八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)Unit4AcharityshowGrammar知識(shí)精講

初二英語(yǔ)Unit4AcharityshowGrammar一.教學(xué)內(nèi)容：8BUnit4AcharityshowGrammar二.教學(xué)目標(biāo)：掌握Unit4的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和用法：一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can,may,must,should)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)because&becauseof經(jīng)典講解語(yǔ)法一：一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1.基本結(jié)構(gòu):1)shall/will+be+doneThenewfilmwillbeshownnextThursday.這部新電影將在下周四上映。Weshallbepunishedifwebreaktherule.如果我們違反規(guī)定，我們將要受到懲罰。2）begoingto+be+done。如：Theproblemisgoingtobediscussedatthemeetingtomorrow.這個(gè)問(wèn)題將在明天的會(huì)議上被討論?！窘?jīng)典例題1】Ipromisethatthismatter_____nextweek.A.willbetakencareB.willtakecareofC.willtakegoodcareD.willbetakencareof【思路點(diǎn)撥】選D。從題干不難看出,一是從句中的thismatter和takecareof是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;二是takecareof是固定搭配,不能拆開(kāi);三是相對(duì)于promise來(lái)說(shuō),takecareof是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。故從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。【經(jīng)典例題2】Thesedictionaries_____thelibraryagain(byyou).A.willbetakenoutof B.won’tbetakenoutofC.willtakeoutof D.won’ttakeoutof【思路點(diǎn)撥】選B。由題干結(jié)構(gòu)及句意可知,此題考查的是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式。【經(jīng)典例題3】Theclass____oneverythingtheyhavelearntthisyear.A.isgoingtobeexaminingB.aregoingtoexamineC.isgoingtobeexaminedD.aregoingtobeexamined【思路點(diǎn)撥】選D。題中theclass指全班同學(xué),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,并且主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。【經(jīng)典例題4】Anexhibitionofpainting_____attheartmuseumwhenhecomesbackfromabroad.A.isgoingtoholdB.isgoingtobeheldC.aregoingtoholdD.aregoingtobeheld【思路點(diǎn)撥】選B。根據(jù)題意,此處應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而且主謂應(yīng)保持一致。2.各種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。肯定式主語(yǔ)+will（shall）＋be＋動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞否定式主語(yǔ)+will（shall）＋not＋be＋動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞疑問(wèn)式Will（Shall）＋主語(yǔ)＋be＋動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞？簡(jiǎn)略回答Yes，主語(yǔ)＋will（shall）.No，主語(yǔ)＋won’t（shan’t）.特殊疑問(wèn)詞+shall/will+主語(yǔ)+be+done...?肯定式begoingto+be+done.否定式benotgoingto+be+done.疑問(wèn)式Am/Is/Aregoingto+be+done?特殊疑問(wèn)詞+am/is/are+主語(yǔ)+goingtobe+done...?3.使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1)在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。同樣，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。IfIamgivenenoughtime,IwillgotoJapanformyholiday.如果我有足夠的時(shí)間，我將去日本度假。2)使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，學(xué)生易遺漏被動(dòng)式中的be?！窘?jīng)典例題5】Youcangoouttoplayfootballthisafternoonifyourhomework_____.(finish)A.finishes B.willbefinished C.isgoingtofinish D.isfinished【思路點(diǎn)撥】選D。根據(jù)題意,此處if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而且根據(jù)homework與finish之間的關(guān)系用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?！