokershavetotoleratethedirtyandstuffyair.Therefore,non-smokersareliabletobecomethevictimsofsmokinganddevelopthesamediseaseasthesmokersdo。Therefore,smokingisabadhabit.Everyone,especiallytheyoungpeopleshouldgetridofit.Ifallofuscanstrivetopreventsmoking,ourairwouldbecleanerandwecanbehealthier.(二)提綱作文提綱作文是四級考試寫作題最為常見的形式.它一般給定一個題目,然后給出英語或漢語的段落大綱.寫這類作文的方法和步驟和寫段首句作文基本一樣,都是要審清題目要求,準確把握提綱所提供的信息,緊扣題目的中心思想,按照提綱提供的要點和思路去選擇素材和詞語。下面我們以95年6月的題目作詳細說明。AdvantagesofaJobInterview現在找工作一般都要進行面試,面試者(interviewer)和應試者(interviewee)可以相互了解情況。面試者可以向應試者介紹情況,如工作性質、條件、待遇等。應試者也有機會給對方留下一個好的印象,如可以表現出自信心,可以介紹教育背景、工作能力等。從第一段提綱來看,這應是全文介紹部分,提示全文要寫的內容,即面試的兩方面的好處,提綱已把大概的內容講明,只要稍加發(fā)展即可。第二、三段是第一段的延伸,分別論述面試對面試者和應試者的好處,主要內容提綱都已給出,再加上一兩個發(fā)展句就行了。按照論述文寫作的慣例和格式,最后還要加上一個總結性的結束段,對上面內容進行總結,或是發(fā)表寫作者的個人見解。下面就是一篇范文。AdvantagesofJobInterviewNow,whenapersonishuntingforajob,therewillalwaysbeajobinterview。Ithinkthatthejobinterviewhasalotofadvantages.Theinterviewerandtheintervieweecanknowabouteachotherfromit.Ontheonehand,theinterviewercantellsomethingaboutthejobtotheintervieweesuchasthesalary,theworkconditionsandsomethingelsethatisrelevanttothejob。Thentheintervieweecandecideweatherthejobisreallysuitableforhim。Ontheotherhand,Ithinkthejobinterviewisagoodchancefortheintervieweetoshowhisabilityandknowledgebyexpressinghimselftotheinterviewer。Hecanalsoshowbothhisabilityandself—confidence.Thentheinterviewercanfigureoutwhetherheistherightpersonforthejob.Inaword,Ithinktheinterviewwilldogoodtoboththeinterviewerandtheinterviewee。Byaninterview,theinterviewercanfindasuitablepersonifbothofthemmakethebestofthejobinterview.綜觀歷年的大學英語四級統(tǒng)考寫作試題,可以看出提綱作文的主要形式有以下幾種:比較/對比.對某一問題的兩種看法進行分析說明,然后給出自己的看法或體會,常用的寫作手法有分析、列舉、舉例等。如下面兩題:PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports(93.1)Directions:Forthispat(yī),youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPositiveandNegat(yī)iveAspectsofSports.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.體育運動的好處。體育運動可能帶來的副作用。我參加體育運動的體會。第一段要寫體育運動的好處,可以用列舉的方法,如體育可以增強體質(buildupphysicalstrength)、培養(yǎng)團隊精神(developteamspirit)等等。第二段是說體育運動的缺點,比如它可能使我們受傷、過度運動有害身體等。第三段要求作者寫出自己的切身體會,一般會寫其對自己好的影響,如可以廣交朋友(makemanyfriends)、獲得樂趣(gainpleasure)等。CanMoneyBuyHappiness?(95.1)Directions:Forthispat(yī),youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCanMoneyBuyHappiness?Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.有人認為金錢是幸福之本(sourceofhappiness)。也有人認為金錢是萬惡之源(rootofallevils).我的看法。解釋說明。這類題目要求寫作者對某一種事物或現象進行解釋、說明,分析其原因或解決的方法:Bicycles—anImportantMeansofTransportinChina(91。1)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicBicycles—anImportantMeansofTransportinChina。Youshouldwriteat(yī)least100wordsandyoushouldbaseyoupositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below。為什么自行車在中國這樣普及.和汽車的比較。自行車在中國的前途。MyFavoritesTVProgram(93.6)Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyFavoritesTVProgram.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.我最喜歡的電視(或無線電)節(jié)目是…….這類節(jié)目的內容和特點。我喜歡它的原因。圖表作文所謂圖表式作文,顧名思義,就是利用表格或圖畫而寫的作文。常見的圖表式作文有曲線圖,圓周圖,標繪圖等。