攝影測量學(xué)-畢設(shè)論文外文翻譯(翻譯+原文)

TheprinciplesofphotogrametrybeworksLeonardodainthefifteenthcentury.hisworkinthefieldsofanddagraphicallytheofItuntilthethefieldofphotogrammetryintoitswithintheEuropeancommunity.photogrammetryfirstcoined1855bytheEuropeangeographerandincommonthroughoutEuropeby1900.Theterm,didnotwinwideacceptanceinUnitedStatesuntilyear,theAmericanofPhotogrammetry(ASP)wasTypesofTheASPcurrentlyphotogrammetrytobeandofsurveyingandmeasuringotherenergy-emittingprocesses.Theprocedureisusedinandbefromthegroundaswellintheair.isproceduremostcommonlyusedinmapping.Ithasallbuteliminatedneedfieldsurveys.Ground,orterrestrial,photogrammetryisonlysupplementtotheaerialinwithunusualLikeotherprofessionaldisciplines,consistsofavarietyofspecialtyForexample,therearethebroadif(ground)andaerial(air)photogrammetry.areasofphotogrammetryareasthetechnologyenergyemittingused.typesofusedinthefieldarehere.useofastodescribethearacteristicofanareaoftheearth’ssurface.X-rayphotogrammetryemployX-raysurveyinguseofmotionpicturesforcinephotogrammetry.Hologrammetryuseofimagesbytheuseofcoherentlightlasersmeasurecharacteristics.Insinglephotographsorsurveyingpurposes.Finallyspaceorsatellitephotogrammetry,inwhichspacecraftorareasafortakingalso1Photography:Theisthemostproductofphotogrammetryfield.ItinmappingandtopographiccollectioncombinesthescientificartisticproceduresandAerialisimagestakenfrombasesurveyingpurpose.Thesuccessandaccuracyaerialphotographyimportant,includingfollowing:Theofphotographicequipment,lenses,andAppropriatecorrectsuchfilm,printduplicationmaterials,reflectionandplates;The(pilot,photographer,andfilmprocessor);WeatherThepositionofthethephotographsareClassificationsofAerialdynamicphotogrammetricfieldinAerialrequiresaprocedures.Therefore,tothevarioustypesofusedinthefield,ASPhasfourtheorientationofthecameraaxis,tenstherange,andthemodeinOrientationThistotheanglewhichcameraisintentionallytimeofAdinthesetwoofinaerialTheseareorientationobliqueorientationWithverticalaxis,thetakentheintentionallynearlyvertical-orasclose90°toearthsurface-aspossible.Becauseoftheearth’scurvatureandaeronauticalfactors,isimpossibletoobtainverticalpicture(hencethequalifier“asnearlyverticalaspossible”).Forpracticalmappingpurposes,however,the“nearvertical”moresufficient.Theverticalorientationaxisiscommontypeofphotographusedinmapping.Thisofcambeconverteddrawings:itofanfistingormajoradvantagesoftheverticalaxisareeasilytakenofftheandtransferred,surfaceand2landmarkscanbeidentifies,andhidden(areasinthephotograph)willbeminimal.orientationphotographsintentionallyoffvertical,andthetechnically,meanscameraaimedphotographsfurthersubclassifiedintohighobliquelowoblique.obliquepertaintotheaxisoftheahightothewhilephotographshaveopticalcameraatalowanglephotographsaforTheyareonlyofinrequiringsmall-scaledrawings.Theadvantagesobliquephotographsaorperceptionofphotographedandtheyaareaisverticalphotographs.theresignificantdisadvantagesforandtopographicdrawings.Fist,thereisaandSecond,thescaleconstantlyasobservesimagesawaytheThirddisadvantageskilledpersonnelgenerateaccurateandproduct,resultinginhigherLensSystems

