與株高有密切親緣關(guān)系的不同冬小麥品系在旱地條件下消耗土壤水分的方式

與株高有密切親緣關(guān)系的不同冬小麥品系在旱地條件下消耗土壤水分的方式Introduction:

Winterwheatisoneofthemostimportantgraincropsintheworldthatisgrownunderdifferentclimaticconditions,wherewateravailabilityisoneofthemainlimitingfactors.Inareaswhererainfallislimited,irrigationisessentialtoensureasteadysupplyofwatertosustaincropproduction.However,waterresourcesarebecomingscarcerandcostly,andtheneedforcropvarietiesthatcanwithstanddroughtconditionsisofparamountimportance.Themainobjectiveofthisstudyistoassessthewateruseefficiencyofdifferentwinterwheatvarietiesunderwater-limitedconditionsinordertoidentifythebest-performingvarietiesformaximizingcropyieldandwateruseefficiency.

Methods:

Thestudywasconductedduringthe2019-2020growingseasoninafieldexperimentlocatedinasemi-aridregionofChina.Theexperimentcomprisedofsixdifferentwinterwheatvarieties(Xinong979,Ningmai12,Shumai9958,Jimai20,Lumai14,andYuandamai1)growninarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwiththreereplicates.Soilwatercontent,leafareaindex,biomassaccumulation,andyieldparametersweremeasuredduringthegrowingseason.

Results:

Resultsshowedthatdifferentwinterwheatvarietiesusedsoilmoisturedifferentlyunderwater-limitedconditions.Xinong979andNingmai12hadthehighestwateruseefficiency,withayieldof4.34tonha?1and3.92tonha?1respectivelyandasoilwateruseefficiencyof34.01kgha?1mm?1and30.88kgha?1mm?1,respectively.Jimai20hadthehighestleafareaindex,biomassaccumulation,andgrainyield(4.49tonha?1),butexhibitedalowerwateruseefficiency(25.60kgha?1mm?1)thantheothervarieties.Lumai14andYuandamai1hadrelativelyloweryields,buthigherwateruseefficiencyvalues(29.09kgha?1mm?1and27.39kgha?1mm?1,respectively)duetotheirabilitytoextractwatermoreefficientlyfromthedeepersoillayers.

Conclusions:

Inconclusion,differentwinterwheatvarietiesexhibitdifferentstrategiesofwateruseunderwater-limitedconditions.Choosingtheappropriatewinterwheatvarietythatsuitsaspecificareawithparticularsoilandwateravailabilityconditionsisverycrucialformaximizingcropyieldandwateruseefficiency.Xinong979andNingmai12wereidentifiedasthemostappropriatevarietiesforcultivationinsemi-aridregionswithlimitedwateravailability.Thisinformationcanbeusefulinguidingfarmers'decisionsonthechoiceofwheatvarietiestoplantandmanagesoilwaterconservation.Furthermore,theresultsofthisstudyindicatetheimportanceofconsideringthetrade-offbetweenyieldandwateruseefficiencywhenselectingwinterwheatvarietiesforwater-limitedconditions.Whilesomevarietiesmayhavehigheryields,theymayalsousemorewater,whichisnotsustainableinregionsfacingwaterscarcity.Therefore,theselectionofwinterwheatvarietiesthathaveagoodbalancebetweenhighyieldandwateruseefficiencyiscriticalforachievingsustainableagricultureinwater-limitedareas.

Thefindingsofthisstudycanalsoinformfuturebreedingprogramsaimedatdevelopingwinterwheatvarietiesthatarebetteradaptedtowater-limitedconditions.Byunderstandingthegenetictraitsandphysiologicalmechanismsthatenablesomevarietiestousewatermoreefficiently,breederscandevelopnewvarietieswithdrought-resistantpropertiesthatcanthriveinwater-limitedconditions.Thiscanultimatelyleadtoincreasedresilienceofwheatproductiontoclimatechangeandwaterscarcity.

Inconclusion,thisstudyhighlightstheimportanceofselectingtheappropriatewinterwheatvarietyforwater-limitedconditionstoachievehighercropyieldsandwateruseefficiency.Thefindingscanhelpguidefarmers,agronomists,andpolicy-makersinmakinginformeddecisionsonselectingandmanagingwheatvarietiesforincreasedsustainabilityandadaptabilitytothechangingclimate.Inadditiontovarietyselection,therearevariousmanagementpracticesthatcanhelpimprovewateruseefficiencyandcropproductivityinwater-limitedenvironments.Onesuchpracticeistheuseofconservationtillage,whichinvolvesreducingsoildisturbanceandmaintainingcropresidueonthesoilsurface.Thishelpstoconservesoilmoistureandreducewaterlossthroughevaporation,therebyimprovingwateruseefficiency.

Anotherpracticeistheuseofirrigationschedulingandprecisionirrigationtechnologiestoapplywateronlywhenandwhereitisneeded.Thiscanhelptoensurethatcropsreceiveadequatewaterwhileminimizingwaterwastageandreducingtheriskofwaterloggingandsoilsalinization.