镜湫屠}】一、從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1.Wearetoldthatanewcarfactory_____herenextyear.A.willsetup B.willbesetup C.wouldsetup D.wouldbesetup2.The2022OlympicGames_____inBeijing;severalbigchanges_____inthecapitalcity.A.isheld;willmake B.willbeheld;willmakeC.willbeheld;willbemade D.isheld;make3.You_____totakesomuchluggagewithyouontheplane.A.willbeallowed B.willallow C.won’tbeallowed D.won’tallow4.You_____aroundourschoolthisafternoon.Now,pleasehaveagoodrest.A.areshown B.wereshown C.aregoingtobeshown D.willshow5.Canyoutellmebywhomthetalk_____tomorrow?A.willgive B.willbegiven C.give D.begiven6.Hundredsofjobs____ifthefactorycloses.A.lose B.willbelost C.arelost D.willlose7.Thewaterwillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures____.A.willbetaken B.aretaken C.weretaken D.hadbeentaken8.I____ifIfinishtheworkwithinoneday.A.shallbepraised B.wouldpraise C.willpraise D.praise9.—Apartyisgoingto____tonight.Wouldyouliketogowithme?—I’dliketo,butIhavetolookaftermysickmother.A.organize B.havebeenorganizedC.beorganizing D.beorganized10.Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,thesportsmeet____intheplaygroundofourschool.A.isholding B.willhold C.willbeheld D.istobeholding【答案】BCCCBBBADC二、翻譯句子。1.這個(gè)女孩太漂亮了!會(huì)有很多人喜歡的！2.他一到達(dá)這個(gè)城市就會(huì)被認(rèn)出。3.這項(xiàng)工作很快就完成了。4.我們不會(huì)受到邀請(qǐng)?！敬鸢浮縒hatabeautifulgirl!Shewillbelovedbymanypeople!Hewillberecognizedassoonashearrivesatthiscity.Theworkisgoingtobedonesoon.Wewillnotbeinvited.語(yǔ)法二：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成與用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是本課中的重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，為幫助同學(xué)們更好地學(xué)習(xí)和鞏固此語(yǔ)法，現(xiàn)做了以下幾點(diǎn)歸納：（一）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的肯定式由“have／has＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Twowindowshavebeenbroken.兩個(gè)窗子被打破了。2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式由“have／has＋not＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Thecarhasnotbeenrepaired.這輛汽車還沒(méi)有修好。3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)式由“Have／Has＋主語(yǔ)＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：①─Hasherworkbeenfinished？她的工作完成了嗎？─Yes，ithas.是的，完成了。②─Havethecarsbeenrepaired？這些汽車修好了嗎？─No，theyhaven’t.不，還沒(méi)有。4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊疑問(wèn)式由“疑問(wèn)詞＋have／has＋主語(yǔ)＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：Howlonghasherworkbeenfinished？她的工作完成了多久？Whohasbeenhelpedbythenewcomputer？誰(shuí)已經(jīng)得到了這臺(tái)新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助？Howmanynewwordshavebeenlearnedbythestudents？這些學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了多少新單詞？（二）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主要用法1.表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前（即現(xiàn)在的過(guò)去），強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例1：Thedoorhasbeenlocked.門被鎖上了。（結(jié)果是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有人能進(jìn)去）例2：Thisworkhasbeenfinished,youmayhavearest.這項(xiàng)工作已被完成，你可以休息一會(huì)兒。分析：該句強(qiáng)調(diào)這項(xiàng)工作已被完成對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是你沒(méi)有必要再做了，強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)影響，你可以休息一會(huì)兒。例3：Thisbookhasbeenreadbyme,youneedn’ttellmeanythingaboutit.這本書(shū)已被我讀完，你沒(méi)有必要告訴我有關(guān)它的任何東西。分析：這本書(shū)已被我讀完,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是我已讀懂其中內(nèi)容，強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)影響，你沒(méi)有必要告訴我有關(guān)它的任何東西。2.