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/第一章名詞第一節(jié)可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞英語(yǔ)的名詞分為可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞。英語(yǔ)中的專有名詞(人名、地名……)、物質(zhì)名詞(如copper,water)及抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞。此外,還有一些詞并非根據(jù)其詞義而是根據(jù)其本身屬性為不可數(shù)名詞,如:advice,baggage,clothing,equipment,evidence,garbage,information,litter,luggage,machinery,newsprogress,traffic,ware等。有些名詞作物質(zhì)名詞時(shí),是不可數(shù)名詞;也可作個(gè)體名詞,而且這時(shí)則為可數(shù)名詞。注意其意義上的變化,并注意他們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞iron鐵熨斗business商業(yè)、事務(wù)企業(yè)、商店rubber橡皮橡皮擦capital資本首都wood木頭森林brick磚磚塊beauty美麗美人glass玻璃玻璃杯copper銅銅幣room空間、余地房間cork軟木軟木塞chicken雞肉雞tin錫罐cloth布料抹布,桌布paper紙?jiān)嚲?,文件,論文等power權(quán)力強(qiáng)國(guó)第二節(jié)可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分。1.一般情況下在單數(shù)名詞后加-s或-es即構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:desk—desks;girl—girls; brush—brushes; box—boxes.2.復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),有中心詞時(shí)將中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:fortune-tellers(算命人);lookers-on(旁觀者);comingsin(收入);girlfriends(女朋友,girl在這里表性別,friend是中心詞);passers-by(過程人);editors-in-chief(總編,主編)。如果復(fù)合名詞中無中心詞,則復(fù)數(shù)加在詞尾。如:forget-me-nots(勿忘我);grown-ups(成人);set-backs(挫折);break-throughs(突破)。如果復(fù)合名詞是以woman,man為前綴構(gòu)成,則合成的兩個(gè)名詞都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如:womenteachers(女教師);mendoctors(男醫(yī)生)。當(dāng)兩個(gè)由’s構(gòu)成的所有格名詞修飾同一個(gè)事物時(shí),前一個(gè)名詞的’s省略;若它們所修飾的是互不相同的事物時(shí),則兩個(gè)所有格名詞必須’s。如:BrownandCatherine’svilla(兩人共同擁有的別墅)Brown’sandCatherine’svilla(分別指布朗的別墅和凱瑟琳的別墅)。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)scale等級(jí)、刻度規(guī)模天平advice忠告通知,消息Short短的短褲arm武裝武器surrounding包圍環(huán)境air空氣架子,神氣content內(nèi)容目錄good好貨物necessity需要必需品remain仍然(是)遺體,廢墟color顏色旗,綬帶子rich富裕財(cái)富quarter一刻鐘,四分之一營(yíng)房spirit精神情緒effect效果財(cái)產(chǎn),動(dòng)產(chǎn)due應(yīng)得權(quán)益應(yīng)付款humanity人類人文科學(xué)manner方式禮貌custom風(fēng)俗海關(guān)pain痛努力4.下列名詞常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn):scissors(剪刀);savings(積蓄);ashes(灰燼,骨灰);belongs(所有物);earnings(收入);lodgings(租住的房子);minutes(會(huì)議記錄);outskirts(郊區(qū));slums(貧民窟);atone’sfinger’sends(了如指掌);makebothendsmeet(收支相抵)等。5.下列名詞單數(shù)形式相同:deer(鹿);sheep(綿羊);craft(小船;飛船);score(二十);species(種,種類);series(系列);means(方式,方法);works(工廠);aircraft(飛機(jī),飛船);headquarters(總部);Burmese(緬旬人,以-ese和-ss結(jié)尾的民族名稱指人時(shí)單復(fù)數(shù)同形)。Exercise11.Folkartisaspontaneousexpressionofthefeelings,attitudes,andthelowerclassesofasociety.A.need B.needof C.needs D.needsof2.Heboughtforhisfatherinadrugstore.A.somemedicine B.somemedicinesC.manymedicines D.enoughmedicines3.Itrequiresacertainofpreparation.A.number B.lot C.amount D.deal4.IhavetogetaboutthesubjectbeforeIwritethepaper.A.afewmoreinformations B.alittlemoreinformationC.afewmoreinformation D.alittlemoreinformations5.Althoughagreatnumberofhouseinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair.Therebeenmuchimprovementintheirappearance.A.has B.have C.willhave D.wouldhave6.Everymeansbeentriedsincethen.A.have B.are C.has D.is7.Hecouldn’tremember.A.whatwastheformula B.whattheformulawasC.whatweretheformula D.whattheformulawere8.Hewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstore B.shoestoreC.shoes’store D.shoe’sstore9.Iwillgiveyoutofinishit.A.twoweekstime B.twoweek’stimeC.two-weekstime D.twoweeks’time10.Hegavemeseveralgood.A.pieceofadvice B.piecesofadvicesC.pieceofadvices D.piecesofadvice答案:1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.A 10.D第二章代詞英語(yǔ)中的代詞可分為下列八類:人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,指示代詞,不定代詞,疑問代詞,連接代詞和關(guān)系代詞。英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考試中這部分測(cè)試的分量不重,稍加注意即可。第一節(jié)人稱代詞、不定代詞1.人稱代詞要注意主格和賓格的用法。2.物主代詞則需要著區(qū)分名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞,要記?。好~性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+相應(yīng)名詞;名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞的句法功能,在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等;而形容詞性物主代詞不能獨(dú)立來表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的含義,它充當(dāng)名詞的定語(yǔ),總是與名詞連用來表達(dá)一完整概念。3.英語(yǔ)中不定代詞有:all,each,everyone,everybody,both,enough,many,much,few,less,little,either,neither,other,another,something,anything,nothing等。