圖表式作文在歷年的四級考試作文題里所占的比例較小,而且主要是表格類,相對來說,圖表式作文是比較難的題型。但只要掌握了圖表式作文的要領,避免慌亂和恐懼,寫圖表式作文也能得心應手。寫圖表式作文的準備過程,一般可以分為三個步驟:第一,要理解圖表的含義,把握圖表所要傳達的信息,這是寫好圖表式作文的前提;第二,選擇那些能充分說明圖表主題的典型數據;第三,根據自己的分析結果和文章的題目寫出各段主題句(有時,圖表式作文也會給出主題句)。圖表式作文一般可以分成三段來寫:第一段用能充分表現圖表主題的典型數據描述圖表的總的內容;第二段對數據進行比較分析,找出產生變化的原因;第三段寫自己對圖表所表達內容的評論或看法,得出自己的結論。下面就是一篇范文:Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositionaboutChangesinPeople’sDietaccordingtothefollowingoutlineinthreeparagraphs。Yourpartofthecompositionshouldbenolessthan100words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.YoushouldwritethiscompositionontheCompositionSheet.statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsgivepossiblereasonsforthechangesdrawyourownconclusionyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossibleYearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%13%21%Fruit&vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%ChangesinPeople'sDietAsshownintheabovetable,greatchangestookplaceinpeople'sdietfrom1986to1990.Onthewhole,theconsumptionofgraindecreasedyearbyyear,whilethatofsomehighenergyfood,suchasmilkandmeat,increasedconsistently.Inmyopinion,thereweretwomaimreasonsforthechangesinpeople'sdiet。Firstly,peoplegavetheirattentiontothequalityoftheirdiet.Secondly,peoplecouldaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutritionowingtotheincreaseoftheirincome.Fromtheabove,wecanseethatpeople’slivingstandardimprovedremarkablyinthefiveyearsfrom1986to1990。Andwecanalsoanticipatethattheywilllivemoreandmorecomfortablyandwealthilyinthefuture。關鍵詞作文關鍵詞作文是難度較大的一種作文題型,給關鍵詞的作文一般也給題目.所給的關鍵詞是在文章中用來表達思想、陳述事實的核心詞匯,一般是按段落給出,按一定邏輯順序排列。這樣關鍵詞不但為寫作提供了線索和思路而且也提供了語言素材,規(guī)定了文章內容。考生應先認真審題,對所給的調進行分析,找出內在聯(lián)系然后去構思、選材。關鍵詞可分兩類,一類是從作文內容出發(fā)給一些能點出主要內容或情節(jié)的關鍵詞,另一類是從語篇結構或情節(jié)發(fā)展出發(fā),給一組使文章得以展開的結構關鍵詞,這兩類關鍵詞結合起來既能展示內容又能指導結構。寫作步驟與技巧:1研讀指令、認真審題、弄清寫作目的。2判斷所給關鍵詞是否按文章順序列出,按文章順序列出的應以給出的詞語為線索,構思文章的內容,將詞義串起來思考,看形成一種什么概念表達什么思想,從中琢磨出寫作意圖和要求。3對不按文章順序給出的關鍵詞,要反復推敲逐一弄清詞義,進而設想文章所涉及的范圍和內容,確定中心思想,然后重新排列詞語的順序。4注意識別表示結構的關鍵詞,弄清其確切含義,推導出文章整體的發(fā)展思路及段落之間的內在邏輯關系。5將關鍵詞按一定的語法規(guī)則組織成句.下面我們來看一個例子:Directions:Forthispat,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTelevisionisGoodtoPeople。Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowingkeywords:wellinformedcurrenteventslatestdevelopmentsinstrugramseducationspecialbroadcastsTVuniversityopenuniversitybroadenone'shorizonskeepclosecontactwithTelevisionisGoodtoPeopleInrecentyears,theargumentovertheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftelevisionhasbecomebitter.Tomymind,televisionhasdonemoregoodthanharmtoitsviewers.Inthefirstplace,televisionkeepsonewellinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelat(yī)estdevelopmentsinscienceandpoliticsandoffersanendlessseriesofinstructiveandentertainingprogram.Besides,televisionprovidesenormouspossibilitiesforeducation.Forexample,TVprovidesspecialbroadcastsforthoseinTVUniversityorOpenUniversity.Italsooffersspecializedsubjectslikelanguageteaching,sewing,andsoon。