表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能將持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于Howlong...？句型中。例如：Theyhavebeentoldaboutitformanytimes.有人告訴他們這事很多次了。（可能還會(huì)有人告訴他們）Howlonghasthemachinebeenused？這臺(tái)機(jī)器使用了多久？Thisfilmhasbeenputonforhalfanhour.這場(chǎng)電影已放映了半個(gè)小時(shí)。（三）使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)需要注意的問(wèn)題1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，即have／has和been，兩者缺一不可。2.注意與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)候，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有影響；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)盡管發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例如：Thehousewasbuiltlastyear.這房子是去年建造的。Thehousehasbeenbuilt.這房子已經(jīng)建好了。3.由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow，join，marry，open等詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)如forfourdays，howlong等連用，而要改換動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)。例如：譯：這本書(shū)買了多久了？誤：Howlonghasthisbookbeenbought？正：Howlongagowasthisbookbought？但這類動(dòng)詞的否定式可表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過(guò)程，具有延續(xù)性，因而可與since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間段連用。例如：Nobookshavebeenboughtsincelastweek.自上周以來(lái)，沒(méi)有人來(lái)買過(guò)書(shū)。4.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性，不可省略短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞。例如：Theoldmanhasbeenwelllookedafter.這位老人一直受到很好的照顧?！镜湫屠}】()1.Nowthesemagazines___inthelibraryforalongtime.A.havekept B.arekeeping C.havebeenkeeping D.havebeenkept()2.Thepot___for___hotwater.A.used;keeping B.wasused;keepingC.isused;tokeep D.areused;keep()3.Tea___inthesouthofChinaforhundredsofyears.A.hasbeengrown B.isgrownC.weregrown D.willbegrown()4.Thebridges___sincetwoyearsago.A.havebeenbuilt B.havebuilt C.werebuilt D.wasbuilt()5.Themeeting______since5O’clock.A.hashad B.had C.havebeenhad D.hasbeenhad【答案】DBAAC語(yǔ)法三：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can,maymust,should,oughtto）的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、Thisbikecanberepaired.2、Thetreemustbeputstraightinthehole.3、Theclassroomshouldbecleanedeveryday.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。歌訣是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.—Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Yououghttotakeitaway.—Itoughttobetakenaway.Theyshoulddoitatonce.—Itshouldbedoneatonce肯定式：can/may/must/should/oughttobedone否定式：can’t/maynot/mustn’t/shouldn’t/oughtnottobedone疑問(wèn)式：Can/May/Must/Should/Oughttobedone?【典型例題】一、選擇題()1.Theflowers___often.A.mustbewater B.mustbewatered C.mustwatered D.mustwater()2.Thebooksmay___fortwoweeks.A.bekept B.beborrowed C.keep D.borrow()3.Thebrokenbike____herebyMrSmith.A.canmend B.canmended C.canbemend D.canbemended()4.Theriversmellsterrible.Peoplemust___dirtythingsintoit.A.bestoppedtothrow B.bestoppedfromthrowingC.stoptothrow D.stopfromthrowing()5.Theteapot___water.A.isfilledwith B.filledof C.fillingof D.filled()6.Oldpeoplemustbe___politely.A.speakto B.spoken C.speak D.spokento()7.Oldpeoplemust___.A.lookafterwell B.belookedwellafterC.lookedwellafter D.belookedafterwell【答案】BADBADD二、完成下列句子1.Ithinkonedaybooksmay________(place)completely.2.Mybike___________(leave)atschool,soIhavetotakethebustoschooltoday.3.Thebattery__________(change)yet.HowcanIusemyrecorder?4.Papershouldnot_________(throw)away.5.Booksandothermaterialcan_________(borrow)fromthelibrary.6.I’veboughtasecond-handMP3player—andabout1,000songshave________(download)ontoit!7.Hasthecomputer__________(repair)yet?Ineedtowritemyarticlewithit.8.Whathas___________(turnon)?Theradio. 