而anybody,something,nothing等不定詞被形容詞或限定詞修飾時(shí),該形容詞或限定詞應(yīng)該后置,即:something(anything,nothing,anybody,somebody)+形容詞或限定詞,如:somebodyold(某個(gè)老人);somethingnew(某個(gè)事物);anythingunknown(任何尚未知曉的事)等。另外,不定代詞有許多習(xí)慣搭配,表示特定的含義;nothingbut(只不過,就是,只有),anythingbut(根本不,并不),somethingof(表示“略有”),noneotherthan(就是)。4.英語(yǔ)中的相互代詞只有兩個(gè):eachother和oneanother。通常eachother用來指兩個(gè)以上人或事物相互之間的關(guān)系。第二節(jié)one和ones,it和them,that和those的用法在英語(yǔ)中,one和ones,it和them,thatthose可用來代替上文出現(xiàn)過的名詞(人或物),其中,one,it,that代替上文出現(xiàn)過的不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,而ones,them,those代替上文出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞。而one/ones,it/them及that/those這三組替代詞用法的區(qū)別主要在于其是否帶有前置和后置修飾語(yǔ)。例:1)Idon’tliketheseshirts.Takethemaway,please.2)Pleaseshowmetheredones(intheshopwindow).3)Ok,I’dliketotakethosewithbronzebuttons.句1)中的them代替上文出現(xiàn)過的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞shirts,且既不帶前置修飾詞,也無后置修飾詞。句2)中的ones也代替上文出現(xiàn)過的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞shirts,在ones前有前置修飾詞“thered”,而其后的修飾語(yǔ)“intheshopwindow”是否出現(xiàn)并不影響本句語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確及句意的完整,屬可有可無。句3)中的those仍代替shirts,但它不能有前置修飾語(yǔ),卻一定要帶后置修飾語(yǔ)。Exercise21.Itwaswhodidthat.A.heandI B.himandme C.heandI D.heandme2.Thisbicycleishis,not.A.their B.hers C.her D.your3.Eachmanandwomanmustsignfullnamebeforeenteringtheexamination.A.their B.its C.her D.his4.Themembersofthetwogroupsoftenhelp.A.eachother B.oneanother C.oneandtheother D.oneandanother5.“MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,Sir?”“Yes,I’dliketotryonthosebrown.”A.one B.ones C.pair D.shoe6.Hehastwobluepensandared.A.it B.one C.ones D.that7.Afteralongwalk,Iwantedtodrink.A.coldsomething B.somethingcoldC.somethingtomakecold D.anythingcold8.Themanoverthereisourprincipal.A.nootherbut B.nootherthanC.noonethan D.noneotherthan9.Ourdepartmentismonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billand.A.I B.mine C.me D.my10.Ididnotchooseanyofthethreeofferings,becauseIfoundsatisfactory.A.neitherofthem B.noneofitC.eitherofthem D.noneofthem答案:1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.D第三章動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中涉及語(yǔ)法范疇最廣、用法最為復(fù)雜、測(cè)試中出現(xiàn)頻率最高、考生也感覺最難掌握的部分,它包括動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,主、謂數(shù)的一致,非限定動(dòng)詞等的用法與區(qū)別。第一節(jié)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)測(cè)試中常考慮的時(shí)態(tài)用法有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去完成時(shí)的用法與區(qū)別。一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.表示普遍真理和客觀事實(shí)。如:Ourteachertoldusthatanythingthatisdroppedfallstowardsthecenteroftheearthbecauseofthepullofgravity.2.在I’llseetoitthat…,I’llmakesurethat…,see(toit)that…結(jié)構(gòu)的從句里用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來含義。如:1)I’llseetoitthatyoudon’tgetlost.2)See(toit)thatyouareherepunctuallytomorrowmorning.3)在when,while,as,themoment等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中及if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來含義。如:1)I’lltellhimyouraddresswhenhecomesback.2)Hewillbegladifhepassestheexamination.但注意:3)Idon’tknowwhenhewillcomeback.4)Iamnotsureifhewillcome.句3)中when引導(dǎo)的從句中用將來時(shí)沒錯(cuò),因?yàn)閣hen在本句中不引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,而引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。句4)中if引導(dǎo)的從句用將來時(shí)也對(duì),因?yàn)閕f在此引導(dǎo)的不是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。4.comego,begin,end,leave,start,arrive,return,depart,stop等瞬間性動(dòng)詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排、時(shí)刻表將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:1)Thefilmbeginsatsevenintheevening2)Theplaneleavesattenthirty.二、一般過去時(shí)1.在有些諺語(yǔ)中用過去時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如:1)Carekilledacat.(憂郁傷身。)2)Thecourseoftrueloveneverdidrunsmooth.(好事多磨。)2.表示過去經(jīng)常、反復(fù)、習(xí)慣但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再如此的動(dòng)作。如:Iwenttovisithimeveryday.3.用一般過去時(shí)代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示更加客氣、婉轉(zhuǎn)的語(yǔ)氣。如:1)CouldyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?2)Didyouneedmyhelp?三、一般將來時(shí)1.當(dāng)shall在陳述句中用于第二、第三人稱時(shí),它不是將來時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,而是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表示說話者的允諾、意圖、警告、命令等。例:Heshallnotleavehispost.他不是離開崗位。2.beaboutto接動(dòng)詞原形也可以表示將來,有“就要、即將”的意思。但它不能與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例:HeisabouttostartforBeijingtomorrowmorning.