Finally,asTVhasbroughtthemostdistantcountriesandthestrangestcustomsintoone’ssittingroom,peopleallroundtheworldarenolongerdistantandisolat(yī)edfromeachother.Inaword,withtelevisionpeoplewillbroadentheirhorizonsandkeepclosecontactwiththeirowncountryandtheword.三、四級考試寫作中常用段落擴展方法列舉法列舉法是將各種因素,如理由、原因、目的、結果、優(yōu)點、缺點等,一一列出,以增強文章的說服力,同時也能使文章條理清晰、結構簡潔.用列舉法發(fā)展段落時,作者首先在主題句中提出一種觀點/事物,然后將其分解,逐一列出其所有或部分組成成分,其基本格式為: a1?a2A?a3?A4…?An現在我們來看下面范文是如何說明聽音樂會的好處的:(A)Thereareseveralreasonswhygoingtoconcertisgoodtopeoplewholovemusic.(a1)First,goingtoconcertisagoodwayofentertainingoneself.(a2)Second,listeningtoliveperformancemayachievebettersoundeffectthanlisteningontheradio,CDplayerorthroughothermans。(a3)Third,tothosewhoplayacertainmusicalinstrument,goingtoconcertmayhelpthemtolearnthewaytheexpertandmasterplay.(a4)Finally,therearerulesataconcert。Attendingconcertoftenmayhelponetoimprovehis/hermannerandasenseofdecency.舉例法舉例法是展開段落的另一種方法.作者通過舉例說明的方法對主題句的觀點或思想加以證明,使段落的主題更加鮮明突出,同時也使文章更加生動,更有說服力。比如:Writersoftenusedifferentwordsorexpressionstorefertothesamethingseveraltimes。Forinstance,itiscommontousepronounslikehe,itthem,that(yī),those,etctoreplacenouns。Anotherexampleistheuseofonenountotaketheplaceofanothernoun.因果法因果法是根據事物的原因推導出結果,或根據某種結果分析出導致此結果的原因等來發(fā)展段落的方法.它和列舉法相似,只不過這里列舉的是原因.如91年6月的范文:Inmyopinion,thereweretwomajorreasonsforthechangesinpeople’sdiet。Firstly,peoplegavetheirattentiontothequalityoftheirdiet.Secondly,peoplecouldaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutritionowingtotheincreaseoftheirincome。比較/對比法通過比較或對比的方法來說明與論證主題句給出的觀點或結論也是英語寫作中段落展開的重要方法之一。比較法一般用來說明兩個或兩個以上的人或事物之間的相似之處,而對比法一般用來說明兩個或兩個以上的人或事物之間的不同之處。下面是一個使用比較法的段落:Tcessofgainingorlosingweightcanbeexplainedbparingbodytoyourcar。First,yourcarcan’trunifthereisnopetrolbecauseitneedsenergy.Thesamethinghappenstoyourbody.Yourbodyalsoneedsenergy.Thefoodyoueatcanbeconvertedintoenergywithwhichyoucanrun,youcantalk,andyoucandoeverything.Second,ifyoueatmuchandyouareidle,yonwillgainweight,weknowacarwithtooheavyaloadcan'trunquicklyandsafely。Maybeitwillbreakdown.Similarlyitisalsoveryinconvenientanddangerousforyoutobefat。Youmightgetheartdisease,diabetes,andsoon。Ifsuchthingshappen,doctorswouldaskyoutoloseweight.而下面這一段采用的則是對比法:Theytwoarequitedifferentinappearance.Junewastallandthin,withredhairandbeard,sadgreyeyes.Hewassoshyandcorrectthathewasnicknamed"theEnglishman”。Tomwasquitetheopposite.Hehadhismother'ssmallstrongbuild(體格);hehadstraightblackhairandbrightblackeyesthat(yī)noticedeverythingthat(yī)wasgoingonaroundhim.四、學生作文中常見的錯誤指代錯誤[誤]ThewordorderofthesentenceistotallydifferentwhentranslatedintoEnglish.[正]ThewordorderofthesentenceistotallydifferentwhenthesentenceistranslatedintoEnglish。[分析]從句的主語是thesentence而不再是thewordorder,所以不能省略。[誤]Onemusttakecareofoneselfsothatyoucanbecomestronger.[正]Onemusttakecareofoneselfsothathecanbecomestronger..[分析]句中指代混亂,前后不一致。與one相對應的只能是he而不能是you。[誤]Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.[正]“I'mwrong,"shesaidtomysister。[正]“You’rewrong,”shesaidtomysister。[分析]原句指代模糊而是句子的意思含糊不清。