areclassifiedbythenumberconfigurationoflensesforaerialWithinframework,lensThesingle-lensthepopularandusedinaerialItapplicableforobliquephotographs.single-lensusuallyemploysa153(mm)focallengthwitha228whileusingBywide-anglelenscamerasareseldomIfitforoverlow-reliefMultiple-lenssystemstwoormorecanbebythetypeofmountingused.mountingtheareseparatelymountingindifferentandthearesynchronizedforsimultaneouscase,fixedataxessophotographsbeusedastereoscope.Theaccuracy,usefulnessofwithmultiple-lenssystemaredependentupon3careandaccuracy,ofcalibrationandangles.termforthemultiple-lenssystemsconsistoftwocameras,simultaneousofandchoiceofdifferentfilmsorfiltercombinations.RangeThiscriterionreferstotheentirelightTheofaerialislimitedtothebehumanThisrangesomesituations,aerialphotographsusedtorecordwithinrange.SpectralismeasuredinmicrometersAsshowntheoptical0.40.8umwhiletherangeatWiththefilmrangeitisalsotorecordsomeinfraredatthelower(i.e.,umum).furtherrequiresuseoffilmprocedures.BecauseinfrareduseditalsothermalModeScanningThistheusedinclassifyingaerialphotographs.Therearescanningmodesaerialthesingleframe,strip.IntofunctionstheOfthreemodes,theentireframe(format)lensthatisinrelationcamerasareeasiesttoandtheleastexpensive.accuratedatatoontoandtopographicdrawings.twodisadvantagestosinglephotographs.First,aresolutionasthephotography.Theproblemswithsinglecanbewithuseoforcameras.highatcenterofthepicturetotalwhichincasescanbefromhorizon.Panoramicphotographyaccomplishedlensscanninglenssystemthoughlargeanglesacrosstheandusingnormal-widthfilmanditparallelscanningdirectionatgroundspeed.Continuous-stripphotographytheforaconventionalshuttersystem.The4arethefilmthefilmcontinuouslyovernarrowslitinthefocalplaneofthelensgroundforreconnaissancephotography,photographsapictureinlongcontrolpointsTheofgroundcontrolisausedensuretheaccuracyofaerialphotographgroundcontrolpointsrepresentseriesoffixedwhichestablishelevations,groundarealsousedforcorrelationvarious-mapControlisclassifiedfourwhichthedegreeofandprecision.Thefirstthehighestofquality.Theprecisionofthecontrolbasedtheofthefollowingofcontrols.controlisdeterminedinfieldmarked,orItisbasedandverticaloforderhigher.Horizontalcontroliscontrolcontrolgeographicparallelsandis,withhorizontalpositionsonlylatitude,orplaneVerticalcontrolisusuallyinreferencesealevelgroundelevation.Astronomicaliscontrolbyastronomicalobservation.Geodeticcontrolarethosecontrolthataccountforcurvatureoftheearth’ssurface.controlisfrequentlywithandgeodeticcontrol.havebygroundorfieldsurveys.Supplementalcontrolismadewhensubordinate,surveysareconductedtothephotographwithgeodeticcontrol,thusensuringpositiveidentificationofgroundPhotographythecasualobserver,itphotographyonlygoodprovidingpictureofearthsurfacefromanoverheadperspective.Nothingcouldfurthertruth.Thereaofforaerialphotographyinthetopographicfield.Theseusefulpeopleinvariousprofessions,includinggeologist,geographers,planners,cityadministrators,specialists,lawyers,Allcategories.stereoaero5isprocessaerialforidentificationandmeasurementofsurfaceandfeatures.usedinanstudy,thisusuallyemphasizesrelationshipssurfaceobjectsandprojectitself.isinobtainofinformation.thedifferencebetweenfinancialsuccessandfailure.StereoistheofextractingfromastereoAstereomodelmodelisformedwhentheofanpairphotographsintersect.Thethen,uponthephotographs,atslightlydifferentsameareaofTheofispreciselylocatedfeatureinformationaerialphotography.Thestereomodelcreatedischaracterizedbyvertical“stretching”emphasizescontourandmakesiftoaccuratemapHence,compilationmakesittoprovidegreataccuracyofuseofanaerialphotographfinalmapproduct,Itimmenselyusefulsubstituteforsmall-scaleThisprocessisbyandbyGeologicalSurvey.TheoftheforallmeasurementsthephotographaTheproducedorthophotographyphotomap.ThebeginswithaperspectiveTheofallduetotiltreliefremoved;thisasdifferentialrectification.Ailnotshownonthescale,names,areoroverprintedAnalyticalaerotriangulationisagroundcontrolwhichtoofarforphotogramAnalyticalaerotriangulationmeansthatcoordinatesofphotocontrolareproducedbythananaloguehighlytechnicalanalyticprocedureusedestablishprecisephotogram6攝影測量學(xué)最早提出攝影測量學(xué)概念可以追溯到世紀(jì)后期davinci的作中但是他研究的領(lǐng)域主要集中在幾何學(xué)光物學(xué)及地球物理學(xué)此他主要從空間動(dòng)力學(xué)和光學(xué)投影方面闡述攝影測量的概念。直到19世攝影測量學(xué)才真正形成，尤其在歐洲學(xué)術(shù)界的重視下，攝影測量學(xué)逐漸興起測量學(xué)”這一術(shù)語在年歐洲地理學(xué)家首次提出，在年正式普遍的運(yùn)用。盡管如此，直到1年這個(gè)“外來詞”被美國人廣泛接受。并在那一年，美國攝影測量協(xié)會）正式成立。ASP通常認(rèn)為攝影測量是集藝術(shù)、自然科學(xué)、測量技術(shù)，航空技術(shù)和其他一些相關(guān)技術(shù)的優(yōu)化綜合術(shù)廣泛運(yùn)于測繪地形圖上無論是在地上還是在空中能夠進(jìn)行，航空測量是繪制地圖的最常用的方法不需要大量的野外測量影量可以為地面測量過程提供補(bǔ)充和完善，特別是一些特殊地形地區(qū)。像其他的專業(yè)學(xué)科一樣攝影測量學(xué)包括許多的特殊區(qū)域如它包括陸地?cái)z影測量和航空攝影測量兩部分影量一些特殊區(qū)域是通過技術(shù)和技術(shù)優(yōu)化的過程來劃分的們這里討論的是一些繪圖和地形方面常用的攝影測量類型。雷達(dá)圖像測量學(xué)即利用雷達(dá)作為測量設(shè)備來描述地表某一區(qū)域的物理特征的科,X射線攝影測量是利用X線來收集測量數(shù)據(jù)動(dòng)態(tài)圖像用于測量的方法稱為電信攝影測量。全息攝影測量師利用全息相用諸如激光等相干的光學(xué)系統(tǒng)投影的影像來獲取測量所需要的地表特征信息在間影測量里單獨(dú)的影像或相片被用于測量，最后，剩下的就是太空或者說是衛(wèi)星攝影測量——利用宇宙飛船或衛(wèi)星做平臺來進(jìn)行地表測量的測量方法。這種類型也被稱為地球外攝影測量。