[誤]改正:去掉tomorrowmorning即可。3.Will和begoingto接動(dòng)詞原形均可表將來,但will常表示說話人臨時(shí)“打算做什么”,而begoingto則表示說話人在講此話前已作好決定“將做什么”。例:1)—Maryisinhospital.—Really?Iwillseehersomedaynextweek.2)—Johnisinhospital.—IknowitIamgoingtovisithimonnextWednesday.四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在某一刻或某一階段尚未完成,仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)。例:Thenewlibraryisstillbeingbuiltinouruniversity.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中有時(shí)用副詞always,forever,constantly等,表示對(duì)某一經(jīng)常發(fā)生動(dòng)作的厭煩、贊同等感情色彩。例:1)Heisconstantlytellingthestoryofhislife.2)Heisalwayshelpingothers.3.靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用現(xiàn)在時(shí)行時(shí),若用進(jìn)行時(shí)則詞義會(huì)有所變化。例:1)Heiswealthyandhastwocars.2)WearehavingEnglishlessonthewholemorning.4.表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞一般不用現(xiàn)在時(shí),而用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞常見的有:live,hate,like,wish,belongto,sound,taste,desire,understand,think(認(rèn)為),know,own,possess,have(有),envy等。5.感覺動(dòng)詞表示“被動(dòng)感覺”意義時(shí)不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表示“主動(dòng)感覺”時(shí)可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)度。例:1)Thewoodisfeelingverysmooth.[誤]2)Thewoodfeelsverysmooth.[正]3)Heisfeelinghiswayinthedark.[正]6.be后接動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞時(shí)可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示人的暫時(shí)行為和性格特征,若是表態(tài)形容詞,則不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例:1)Heisbeingmodest.他顯得謙虛[正]2)Sheisbeingtall.[誤](tall是靜態(tài)形容詞,不能表示暫時(shí)行為)。五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)、結(jié)果或經(jīng)歷,著重于過去時(shí)間和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的綜觀,因此,不能與表示單純過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(如twoweeksago,lastyear等)連用,而常與下列狀語(yǔ)連用;already,yet,ever,never,scarcely,lately,recently,uptothepresent,uptillnowinthepastfewyears,sofar,once,just,thisweek等。例:Uptonowtheworkhasbeeneasy.1.瞬間性動(dòng)詞或詞組go,come,becomeleave,start,die,begin,stop,join,getup,borrow,buy,comeback等可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但它們?nèi)粲矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí),則不能for,since等表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。要表示瞬間性動(dòng)作持續(xù)多久時(shí)可用它們相應(yīng)的系表結(jié)構(gòu)或者換為持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)形式。例:1)Hehasdied.[正]2)Hehasjoinedthearmyfor14years.[誤]3)Hehasbeeninthearmyfor14years.[正]4)HehasboughttheTVsetfor10years.[誤]5)HehashadtheTVsetforyears. [正]2.在It(That,This)isthefirst(second…)time,Itisthemost(best)…結(jié)構(gòu)后通常要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。若be動(dòng)詞為"was",則從句用過去完成時(shí)。例:1)ThisisthesecondtimeIhavevisitedyourbeautifulcountry.2)ItwasthemostinterestingnovelIhadeverread.3.瞬間性動(dòng)詞不與延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中,但若句子是否定結(jié)構(gòu)則沒有這個(gè)限制。例:1)Hehasgonehomefortwoweeks.[正]2)Hehasn’tgonehomefortwoweeks.[誤]4.在“itis+時(shí)間段+過去時(shí)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,since后面接終止性動(dòng)詞表示該動(dòng)作開始;后面接延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則表示該動(dòng)的終止。例:1)ItisfiveyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.我已經(jīng)學(xué)了五年的英語(yǔ)了。2)ItisfiveyearssinceIstudiedEnglish.我已經(jīng)五年沒有學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。六、過去完成時(shí)1.用動(dòng)詞hope,mean,suppose,intend,think,plan等的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望等。例:1)Ihadintendedtocometenminutesearlier,butIwascaughtinatrafficjam.2)bytheendof后接過去時(shí)間,句子用過去完成時(shí);bytheendof后接將來時(shí)間,句子用將來完成時(shí)。例:1)Bytheendoflastweekendallthepapershadbeenchecked.2)BytheendofnextmonthwewillhavebeenintheUnitedStatesfortwoweeks.3.過去完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)使用,它所表示的動(dòng)作必須是“過去的過去”,即表示在過去某一時(shí)間或作(或用從句表示出,或可從上下文看出)之前的動(dòng)作。例:1)Theinstructorhadgoneovertheproblemsmanytimesbeforethestudentstookthefinalexamination.2)Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.Exercise3—11.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotaboutcomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.A.paying B.havingpaid C.topay D.tohavepaid2.Bythetimesheis50yearsold,sheaninmateoftheprisonforoverhalfofherlife.A.wouldhavebeen B.willbe C.willhavebeen D.wouldbe3.Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonemethatevening.A.tohaveinterrupted B.wouldhaveinterrupted C.hadinterrupted D.tointerrupt4.Whateverthecause,Englishattheendofthe20thofthe20thcenturyismorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherlanguage.A.everwas B.hadeverbeenC.haseverbeen D.wouldeverbe5.Theambassadorheardthatathispostayearlonger.A.hebestaying B.himtostayC.hewouldhestaying D.hewillhavestayed6.Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageavoided.A.istobe B.canbeC.willbe D.hasbeen7.Inthisexperiment,theyarewakenedseveraltimesduringthenight,andaskedtoreportwhatthey.A.hadjustbeendreaming B.havejustbeendreamingC.arejustdreaming D.hadjustdreamt8."Whatdoyouthinkoftheboxingmatchlastnight?"“IreallythinkJackson.”A.don’t…h(huán)aswon B.didn’t…wouldwinC.didn’t…h(huán)as D.don’t…wins9.Itforoveramonthandthedownpourhaddamagedmanyhouses.A.rainedheavily B.hadbeenrainingcatsanddogsC.hasbeenrainingheavily D.hasrainedcatsanddogs10.TheManagingDirectorsaidthatimprovingrelationswiththeassociationwouldnotbeeasy,butthattheytotry.A.wouldhavedecided B.decideC.havedecided D.haddecided答案:1.C 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.D第二節(jié)主謂一致英語(yǔ)中句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致,這叫主謂一致,首先應(yīng)注意三大主謂一致原則,即語(yǔ)法一致、意念一致及就近一致原則。一、語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致原則即確定謂語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的形式時(shí),只考慮主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法形式,不考慮其含意。1.and與with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,besides,inadditionto,including,accompaniedby,combinedwith連接并列主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。and是并列連詞,可連接并列成分,包括并列主語(yǔ),而其余的詞和詞組均屬介詞,只能連接介詞短語(yǔ),作方式伴隨狀語(yǔ)。例1)Mr.WangandhiswifearegotovisitCanada.(“andhiswife”作并列主語(yǔ))2)Mr.WangwithhiswifeisgoingtovisitCanada.(“withhiswife”是介詞短語(yǔ),作方式伴隨狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)是Mr.Wang,單數(shù))2.Manya+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,Morethanone+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。例:1)ManyastudentsitsinTEM-4eachyear.2)ManystudentssitinTEM-4eachyear.3)Morethanonequestionhasbeenraisedatthemeeting.二、意念一致原則意念一致原則即確定謂語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的形式時(shí),只考慮主語(yǔ)的含義,而不管其語(yǔ)法形式。1.常用集合名詞committee,family,audience,team,crowd,crew,staff,government,faculty,group,board,jury等意指整體時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);意指?jìng)€(gè)體成員時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。例:1)Myfamilyloveclassicmusic.2)Myfamilylivesinabeautifulblock.2.表示時(shí)間、距離重量、價(jià)值等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),表示整體概念,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。例:1)Seventymilesisalongwaytodrive.2)Threethousandyearsisveryshortinthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentoftheuniverse.3)Fivehundreddollarsistoomuchforme.三、就近一致原則就近一致原則即謂語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式與靠近謂語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致。1.由并列連詞neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso…等連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由貼近謂語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)確定。例:1)Eithertheteacherorthestudentshavemadeamistake.2)Eitherthestudentsortheteacherhasmadeamistake.2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作關(guān)系分句(即定語(yǔ)從句)的主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)由靠近從句的名詞的形式確定。例:Johnisworkingwithhisfriendswhowerehisclassmatesinhismiddleschooldays.但當(dāng)關(guān)系分句的先行項(xiàng)被oneofthe修飾,且oneofthe…又被thegreat,theonly,theright,thevery等強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),關(guān)系分句的謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式。例:1)LuxunisoneofthegreatwriterwhohavemadecontributionstoChineseliterature.2)Peteristhe(only)oneoftheboyswhoisdisobedienttotheteachers.3.在表存在的“therebe+名詞”句型中,若名詞主語(yǔ)是由“and”連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)“be”