一致錯誤[誤]NeitheryounorIareguilty。[正]NeitheryounorIamguilty.[分析]違背了主謂一致中的就近原則。[誤]Writingcompositionsareagoodwaytogetpractice.[正]Writingcompositionsisagoodwaytogetpractice.[分析]謂語應跟主語中心詞一致.類似的還有下面的句子:?Theresourcesofnat(yī)urehaveprovidedmanwithhislivelihood。Thegirltogetherwith(inadditionto)(alongwith)hertenclassmatesisleavingsoon.[誤]Twoweeksareenoughforanicevacat(yī)ion.[正]Twoweeksisenoughforanicevacation。[分析]表示時間、金錢的多少,重量、容積的大小時,主語的表達方式盡管是復數,謂語仍用單數形式。類似的句子還有:Onehundredcentsmakesadollar.Twomilesismuchtoruninoneday。平行錯誤[誤]Johnlookedforhiscatbuthecouldnotfindit.[正]Johnlookedforhiscat(yī),buthecouldnotfindit。[誤]Tonyenjoyedsinging,Maryenjoyedtotalk.[正]Tonyenjoyedsinging;Maryenjoyedtalking.[誤]Governmentismovingpeoplefromthedensitytotheemptyareas。[正]Governmentismovingpeoplefromthedensetotheemptyareas。From…to的后接成分應當相同,都應是形容詞。[誤]Sayingisonethingandtodoisanother。[正]Sayingisonethinganddoingisanother。[分析]在一個句子中,平行結構應用相同的語法形式表達,名詞對應名詞,動名詞對應動名詞,不定式對應不定式,從句對應從句。[誤]Theythoughthewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungman.[正]Theythoughthewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungman.[分析]一個句子中應盡量使用同樣的結構層次。語法錯誤[誤]Thepolicetakeshimtothepolicestat(yī)ion.[正]Thepolicetakehimtothepolicestation.[分析]象police,family,audience等集合名詞表示具體人員時要用復數,表示整體是才用單數。[誤]Successdependsuponhardworking.[正]Successdependsuponhardwork.[分析]hardwork是固定表達方式,意為“勤奮的工作"。[誤]MysisterwillcometoGuangzhuoinnextweek.[正]MysisterwillcometoGuangzhuonextweek.[分析]表示時間的名詞被一個形容詞修飾時,不能在用介詞.類似的錯誤還有inlastyear,inthedaybeforeyesterday等。[誤]Ifheismorecareful,heismorelikelytomakelessmistakes.[正]Ifheismorecareful,hewillbemorelikelytomakelessmistakes.[分析]在主從復合句中,從句用一般現在時,主句用一般將來時。[誤]Hisbodyisunhealthy.[正]Heisunhealthy。[分析]這是典型ChineseEnglish。五、范文及解析1.AdvertisingAdvertisingcanbeaservicetothecustomers.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhebuys.However,someadsarenotveryusefultothecustomer.Theseadvertisementsarecleverlydone。Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,someadvertisementscreateaneed。Someotherssetouttomakeusbelievethatwhat(yī)theyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsomeifonlyweuseit.Therearealsosomeadvertisementsmisleadcustomersbyusingpartofthetruthtosuggestsomethingfalse.Theysayafamousactressrecommendsacertainbrandofcosmeticstomakeherattractive,soastogivetheideathat(yī)onlythisbrandofcosmeticsisgoodtothecarelesslistener,readerorviewer.Inaword,advertisinghasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Weshouldbemorealertwhenreadingorlisteningtoads。本文第一段講廣告的好的作用—為讀者提供信息;第二段講廣告的負面作用—誤導讀者,本段采用了舉例的方法,講到三種不好的廣告;最后一段是一個簡單的小結,重復強調了本文的主題。2.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofAdvertisementsWeareallawarethateverythinghasitstwosides。Advertisingisnoexception.Initsdevelopmentadvertisinghasbroughtbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Asfarasweconsumersareconcerned,ontheonehand,modernadvertisementsfacilitateallkindsof'services.Asadvertisingprovidesthemostdirect,comprehensiveanddetailedinformat(yī)iononcommodities,culture,employment,studentenrollmentandevenmarriage,wecaneasilyknowaboutthesefromadvertisements。