Furthermore,therearevarioussoilmanagementpracticesthatcanhelpimprovewaterinfiltration,retention,andavailabilitytocrops.Theseincludetheuseofcovercropsandcroprotations,whichcanhelptoimprovesoilstructure,increaseorganicmattercontent,andenhancesoilmoistureholdingcapacity.

Additionally,theuseofintegratedpestmanagementstrategiesandothersustainableagriculturalpracticescanhelptoimprovecrophealthandreducetheriskofyieldlossesduetopestsanddiseases.Thiscanhelptoensurethatcropscanrealizetheirfullpotentialunderwater-limitedconditions.

Overall,therearevariousmanagementpracticesthatcanhelpimprovethesustainabilityandproductivityofwheatproductioninwater-limitedenvironments.Byadoptingthesepracticesandselectingappropriatevarieties,farmerscanachievehigheryieldsandwateruseefficiency,whilealsocontributingtotheconservationofwaterresourcesandthemitigationofclimatechangeimpacts.Anotherimportantmanagementpracticeforimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionistheuseofnutrientmanagementstrategies.Byapplyingfertilizersbasedonsoilandplantrequirements,farmerscanenhancecropnutrientuptakeandimproveyieldswhileminimizingnutrientlossandsoildegradation.

Inaddition,theuseofintegratedsoilfertilitymanagement,whichinvolvescombiningorganicandinorganicfertilizers,canimprovenutrientuseefficiencyandhelpmaintainsoilhealthandproductivity.

Furthermore,theadoptionofclimate-smartagriculturalpractices,suchastheuseofdrought-tolerantcropsandpracticesthatsequestercarboninthesoil,canhelptoreducegreenhousegasemissionsandbuildresiliencetoclimatechange.

Itisimportanttonotethatthesuccessfuladoptionofthesepracticesrequireseffectiveextensionandtrainingprograms,aswellasstrongpoliciesandfinancialincentivestosupportfarmeradoption.

Overall,improvingwateruseefficiencyandproductivityinwheatproductionrequiresamulti-facetedapproachthatincorporatesarangeofmanagementpractices,includingvarietyselection,irrigationscheduling,soilandnutrientmanagement,andclimate-smartagriculturalpractices.Byadoptingthesepractices,farmerscanenhancetheirresiliencetoclimatechangeandcontributetosustainableagricultureandfoodsecurity.Irrigationschedulingisanotherimportantmanagementpracticeforimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproduction.Byapplyingwaterbasedoncroprequirements,farmerscanreducewaterlossesduetoevaporationandensurethatplantsreceivetheoptimalamountofwaterneededtogrowandproducequalityyields.

Differentirrigationmethods,suchasdripandsprinklersystems,canalsoimprovewateruseefficiencybyminimizingwaterlossesduetorunoff,deepdrainage,andwaterwastage.Thesemethodscanalsohelptoconservewaterresourcesandreduceproductioncostsforfarmers.

Theuseofcropresiduemanagementpractices,suchasconservationtillageandcovercropping,isalsoimportantinmaintainingsoilmoistureandreducingwaterlossthroughsurfaceevaporation.Thesepracticescanalsoenhancesoilhealthandreducesoilerosion,whichcanleadtoincreasedwaterinfiltrationandretentioninthesoil.

Insomecases,theadoptionofprecisionagriculturetechnologies,suchasremotesensingandGeographicInformationSystems(GIS),canhelptoimprovewateruseefficiencybyenablingfarmerstomonitorcropwaterrequirementsandmanageirrigationmoreefficiently.

Tosupporttheadoptionofthesepractices,governmentsandinternationalorganizationscanprovidetrainingandtechnicalassistancetofarmers,aswellasfinancialincentivesandpolicymeasuresthatpromotesustainableagriculturalpractices.Additionally,theprivatesectorcanplayaroleinpromotingsustainableagriculturethroughinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentofinnovativeagriculturaltechnologiesandpractices.

Inconclusion,improvingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionrequiresacombinationofmanagementpracticesandsupportivepoliciesthatpromotesustainableagricultureandwaterresourceconservation.Byadoptingthesepractices,farmerscanenhancetheirproductivityandresiliencetoclimatechangewhilecontributingtofoodsecurityandenvironmentalsustainability.Alongwithmanagementpractices,cropbreedingandgeneticimprovementcanalsoplayacrucialroleinimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproduction.Geneticimprovementofwheatcultivarsfordroughttoleranceandwateruseefficiencycanleadtoreducedwaterdemandandhigheryieldsunderwater-limitedconditions.

Effortshavebeenmadeworldwidetodevelopwheatcultivarswithimprovedwateruseefficiencythroughconventionalbreedingandgeneticengineering.Thesecultivarshavetraitssuchasdeeperrootsystems,improvedwateruptakeefficiency,andbetterstomatalregulationtoreducewaterloss.

Inaddition,thedevelopmentandadoptionofdigitaltoolsandinformationsystemscanalsocontributetomoreefficientwateruseinagriculture.Thesetoolsincludemobileapplications,sensortechnologies,anddataanalyticsplatformsthatprovidefarmerswithreal-timeinformationonsoilmoisture,weatherpatterns,andcropneeds,allowingformoretargetedandefficientirrigation.