的形式由靠近“be”的名詞形式確定。例:1)Thereisabedandseveralchairsintheroom.2)Thereareseveralpeartreesandanappletreeinthecourtyard.除了這三大原則以外,還有很多其他形式的詞、詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)也值得我們注意。1.單個(gè)的名詞性從句,動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))以及不定式(或不定式短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。例:1)Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.2)Whatintereststheworkersmostisbetterwagesandworkingconditions.2.表示群島、山脈、瀑布等以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。例:TheAndesarerichinminerals,especiallycopper,goldandsilver.3.以-ics結(jié)尾的許多名詞表示某個(gè)學(xué)科名稱時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);而指該學(xué)科的實(shí)踐和具體運(yùn)用時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:politics政治學(xué)(單數(shù))政治見解(復(fù)數(shù))statistics統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(單數(shù))統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)(復(fù)數(shù))mathematics數(shù)學(xué)(單數(shù))數(shù)學(xué)能力(復(fù)數(shù))economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(單數(shù))經(jīng)濟(jì)效益(復(fù)數(shù))4.某些名詞形式上是單數(shù),意義上是復(fù)數(shù)概念,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如:police,people,clergy,youth,folk,cattle,militia等。5.用and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞時(shí),若and后面的名詞沒有有冠詞,則表示同一個(gè)人、同一物或同一概念,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如:Thewheelandaxle輪軸,aknifeandfork刀叉,thebreadandbutter涂黃油的面包。 例:Thesecretaryanddeanisgivingaspeech.書記兼系主任正在講話。6.and連接數(shù)個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),若名詞前有every,each或no修飾,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。例:Noboyandnogirlispermittedtoentertheroom.7.當(dāng)mostof,therestof,all,half(of),themajorityof,last,enough,theremainder和分?jǐn)?shù)、+百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)由名詞的形式?jīng)Q定,名詞為不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),當(dāng)名詞為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。例:1).Mostofthisbookisinteresting.2)Mostofthesebooksarehelpful.8.以-ings結(jié)尾的名詞,如beginnings,bookings,clippings,diggings,earnings,lodgings,surroundings,sweepings等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Exercise3—21.Eitherofthetwopupiltheexaminations.A.havepassed B.havebeenpassedC.haspassed` B.hasbeenpassed2.Thenumberofthestudentsintheclasssmall.A.are B.is C.havebeen D.were3.wereinterestedintheoffer.A.Noneofacustomer B.NoneofcustomerC.Noneofthecustomer D.Noneofthecustomers4.WritingstoriesandarticleswhatIenjoymost.A.is B.are C.havetobe D.were5.“TheArabianNights”thestoryofAladdin.A.tocontain B.containing C.contains D.contain6.Apainteranddecoratorthewallsofthehouse.A.werecalcimining B.wascalciminingC.werecalcimined D.wascalcimined7.Eitherdyeorpaintstocolorcloth.A.isused B.beused C.areused D.wasused8.Everypolicemanandfiremantocolorcloth.A.havebeen B.are C.was D.were9.Tenhoursenoughtimeforthatpaper.A.is B.are C.havebeen D.were10.Thisdepartment,alongwiththreeothersthenewmethod.A.istrying B.aretrying C.istried D.aretried答案:1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.A第三節(jié)情態(tài)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定詞義,表示某種感情和語(yǔ)氣,如能力、可能性和意愿等,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ),需和其他動(dòng)詞(原形)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can(could),may(might),must,shall,will(would),should,oughtto,need,dare,其中,need和dare既可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,又可以做一般行為動(dòng)語(yǔ)。一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中,有些后面可跟完成時(shí),即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+V-ed,但意義各有不同。1.can(could)havedone是對(duì)過去事情肯定猜測(cè),表示懷疑或不肯定的語(yǔ)氣。例:Youcan’tfindyourbookandyoucanhaveleftitathome.(可能)2.can(could)nothavedone是對(duì)過去事情的否定猜測(cè)。例:Nowthathehasnotyetcome,hecan’thavecaughttheearlybus.(不可能)3.may(might)havedone是對(duì)過去事情的猜測(cè)。例:Hemayhavelosthisway.(也許已經(jīng))4.musthavedone是對(duì)過去事情的肯定猜測(cè),語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)。例:MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically,“Areyoufeelingallright?”(一定)。5.shouldhavedone與oughttohavedone都表示過去應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上并未做的事,是一種責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣;后者比前者語(yǔ)氣更加。例:Yououghttohavememorizedallthewords.(本應(yīng)該已經(jīng)記住而實(shí)際上沒有記住)Should’thavedone表示過去不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上卻做了的事,也含責(zé)備的語(yǔ)氣。例:Youshouldn’thavemadesuchamistake.(你不應(yīng)該犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤的,但實(shí)際上已犯了)6.needhavedone表示過去需要做但實(shí)際上沒做的事,needn’thavedone則表示過去無須做但實(shí)際上卻做了的事。例:1)Youneedhavepreparedallfortheexamination.2)Youneedn’thavetoldhimaboutit.7.wouldratherhavedone表示一件事實(shí)上未做但希望已經(jīng)做了。例:I’dratherhavebeenblamedforit.我寧愿為此受責(zé)備(實(shí)際上沒有)。二、“must”表示“必須”時(shí),否定式用needn’t.例:“Mustthebeattheofficethatearly?”“No,heneedn’t.”“must”表示猜測(cè)時(shí),否定式用can’t。