Inaddition,withadvertisements,consumerssavealotoftimeinshopping,lookingforjobs,etc。Ontheotherhand,toomanyadvertisementsarenotbasedonthequalityofthegoods,butregardprofitasthemostimportant。Theyaresimplymisleadingandcheatinguswithfloweryphrasesandemptypromises。Inspiteofthesedisadvantages,Ithinkadvertisingdoesmoregoodthanharmtoconsumers.Andthedisadvantages,sincetheyhavebeenpointedoutclearly,willbedealtwitheffectively.本文同上文主題相同,但寫法卻大不相同,第一段是一個總括,統(tǒng)領全篇,第二段具體講廣告的優(yōu)點和缺點,第三段簡要復現主題,文章的總體結構要優(yōu)于上一篇文章.3.Wat(yī)erWaterisveryimportant.Itisthebaseoflife。Peoplehavetousewatertosat(yī)isfytheirthirst,tomaintainpersonalandtheirbelonging'scleanness,towashthefoodtheyeat,toirrigatethecropstheyplant,andtobuildthehousestheyneed.Animalsandplantsalsoneedwaterinthesimilarwayasmandoes.However,noteveryonehasrealizedtheimportanceofsavingwaterandmakesapointtodoit.Everydaytheywastewaterbyusingmuchmorewaterthannecessary.Tapsareleftleaking,cupsofwaterarepouredoutwithmorethanhalfareuntouched。Somefactoriespourintotheriversorthelakestheirwastes,whichhavepollutedthewater.Waterwillbecomeaseriousproblemunlessitbecomeseveryone’sdutytotakecarethattheymakeaneffortinsavingwater。這篇文章的主題是節(jié)約用水,第一段講水的重要性,第二段講不節(jié)約用水的現象,這兩段用的都是列舉法,都是先給出一個主題句,再列舉一些事實或事例來對主題句作進一步的闡釋說明,第三段則簡要說明了節(jié)水的緊迫性,以作為文章的結尾.4.TheStudyofEnglishWhenIbegantoleanEnglishyearsago,Imadeupmymindtolearnitwell。ButIgettoknowthatEnglishisnotaseasyasIexpected.First,Englishprepositionsarereallyconfusing.InanEnglishexam,Icameacrossasentencewithablanktobefilledwithaproperpreposition.Thesentenceis“Thereisapieceofgoodnews__thenewspaper.Itookitforgrantedthat”on"wasthecorrectword。Butitturnedouttobe"in"。Second,lotsofEnglishwordssoundthesamebutarewrittendifferently.Therearewordslikeimplementandcompliment,awareandware,principleandprincipal.Ioftenmistakeoneforanother.Thesewordsreallygivemealotoftrouble.Third,therearemanypuzzlingidiomaticexpressions.Suchas”outofquestion","outofthequestion","applepolish","beatout"and"softgoods"。AsIamnotfamiliarwiththecustomsofEnglishspeakingcountriesandtheoriginsoftheidioms,Ihavetorememberthemonebyone。Inspiteofthedifficulties,IamdeterminedtohaveagoodcommandoftheEnglishlanguage,becauseitwillbeagreathelptomeinmyfuture這篇文章第一段明確講明主題:學英語很困難,中間三段分別列舉了困難的三個方面:介詞、易混淆的詞、詞組,這三段又分別采用舉例法對各段的主題句加以說明,在結尾段中作者表明其面對這些困難的態(tài)度。5。MovieAsamassmedium,movieisverypopularamongpeopleallovertheworld.Peopleliketoseefilmsbecausetheyareagoodpastime。Forexample,cartoonfilms,filmsaboutdetectivestoriesandromancehaveattractedmillionofpeople.Moreover,moviecanplayaneducationalrole.Byseeingfilms,peoplecanlearnalotaboutnature,thehistoryofhumansociety,differentcultureandcustomsofmanycountries。Unlikebooks,moviespresentuswithpleasantmusicandcolorfulpicturestruetolife。Weareabletolearnthingsthroughentertainment。Itistimethatmoviehasaddedcolortoourlife。Itisalsotruethatmoviewillhelppeopleknowmoreabouttheworld.Nevershallanyothermassmediumtaketheplaceofmovie。