【答案】1.beplaced2.hasbeenleft3.hasn’tbeenchanged4.bethrown5.beborrowed6.beendownloaded7.berepaired8.beenturnedon語(yǔ)法四：because&becauseof的用法區(qū)別：because+aclauseofreasonbecauseof+Noun./Pronoun.:Ididnotgobecauseoftherain.=Ididnotgobecauseitrained.Hedidnotbuyapresentforhismotherbecausehehadnomoney.=Hedidnotbuythepresentforhismotherbecauseofnomoney.Practise:Daviddidn’tgotoschoolyesterday_________hiscold.Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterday_________Ihadacold.Thefootballgameiscancelledtoday__________thesandstorm.TherewasatrafficjaminXuanwuDistrict________acaraccident.Alotofpeopleweretrappedintheairport_______thebadweather.because與so可以互換1.Becausewewanttoraisemoneyforcharity,weareorganizingashow.Wewanttoraisemoneyforcharitysoweareorganizingashow.2.Wewillholdameetingnextweekbecausewemustmakesomedecisions.Wemustmakesomedecisionssowewillholdameetingnextweek3.Wewillholdtheshowindoorsbecausetheweathermightbebad.Theweathermightbebadsowewillholdtheshowindoors.4.Wewillneedalotofpeoplebecausethereisalotofworktodo.Thereisalotofworktodosowewillneedalotofpeople.【典型例題】一、用括號(hào)內(nèi)的詞合并句子。1.Theyhelpedwiththefarmers,theyenjoyedworkingonthefarm(because).2.Lotsofpeoplewenttotheshow,thereweremanyfamouspopstars(so).3.Hespokeveryloudly,therewasalotofnoisethere(because).4.Heworkedveryhard,hewantedtheshowtobeasuccess(so)二、仿照例句改寫(xiě)下列句子。例如：RosefeltnervousbecausehesawtheTVcameras.RosefeltnervousbecauseoftheTVcameras.①Lotsofpeopleknewabouttheshowbecausetheysawtheadvertisement.②Thefanswereveryexcitedbecausemanypopstartscame.③Wecouldn’tgototheshowbecausewehadtheexams.④Thegroundwaswetbecauseitrainedlastnight.⑤Thereweremanytreesontheroadbecausetherewasastrongwind.【答案】一、1.Theyhelpedwiththefarmersbecausetheyenjoyedworkingonthefarm.2.Thereweremanyfamouspopstarssolotsofpeoplewenttotheshow.3.Hespokeveryloudlybecausetherewasalotofnoisethere.4.Hewantedtheshowtobeasuccesssoheworkedveryhard.二、①Lotsofpeopleknewabouttheshowbecauseofseeingtheadvertisement.②Thefanswereveryexcitedbecauseofmanypopstarts.③Wecouldn’tgototheshowbecauseoftheexams.④Thegroundwaswetbecauseoftherainlastnight.⑤Thereweremanytreesontheroadbecauseofastrongwind.【模擬試題】（答題時(shí)間：70分鐘）一、用括號(hào)內(nèi)的詞的正確形式填空。1.Most(busy)lettersarewritteninEnglish.2.Whatwecandonext______________（notdecide）bynow.3.Clothes,socksandshoes_________(sell)inthisshop.4.Thestudents_____often_____(tell)tokeeproomscleanandtidy.5.Everybodyshould________(listen)tocarefullywhengivingaspeech.6.Anaccident____________(watch,happen)whenIwalkedacrossthestreet.7.Alotofthings_______(do)bypeopletosavethelittlegirlnow.8.Strangethings______(take)placeeveryyear.9.Thefood______(smell)reallydelicious.10.AtalkonChinesehistory_______(give)intheschoolhallsoonerorlater.