例:“ItmustbeProf.Li.”“Itcan’tbehim.HehasjustgonetoBeijing.”三、有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞組成了固定的詞組。1.may(might)well+動(dòng)詞原形,意為“有道理,大概”。例:Hisappearancehaschangedsomuchthatyoumightwellnotrecognizehim.2.may(might)aswell+動(dòng)詞原形,意為“不妨”。例:Sincethismedicinedoesn’twork,youmightaswelltryanother.3.cannotbut+動(dòng)詞原形(不得不),can’thelp+V-ing(情不自禁,忍不住)。例:1)Ican’tbutwaitforhim.2)WhenJanefelloffthebike,theotherchildrencouldnothelplaughing.4.hadbetter+動(dòng)詞原形(最好是……),其否定形式:hadbetternot+動(dòng)詞原形。例:You’dbetternottaketoomuch.It’sheavy.5.Wouldrather+動(dòng)詞原形(寧愿不……)。例:I’drathernottellhimthenews.四、need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)不用于肯定句,作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)沒有這個(gè)限制。例:1)Weneedinformhimofthatmatter.2)Wemustinformhimofthatmatter.3)Weneedn’tworryaboutit.4)Weneedtoexpandtheparkinglot.五、could與was/wereableto的用法的區(qū)別。could表示過去一般情況下能做的事。was/wereableto表示過去在某一具體情況下能做的事。例:Beforeliberation,thebread-earnercouldnotaffordabigfamily,butmygrandpawasableto.Exercise3—31.ThelibrarianwilltellTomthathepayforthemissingbook.A.neednot B.neednottoC.needsnot D.needsnotto2.Idon’tbelievehim.Whathehassaidbetrue.A.maynot B.mustnot C.cannot D.shouldnot3.MustIaccompanyhim?No,you.A.mustn’t B.needn’t C.cant D.won’t4.I’msorryIcouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbeforeheleft.Ihimearlier.A.musthavephoned B.mighthavephonedC.shouldhavephoned D.wouldhavephoned5.Shemoreembarrassed.A.couldn’thavelooked B.needn’thavelookedC.shouldn’thavelooked D.wouldn’thavelooked6.John’sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass.He.A.shouldstudy B.shouldhavestudiedlastnightC.musthavestudiedlastnight D.needstudylastnight7.I’dratherShanghaibytrain.A.leavefor B.leftfor C.leavingfor D.toleavefor8.Whenthelostofmoneyisreportedtohim,thesecurityofficerinterviewsallthosepeoplewhotheopportunitytogointotheSalesoffice.A.mighthavehad B.wouldhavehadC.willhavehad D.shouldhavehad9.I’dratheryouaboutit.A.don’ttell B.nottotell C.nottell D.tellnot10.You’dbetteritrightnow,otherwiseyoucan’tfinishitintime.A.todo B.do C.willdo D.did答案:1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.B第四節(jié)虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說話人所說的話是某種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、猜測(cè)或可能,虛擬語(yǔ)氣較多地用于條件句,也可見于其他從句。一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的三種常見結(jié)構(gòu)見下表。假設(shè)If從句的謂語(yǔ)形式主句的謂語(yǔ)形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過去時(shí)be動(dòng)詞用wereWould(could,might,should)+動(dòng)詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反Had+過去分詞Would(could,might,should)+have+過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反should(wereto)+動(dòng)詞原形Would(could,might,should)+動(dòng)詞原形例:1)IfIhadmoretime,IwouldstudyGerman.2)IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainifIhadhadmoretimeatyesterday’sexamination.3)Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldmarryyou.二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的混合式:條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式?jīng)Q定于要表示的具體時(shí)間。例:Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tbeabletorunsofast.三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句的倒裝與省略:在書面語(yǔ)中,如果條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)含有were,had或should等詞,要將were,had或should與從句的主語(yǔ)交換位置,從布滿省略if,條件從句形成倒裝和省略。例:1)WereIyou,IWouldgetupearlyeverymorning.2)Hadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterday,youcouldhavecaughtthetrain.3)Shouldyouchangeyourmind,letmeknow.四、含蓄虛擬:當(dāng)虛擬句中的虛擬條件不用if引導(dǎo)的條件從句表示,而是對(duì)過介詞短語(yǔ)或but連接的轉(zhuǎn)折分句來表示,即含蓄虛擬條件。1.用“butfor”,“without”來代替“if…not”。fail.例:Butforyourhelp,IwouldHavefailed.2.用“otherwise”,“butthat+從句”或“but”分句代替if引導(dǎo)的條件句。例:1)Heworkedveryhard,otherwisehemighthavefailed.(主句有陳述語(yǔ)氣,分句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)2)Butthathesawitwithhisowneyeshecouldnothavebelievedit.要不是他親眼所見,他就不會(huì)相信那事。(從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣,主句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)3)Iwouldhavegonetovisityou,butIwasfullyoccupiedlastweek.我早已經(jīng)想去看你了,但上周我完全沒空。(主句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,分句用陳述語(yǔ)氣)五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否用虛擬語(yǔ)氣由主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞確定。1.