本文第一段提出主題“電影在世界各地都受到人們的歡迎”,第二段說明了人們歡迎電影的原因,第三段復現主題并以此結束。第二段是文章的中心,采用了因果法,其中又嵌入了舉例法。6.TheImportanceofConfidenceWhateveronedose,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence。Ifonehadconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldneverachieveanything.Thistruthseemstobeself—evident,especiallyforthosewhoarefacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Forthosepeopleconfidencekeepstheirspiritsupwhenevertimesorthingsarehardforthem。.However,inrealitywedoseealotofpeoplewhocomplainthattheirdifficultiesaretoopeat(yī)toovercome。Forsome,thismightbetrue,butformanyothers,thisonlyshowsthattheylackconfidence.Therearetwomainreasonswhythosepeoplelackconfidence.First,theydonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves。Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties。Itispossibletobuildupconfidenceinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardone'sownability.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb,"Wherethereisawill,thereisaway,”Confidenceisthepremiseforfulfillingatasksuccessfully。本文第一段闡述了信心的重要性,第二段說在現實中卻有人缺少信心并解釋了缺少信心的原因,第三段講到如何樹立信心。7.PetroleumPetroleumisofvitalimportanceinthemodernworld。Itisanimportantsourceoftheworld'ssupplyofenergy;itprovidesindustrialoilsandtar;andpetroleumproductsandby-productsareusedinawidevarietyofmanufactures.Petroleuminitsnaturalstateiscalledcrudeoil.Crudeoilisuseless.Ithastogothroughthecomplexprocessofrefiningtoyieldgasoline,dieseloil,industrialoil,tarsandotherproductsvitalformoderntransport,industryandagriculture.Theworlddemandforpetroleumhasgrownenormouslydaybyday,yetthediscoveryof'moreoilfieldsandgrowthofmoderntechnologyhaskeptpacewiththedemand。Asoilfieldsonlandbecomeexhausted,newoffshoreoilisbeingexploited。However,petroleumisnotarenewablenaturalresource。Onceitistakenfromthedepthsoftheearthitcanneverbereplaced.Scientistsallovertheworldarenowengagedinresearchtofindothersourcesofenergy.這是一篇說明文,第一段講石油的重要性,第二段講石油的提煉,第三段講世界對石油的需求,這樣從整體上對石油的主要方面作了一番簡要介紹。8.ADayattheBeachItisabeautiful,warmafternoon,andthesunisshiningbrightly.Thewindisblowing,yetitisnotcold.Therearealotofpeopleatthebeachtoday。WangMingisat(yī)thebeachwithhisfriendsZhangMing,LiHong,YangReiandJanguo.Therearealotofactivitiesonthebeach.Manypeoplearetakingsunbaths.WangMing,YangReiandLiHongaretakingsunbath,too.Somesunbathersarelisteningtotheirradios,andothersarereadingorsleeping。ZhangMingandJanguoareinthewater.Theyareswimmingtothefloatingdock.Therearechildrenplayingnearthewater。Someofthemarebuildingsandcastlesandothersaregettingtheirfeetwet.Afatoldmaniswatchingafootballgameonhisportabletelevisionset.Thereisalsoagroupofpeopleplayingvolleyball。Bothteamsareyellingandhittingtheballoverthenet。Everybodyisplayinghardtowin.Inshort,allthepeopleat(yī)thebeacharehavingagoodtimetoday,fortherearemanythingstodo.這是一篇記敘文,講到一次海灘之旅。