二、選擇題()1.Ipromisethatmyparentswill_______iftheygrowold.A.betakencare B.betakencareof C.takecare D.takecareof()2.Nopermission(許可)has________foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengiven B.given C.togive D.begiven()3.I_______tenminutestodecidewhethertogoornot.A.gave B.wasgiven C.wasgiving D.hadgiven()4.Cansuchathing_____happeningagain?A.preventfrom B.preventedfrom C.bepreventedfrom D.topreventfrom()5.Anewhouse________atthecorneroftheroad.A.isbuilding B.isbeingbuilt C.beenbuilt D.bebuilding()6.Thisbike________lastyear.A.bought B.hasbeenbought C.wasbought D.hadbeenbought()7.Didyouseethehousethat_______byfirelastyear?A.wasdestroying B.destroyed C.woulddestroy D.wasdestroyed()8.It_______whethershewillgetherworkinthehospital.A.hasn’tbeendecided B.isn’tdecidingC.doesn’tdecide D.hasn’tdecided()9.Thepen_______me.Itishers.A.isn’tbelongto B.wasn’tbelongtoC.doesn’tbelongto D.didn’tbelongto()10.Mybike_______fortwodays.A.isrepairing B.hasbeenrepaired C.willrepair D.wasrepairing()11.Thechairmantoldthespeakerthatshe______tospeakalittleloudertomakeherself_____.A.wasexpected;heard B.hadexpected;hearC.hadhoped;hear D.washoped;heard()12.—Thewindowisdirty.—Iknow.It_____forweeks.A.hasn’tcleaned B.didn’tclean C.wasn’tcleaned D.hasn’tbeencleaned()13.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewbuilding_______inBeijing.A.wouldbecompleted B.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompleted D.hadbeencompleted()14.—Howlong____thisjob_______?—Since1990.A.isgiven;up B.hasbeengiven;upC.wasgiven;up D.willbegiven;up()15.—Whathappenedtothebuildings?—_______.A.TheyweredestroyedintheearthquakeB.TheearthquakewasdestroyingthemC.TheydestroyedintheearthquakeD.Theearthquakedestroyedthem()16.ThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He______tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killed B.iskilled C.waskilled D.waskilling17.Rainforests______since30yearsago.A.cut B.arecut C.havebeencut D.hadbeencut18.It’sdifficulttofindthewaytomyhometownbecauseeverything____alot.A.waschanging B.haschanged C.willhavechanged D.willchange19.Hundredsofjobs_______ifthefactorycloses.A.lose B.willbelost C.arelost D.willlose20.Anewcinema_______here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuilt B.isbuilt C.hasbeenbuilt D.isbeingbuilt三、下面是一個(gè)初二學(xué)生的日記，請(qǐng)幫他完成所缺的詞。April9th,WednesdayFineLastweekourteachertoldussomethingaboutProjectHopeinclass.Shesaid,“Educationisveryi__________intheworld.However,b_______ofmoney,alargenumberofchildreninthecountrydon’thavee_______moneytogotoschool.Whatcanwedotohelpthem?”Iwasshockedbythesewords.WhenIarrivedatmyroom,Icouldnotdescribemyfeelings.IfeltasifIheardacountryboyc_________“whatastrongwishthatIcouldgotoschool?”IcollectedallmypocketmoneyandwrotealettertoProjectHope.Thismorningourmonitortoldtheclassaplan.Ourclassdecidedtoholdac_________show.Theshowwillbeh______on29thMay.Itwillbeginat7:30andf________at9:studentshavev_________todosomeworkfortheshow.Kittywasc__________tobethehost.Sheknowshowtoorganizeashowbecauseshehasorganizedonebefore.Ourmonitoralsosaidwewouldsetupastageandinviteourfriendsandrelativestocome.Ihopeourcharityshowwillbeas__________.AndIthinkifeveryonecanofferhislove,thisworldwillbecomemoreandmorebeautiful.四、閱讀理解SavingChildrenwithLeukaemia(白血病)OnDecember29，2022，theLaunchingceremony(啟動(dòng)儀式)oftheproject“SavingChildrenwithLeukaemia”washeldinBeijing.Theprojectwaslaunched(啟動(dòng))bytheChineseRedCrossFoundation,enterprises,websitesandmajormediaorganizations.Itiscallingfordonationsfromthepublic.ItwantstohelpmillionsofpoorchildrenwhosufferfromLeukaem