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示“建議、命令、要求、欲望、想法”等意義的詞,如:suggest,propose,recommend,move(提議),advise,order,command,decide,agree,insist,maintain,urge,desire,prefer,require,request,demand,resolve,rule,stipulate(規(guī)定)等,賓語(yǔ)從句中虛擬表達(dá)形式:should+動(dòng)詞原形(美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中常省掉should)。例:Irecommendedthathe,mybeststudent,(should)beadmittedtothepostgraduate’scollege.2.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是wouldrather,hadrather,wouldassoon時(shí),后面的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。例:Iwouldratheryoustayedhere.3.動(dòng)詞wish后跟由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that經(jīng)常省略)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣用過去時(shí)表示一種不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望;用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反。例:1)Shewishesshehadmoremoney.2)Shewishedshehadmoremoneyatthattime.4.在expect,believe,think,suspect等+動(dòng)詞的否定式或疑問形式后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形(或完成時(shí))”,表示懷疑、驚奇和不滿等。例:Ineverexpectedthatheshouldbesogenerous.六、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句。1.在Itis/was+形容詞+that…從句的句型中,“it”是形式主語(yǔ),而“that…從句”是主語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句是否要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣由形容表語(yǔ)決定。當(dāng)形容詞是表示“必須,重要”等概念的詞時(shí),that…從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用有:“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬,should常省略,這類形容詞有:necessary,essential,vital,important,urgent,imperative,obligatory,strange等。例:1)Itisnecessarythatyoushouldcleantheworkshopafterwork.2)Itisverystrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.2.當(dāng)形容詞是由上述表示主張、要求、命令等概念的動(dòng)詞加-ed或加-able構(gòu)成的時(shí)候,主玉器從句也須用should+動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬,should可省。例:1)Itwasrecommendedthathisbeststudent(should)beadmittedtothepostgraduate’scollege.2)Itwasadvisablethathe(should)notstayupthewholenightbeforeexamination.注意下面這個(gè)句子:Ithoughtitimperativethatwe(should)takeimmediateactionstopreventtheeventfromspreading.雖然在句中that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,似乎不符合虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主玉器從句的語(yǔ)示規(guī)則,但這個(gè)句子可以擴(kuò)充為:Ithoughtthatitwasimperativethatweshouldtakeimmediateactionstopreventtheeventformspreading.擴(kuò)充后,“thatweshould…”部分就充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)從句了。這是目前常測(cè)試的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。七、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句:在suggestion,proposal,recommendation,motion,advice,order,commend,decision,insistence,desire,requirement,request,demand,resolution,rule,stipulation(即由上述表示“建議”、命令、要求、欲望、想法”的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的名詞)等名詞后接的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句用should+動(dòng)詞原形(should可省)表示虛擬。例:1)Myadviceisthateverytestee(should)concentratemuchuponimprovingtheirabilityofreadingcomprehension.2)Hissuggestionthatwe(should)startearlywasadopted.八、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于關(guān)系句中,在Itis(high,about)time…后接的關(guān)系分句中用過去時(shí)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其含義是“早該做……而實(shí)際上未做”。注意:1)該句型中可以用過去時(shí),或者“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,should不能省略。例:Itishightimetheworkwas(或shouldbe)started.2)在“Itisthesecondtimewe’venetinthestreet”中,關(guān)系分句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,因?yàn)椤皌ime”的意義由“……的時(shí)候”,變成了“第……次”。九、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于其他從句。當(dāng)

asif,asthough,evenif,eventhough,lest,forfear,incase等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(或表語(yǔ)從句)且從句的內(nèi)容不是真實(shí)情況時(shí),必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例:1)Nothingcouldhavesavedhimevenifhehadbeentendedwithoutdelay.2)Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit(should)gowrongontheway.十、Ifonly句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)一種愿望。現(xiàn)在未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用過去時(shí)表示;過去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望用過去完成時(shí)表示,通常譯作“要是……(就好了!)”,主句可省略。例:1)IfonlyIhadenoughmoney,IwouldbuythatPC.2)IfonlyIwereabird!3)Ifonlywehadgonetothecinemalastnight!Exercise3-41.I’dratheryouanythingaboutinforthetimebeing.A.do B.didn’tdo C.don’tdo D.notdo2.