航空攝影測量攝相片可能是攝影測量領(lǐng)域中最熟悉的產(chǎn)品過科學(xué)的和藝術(shù)的程序和技術(shù)結(jié)合后被用在繪和地形圖數(shù)據(jù)的采集過程空攝影測量即是利用獲得的圖像來達(dá)到測量的目的。航空攝影測量任務(wù)和精度的成功完成依賴于許多重要的方面來決定的，它包括如下方面：正確的攝影儀器設(shè)備，鏡頭和補(bǔ)償?shù)氖褂茫磺‘?dāng)?shù)倪x擇和利用攝影材料，例如膠卷、洗印和復(fù)制材料、影像洗印材料以及感光板；攝影測量隊(duì)的組成（飛行員、攝影師、和膠卷處理員7天氣環(huán)境情況；當(dāng)拍攝時(shí)太陽所處的位置狀況；航攝測的類航攝影一般來說是在攝影領(lǐng)域是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而且動(dòng)態(tài)的行業(yè)空攝影測量需要大量的儀器、技術(shù)和過程。因此，任明了四個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：視準(zhǔn)軸的定向、透鏡系統(tǒng)光譜限度及掃描方式來分類各種各樣的航攝相片面性以便用于繪圖和地形領(lǐng)域。我們在這章里討論這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。視軸定就涉及到攝像機(jī)攝像時(shí)刻放置的角度，在航空攝影測量中實(shí)際我們應(yīng)用到了兩個(gè)方面的軸線，這就是垂直方向和傾斜方向軸線。軸的方向垂直于地面時(shí)拍時(shí)的光軸方向與地面方向盡可能處置或者是與地面成90由地球曲率和航空的因素們不可能得到真的理論上的垂直相因此限定為“盡可能垂直管此，對一般的測繪工作能垂直”已經(jīng)足夠了。在繪圖工作中直投影相片是航空攝像中最為常用的一種類型種型的相片可以被輕易的轉(zhuǎn)變到地圖繪圖中給我們提供了地圖的基本輪廓用直投影相片的三個(gè)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是可以使測量工作免除了相片之間的轉(zhuǎn)換和合補(bǔ)充物和地面目標(biāo)可以輕易的識別出來，隱藏地貌（相片上不能觀察到的區(qū)域）最少。傾斜相片是有意地將相片傾斜而不是將它水平定位味攝影機(jī)的棱鏡角度處于水平和垂直之間些相片按傾斜程度進(jìn)一步的可分為高傾斜和低傾斜傾斜照片屬于攝影機(jī)的光學(xué)軸與垂直面成一個(gè)較大的角度傾斜度照片即攝影機(jī)的光軸與垂直面成一個(gè)角度。傾斜投影相片對于地圖投影具有一定的局限性，實(shí)際上它們僅僅用在小比例尺測圖中。傾斜相片有兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是以供一個(gè)立體觀測或三維立體感的區(qū)域是斜的攝影覆蓋的面積比垂直攝影所提供的面積大而用些相片進(jìn)行地形圖的繪制有三個(gè)缺點(diǎn)要高技能的工作人員和專業(yè)的設(shè)備有那樣才能操作出精確而有用的產(chǎn)品時(shí)也需要很高的費(fèi)用。棱系是按照運(yùn)用于航空攝影測量棱鏡的數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)分類的，全部棱鏡系統(tǒng)可以分為兩大類：單棱鏡系統(tǒng)和多棱鏡系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)棱鏡系統(tǒng)是在航空攝影測量中運(yùn)用最多最頻繁的一種系統(tǒng)用垂直攝影或傾斜攝影。單棱鏡系統(tǒng)由一個(gè)焦距為153mm型為×的鏡構(gòu)成，然而一節(jié)只用一個(gè)棱鏡相之下寬度很大的棱鏡像機(jī)很少用到如果用到的時(shí)候也被用到難以處理的地形的攝影。8多棱鏡系統(tǒng)包括兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的多棱鏡，這些系統(tǒng)要以按照它應(yīng)用的配置類型分類，第一類配置就是棱鏡安置在不同的攝像機(jī)中是快門控制著它同時(shí)曝光二配置棱鏡安裝在同一攝像機(jī)體內(nèi)，而且用同樣的快門同步曝光。在每種情況下透鏡被安裝在不同的光學(xué)組合中便夠用立體視像來觀察相片放大透鏡系統(tǒng)得到的照片的精度可用程度取決于國檢的細(xì)心程度和精度以及軸角的保留。用于放大透鏡系統(tǒng)的另外一個(gè)類型是多光譜透鏡系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)包含兩個(gè)或更多的攝像機(jī)，某一地面區(qū)域的同時(shí)曝光，不同膠片或?yàn)V光鏡組合的選擇。光范個(gè)規(guī)范涉及到光譜中的全部范圍的光線，相當(dāng)部分的航攝像被限制在人們能用肉眼看到的光譜中的光線中被稱為光學(xué)范圍在一些情況下航相片可以用紅外線波段的光來記錄圖片。掃模是分類航空攝影中的最后一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，航攝有三個(gè)掃描模式，單張相片，全影像相片連航帶以這樣說描涉及到了攝影機(jī)透鏡在拍攝過程中是如何運(yùn)行的。在三種掃描模式中張相片在繪圖和地表測量中是最普通和最逼真的一種模式單張攝影機(jī)中個(gè)版被一個(gè)關(guān)的焦面組合成的透鏡曝光種像機(jī)便于操作但價(jià)格昂貴能地形制圖和繪圖提供確的數(shù)據(jù)對于單張相片攝影來說有兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)先，它取景有限，再者，相片中心的景物容易偏離。單張攝像機(jī)的聯(lián)合問題可以用全景連續(xù)航帶機(jī)來解決全景攝影準(zhǔn)的保證寬圖像區(qū)域的結(jié)合這種方法用全角掃描照片的中心部分來維持高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)某些情況下可以跨區(qū)域操作通使用