第一段是背景介紹,第二段采用列舉的方法詳細介紹了海灘上的各種有趣活動,最后一段以一個簡單總結結尾.9.FamilyPlanningChinahasadoptedthepolicyoffamilyplanningasanecessitysincethe1970s.ThebasiccontentofChina’sfamilyplanningpolicyistoadvocatelat(yī)emarriageandlatechildbirth.Andthegovernmenthasbeencampaigninghardwiththebirth-controlslogan"onecouple-onechild”.Withtheadoptionofthefamilyplanningpolity,thepopulationhasbeenchangedtowardlowbirthrate.Asaresult,itearnstheunderstandingandsupportofthepopulat(yī)ionandhasachievedresults.Ifthefamilyplanningprogramhadnotbeenadopted.Chinawouldhavehad260millionmorethanpresentpopulat(yī)ion.Now,ourlivingstandardsareraised,lifeismoreprosperous,andournat(yī)ionaleconomyhasdevelopedsteadily.However,theprogramhasnotbeeneffectivelycarriedout,especiallyinthecountryside,wheremanycouplesstillkeeptryingformorechildren。Theachievementsinpopulat(yī)ioncontrolofChinahavefullyprovedthatthefamilyplanningpolicyisunshakable.Thegovernmentmuststrengthentheprogramandenforceitasastrategicpolicyinthelongrun。本文是一篇說明性質的文章,第一段簡要介紹了計劃生育,第二段將計劃生育的實施及其成果,第三段說明計劃生育是一個不變國策,還有待進一步加強。10.MyFavoriteSportMyfavoritesportisrunning。Inordertogetenoughtimetodorunningeverymorning,Ihavedevelopedagoodhabitofgettingupearly.Isometimesenjoyrunninginthelateafternoonorevenatnightbeforegoingtobed,becauseitisgoodforsleep.Ilikerunningforseveralreasons.First,goinginforthissportdoesn’tneedseveralplayers.Wecandoitatanyfreetimeifwelike.Besides,apairofshoesisenough.Second,runningisnotlimitedbyplace。Wecannotonlyrunontheplayground,butalsorunonthepathsorevenalongthestreet。Finally,sinceweoftendorunningoutdoors,wecanoftenbreat(yī)hefreshairalongalake,onthepat(yī)hsinaforest,etc。Butsometimeswecan'tdorunning。Forexample,weshouldn'trunintherain,otherwisewemightcatchcold。Moreover,runningtoolongadistanceinthemorningcanmakeustootiredtoconcentrat(yī)eonourstudyorwork。Thereforeweshouldbecarefulaboutthesetwopoints。本文首先說明什么是我最喜歡的運動項目,然后用因果法說明我為什么喜歡它,最后又談到這項運動的缺點并以此結束。11。Celebrationofmother’sdayinChinaOnthesecondSundayinMay,manyChinesepeopletakevariouswaystoexpresstheirappreciationtotheirmothers。Someofthembuyflowersorsomeotherpresents;somedothewholeday'shouseworkthatusedtobedonebytheirmothers,somegivefeaststoorgooutsightseeingwithmothers。NownearlyeveryoneknowsMother'sday.Butsomepeopleconsideritstrangeandunnaturaltocelebrat(yī)eMother'sDayinChina.Theycan’tacceptitbecauseitisacompletelywesterncustom.Theydon'tthinkitnecessaryto”show”speciallytheappreciationtomotherinoneday。Theyarguethatweshouldshowrespecttoandtakecareofourparentseveryday.Inmyview,theyareright。Butthereareindeedpeopleyettoberemindedtoremembertheirmothers'careanddevotionintheirgrowth。Ontheotherhand,Chinesearewellknowntobetooshytoexpresstheirfeelings.Itisluckyforustohaveaspecialdaytorevealourtruelovetoourmother。本文也是一篇說明文,說明了母親節(jié)在中國的情況。文章首先說明中國人是如何慶祝母親節(jié)的,接著說明對母親節(jié)的不同看法,最后作者發(fā)表了自己對這一問題的觀點。12.CanMoneyBuyEverything?Moneyisconsideredbysomepeopleasthemostimportantthinginlife。Theythinkthatthemajorityofthematerialthingsinourdailylifehastobeboughtwithmoneyandthat(yī)iftheyhavealotofmoney,theycanmakethemselvesverycomfortablebyhavingafinehousetolivein,beautifulclothestoputon,deliciousfoodtoeat,et
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