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourChairmannow.A.musthavebeen B.wouldhavebeen C.were D.wouldbe3.IwishItothemovieswithyoulastnight.A.went B.couldgo C.go D.hadgone4.Itishightimethatthiswrongspending.A.checks B.istobechecked C.waschecked D.ischecked5.Thejudgeassentedtothesuggestionthat.A.bothofthecriminalswillsoonbesetfreeB.someofthecriminalsareofguiltonlyC.theprisonerbesentencedtodeathD.thegirlwastobeparoledinthecustodyofawelfaresociety6.ThecommitteerecommendsthatthematteratthenextA.wouldbediscussed B.willbediscussed C.bediscussed D.maybediscussed7.,Ishouldhavecaughtthetrain.A.HadmycarnotbrokendownB.Hadn’tmycarbrokendownC.IfmycarwerenotbrokendownD.Wouldn’tmycarhavebrokendown8.Ifonlywethemanager’sadviceyesterday.A.hadfollowed B.wouldfollow C.follow D.followed9.Myunclealwaystalksasthoughheapublicmeeting.A.addresses B.isaddressing C.wereaddressing D.addressed10.Providingyoutheopportunitytogoabroad,wherewouldyougo?A.have B.had C.will D.wouldhave答案:1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.D第五節(jié)非限定動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中非限定動(dòng)詞有三種:動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。非限定動(dòng)詞在句中能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的一部分,但不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),故又稱非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。它們的形式不隨主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化,但仍具有動(dòng)詞的一般特征,可以帶賓語(yǔ)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有以下幾種變化形式。語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)不定式一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)towritetobewritingtohavewrittentohavebeenwritingtobewrittentohavebeenwritten動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)完成時(shí)writinghavingwrittenBeingwrittenHavingbeenwritten過去分詞一般時(shí)written一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化形式及其用法二、當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作之前時(shí),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)形式。例:1)Havingfinishedmyhomework,Ilistenedtomusicforrelaxation.當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用進(jìn)行時(shí)或一般時(shí)形式。例:2)Hepretendedtobeworkinghardwhenhismotherenteredhisroom.當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后時(shí),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般時(shí)形式。例:3)Iexpectyoutowritetome.二、非限定動(dòng)詞的句法功能比較動(dòng)詞不定式(或不定式短語(yǔ))具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的性質(zhì),在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞(或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))具有名詞形質(zhì),在句中常作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。分詞(或分詞短語(yǔ))具有形容詞和副詞的性質(zhì),在句中可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。非限定動(dòng)詞的句法功能列表如下:句子成句非限定動(dòng)詞形式主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式√√√√√√動(dòng)名詞√√√√分詞√√√√1.動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))、和動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是非限定動(dòng)詞形式時(shí),主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的非限定形式要求一致。例:①Toliveistostruggle.[正]②Toliveisstruggling..[誤]③Livingistostruggle..[誤]④Livingisstruggling..[正]2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為非限定動(dòng)詞,而表語(yǔ)不是的時(shí)候,不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)都可以,意義有區(qū)別,但區(qū)別很少,可忽略。區(qū)別在于:不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作性,常表示一次性、短暫的動(dòng)作;而動(dòng)名詞傾向于名詞性,常指多次重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。例:1)Toliveisnoteasy要活著不容易。2)Livingisnoteasy.生活不容易。2.動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))和分詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是非限動(dòng)詞時(shí),表語(yǔ)的非限定形式與主語(yǔ)的一致。2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是非限定動(dòng)詞形式時(shí),不定式作表語(yǔ)表示一次性、短暫的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)名詞表示多次重復(fù)、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,且類似于名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法,即常用來說明主語(yǔ)的身份、地位、職業(yè)等。例:①Herjobistotypethisletter.她要做的是打完這封信。②Herjobistyping.她是個(gè)打字員。而分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),類似于形容詞作表語(yǔ)的用法,即說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征或所處狀態(tài)。例:①Thisbookisinteresting.②Hefeltexhausted.3.不定式(短語(yǔ))和動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1)在remember,forget,mean,try,stop等動(dòng)詞后,接不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以,但意義不同:用不定式時(shí),

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