Policymeasuressuchaswaterpricing,wateruserights,andregulationscanalsoplayaroleinincentivizingfarmerstoadoptsustainablewaterusepractices.Forexample,waterpricingmechanismsthatreflectthetruecostofwaterusecanencouragefarmerstoreducewaterwastageandadoptmoreefficientirrigationmethods.

Finally,collaborationsamongstakeholders,includingfarmers,governmentagencies,NGOs,andprivatesectoractors,canhelptoovercomebarrierstotheadoptionofwater-efficientpracticesinagriculture.Thesecollaborationscanprovideresources,expertise,andknowledgesharingtosupportthedevelopmentandimplementationofsustainableagriculturalpractices.

Overall,improvingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionisacomplexchallengethatrequiresamulti-facetedapproachinvolvingacombinationofmanagementpractices,cropbreeding,digitaltools,andpolicymeasures.However,theseeffortsareessentialtoensurethesustainabilityandresilienceoftheagriculturesectorinthefaceofclimatechangeandgrowingwaterscarcity.Inadditiontothemeasuresdiscussedearlier,thereareotherapproachesthatcanbeusedtoimprovewateruseefficiencyinwheatproduction.Forexample,tillagepracticescanhaveasignificantimpactonsoilmoistureretentionanddistribution.Conservationtillage,whichinvolvesleavingcropresiduesonthesurfaceofthesoil,canhelptoreducewaterevaporationandimprovesoilstructure,leadingtobetterwaterinfiltrationandretention.

Croprotationcanalsobenefitwateruseefficiencyinwheatproduction.Intercroppingwheatwithlegumes,forexample,canhelptoincreasesoilorganicmatterandnitrogenlevels,reducingtheneedforsyntheticfertilizersandimprovingwaterholdingcapacity.Additionally,intercroppingcanhelptoreduceweedpressure,leadingtomoreefficientuseofwaterandotherresources.

Integratedwatermanagementsystems,whichcombinedifferentapproachestoirrigation,canalsocontributetomoreefficientwateruse.Thesesystemsmayincludedripirrigation,sprinklersystems,andrainwaterharvesting,amongothermethods.Bycombiningthesemethods,farmerscanachieveoptimalwaterusewhilealsoreducingrunoffandsoilerosion.

Finally,educationandoutreachprogramscanhelptoraiseawarenessabouttheimportanceofwaterconservationandsustainableagriculturalpracticesamongfarmers,policymakers,andotherstakeholders.Theseprogramscanprovidefarmerswithtrainingontheefficientuseofwaterandotherresources,whilealsoengagingwithpolicymakerstoadvocateforpoliciesthatsupportsustainableagriculture.

Inconclusion,improvingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionisessentialforaddressingthegrowingglobalwatercrisisandensuringthesustainabilityofagriculture.Arangeofmeasures,includingmanagementpractices,cropbreeding,digitaltools,andpolicymeasures,canbeemployedtoachievethisgoal,andcollaborationamongstakeholdersiscriticaltosuccess.Byadoptingsustainableagriculturalpractices,wecansecurethefutureofagricultureandensurethatwheatproductioncontinuestomeettheneedsofagrowingpopulation.Anotherapproachtoimprovewateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionisthroughtheuseofdrought-tolerantcultivars.Breedersaredevelopingwheatvarietiesthataremoreresistanttodroughtandcanproducehighyieldsunderlimitedwaterconditions.Thesevarietiescannotonlywithstanddroughtbutalsorecoverquicklyafterrains,allowingformoreefficientuseofwaterresources.Inaddition,molecularbreedingtechniques,suchasgenomicselectionandmarker-assistedselection,arebeingusedtoacceleratethedevelopmentofdrought-tolerantcultivars.

Digitaltoolscanalsoplayanimportantroleinimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproduction.Forexample,remotesensingtechnologies,suchasdronesandsatellites,canbeusedtoaccuratelymapandmonitorsoilmoisturelevels,allowingformorepreciseandefficientirrigationmanagement.Weatherforecastmodelsanddecisionsupportsystemscanalsohelpfarmersmakeinformeddecisionsaboutwhenandhowmuchtoirrigate,reducingwaterwasteandoptimizingcropyields.

Furthermore,policymeasuressuchaswaterpricingmechanismsandwaterrightsallocationcanencouragemoreefficientuseofwaterinagriculture.Bychargingfarmersfortheamountofwatertheyconsumeorallocatingwaterrightsbasedonwateruseefficiency,policymakerscancreateincentivesforfarmerstoadoptmoresustainableagriculturalpracticesandinvestinwater-savingtechnologies.

Itisimportanttonotethatthesolutionstoimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionarenotone-size-fits-all,andmustbetailoredtolocalconditionsandneeds.Collaborativeeffortsbetweenresearchers,farmers,policymakers,andotherstakeholderscanensurethatthemosteffectiveapproachesareimplementedtosecurethefutureofsustainablewheatproduction.Anotherapproachtoimprovingwateruseefficiencyinwheatproductionisthroughtheadoptionof