上海財(cái)大ACCAF1講義1

上海財(cái)大ACCAF1講義1第一頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Chapter1Businessorganizationsandtheirstakeholders第二頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。1Typesoforganisation1.1WhatallorganisationshaveincommonAnorganisationis:asocialarrangementwhichpursuescollectivegoals,whichcontrolsitsownperformanceandwhichhasaboundaryseparatingitfromitsenvironment.第三頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。1.2Whydoorganisationsexist?Organisationscanachieveresultswhichindividualscannotachievebythemselves.(a)Oraganisationsovercomepeople’sindividuallimitations,whetherphysicalorintellectural.(b)Organisationsenablepeopletospecialiseinwhattheydobest.(c)Organisationssavetime.(d)Organisationsaccumulateandshareknowledge.(e)Organisationsenablesynerge.Inbrief,organisationsenablepeopletobemoreproductive.第四頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。1.3HoworganisationsdifferOwnership(PublicvsPrivate)Ownedbythegovernment(publicsectororganisations)Ownedbyprivateownersorshareholders(privatesectororganisations)ControlControlledbytheownersthemselvesControlledbypeopleworkingontheirbehalfIndirectlycontrolledbygovernment-sponsoredregulators第五頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。ActivityProfitornon-profitorientationLegalstatusLimitedcompaniesPartnershipsSize第六頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。SourcesoffinanceBorrowingfrombanksGovernmentfundingIssuingsharesTechnologyVaryingdegreesoftechnologyuse第七頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。1.4WhattheorganisationdoesOrganisationsdomanydifferenttypesofwork第八頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2Typesofbusinessorganisation2.1

Profitvsnon-profitorientationProfitorientationMaximiseprofit(toowners)NonprofitorientationProvisionofgoods/services(topublic/beneficiaries)第九頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.2

PrivatevspublicsectorPrivatesectorOrganisationsnotownedorrunbycentralorlocalgovernment,orgovernmentagencies.PublicsectorOrganisationownedorrunbycentralorlocalgovernmentagencies.第十頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.3

PrivatesectorbusinessesAbusinessorganisationexiststomakeaprofit.Costsshouldbelessthantherevenues.Profitsarenotincidentaltoitsactivitiesbutthedrivingfactor.第十一頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.3.1LegalstatusSomeonesettingupabusinesscanchoosetogointobusinessalone,takeononeormorepartnerswhoalsosharetheprofitsofthebusiness,orsetupalimitedcompany.第十二頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.3.2LimitedcompaniesAlimitedcompanyhasaseparatelegalpersonalityfromitsowners(shareholders).Theshareholders’riskisgenerallyrestrictedtotheamountthattheyhaveinvestedinthecompanywhenbuyingtheshares.Limitedliability第十三頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Theownershipandcontrolofalimitedcompanyarelegallyseparate.Shareholdersaretheownersbuthavelimitedrights,asshareholders,overthedaytodayrunningofthecompany.第十四頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Directorsareappointedbyshareholderstorunthecompany.Boardofdirectorscontrolsmanagementandstaff,andisaccountabletotheshareholdersExecutivedirectorsparticipateinthedailyoperationoftheorganisation.Non-executivedirectorsareinvitedtojoininanadvisorycapacity,usuallytobringtheirparticularskillsorexperiencetothediscussionsoftheboardtoexercisesomeoverallguidance.第十五頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Operationalmanagementusuallyconsistsofcareermanagerswhoarerecruitedtooperatethebusiness,andareaccountabletotheboard.第十六頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.3.3TypesoflimitedcompanyPrivatelimitedcompanies(egXLimited)Publiclimitedcompanies(egXplc)Theydifferasfollows:(a)Numberofshareholders(b)Transferabilityofshares(c)Directorsasshareholders(d)SourceofcapitalAprivatecompany’ssharecapitalwillnormallybeprovidedfromthreesources:thefounderorpromoter;businessassociatesofthefounderoremployer;venturecapitalistsApubliccompany’ssharecapitalcanberaisedfromthepublicdirectly,orthroughinstitutionalinvestors,usingrecognisedmarkets,第十七頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.3.4AdvantagesanddisadvantagesoflimitedcompaniesAdvantagesMoremoneyReducesriskforinvestorsSeparatelegalpersonalityOwnershipislegallyseparatefromcontrolNorestrictionsonsizeFlexibilityDisadvantagesLegalcompliancecostsShareholdershavelittlepracticalpower第十八頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.4

ThepublicsectorThepublicsectorcomprisesallorganisationsownedandrunbythegovernmentandlocalgovernment.第十九頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.4.1Keycharacteristicsofthepublicsector(a)Accountability,ultimately,toParliament.(b)FundingRaisingtaxesMakingchargesBorrowing(c)Demandforservices:limitless(d)Limitedresources第二十頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.4.2Advantages(a)Fairness(b)Fillingthegapsleftbytheprivatesector(c)Publicinterest(d)Economiesofscale(e)Cheaperfinance(f)Efficiency第二十一頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.4.3Disadvantages(a)AccountabilityInefficiencymaybeignored(b)InterferencePoliticiansmaynotbefamiliarwiththeoperationofabusinessandyetpoliticalpressuresandindecisionmayinfluenceadverselythedecisionmakingprocess.(c)CostThepublicwilldemandasperfectaserviceaspossiblebutwillnotwishtobearthecostinvolved.第二十二頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.5

Non-governmentalorganisationsAnon-governmentalorganisation(NGO)isanindependentvoluntaryassociationofpeopleactingtogetherforsomecommonpurpose(otherthanachievinggovernmentofficeormakingmoney).Aimedatpromotingsocial,politicalorenvironmentalchange.第二十三頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。SomeorganisationalfeaturesofNGOsStaffingbyvolunteersaswellasfulltimeemployeesFinancefromgrantsorcontractsSkillsinadvertisingandmediarelationsSomekindofnational‘headquarters’Planningandbudgetingexpertise第二十四頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。2.6

Co-operativesocietiesandmutualassociationsCo-operativesarebusinessesownedbytheirworkersorcustomers,whosharetheprofits.OpenmembershipDemocraticcontrol(onemember,onevote)DistributionofthesurplusinproportiontopurchasesPromotionofeducationMutualassociationsaresimilartoco-operativesocietiesinthattheyare‘owned’bytheirmembersratherthanbyoutsideinvestors.第二十五頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。QuestionsAlimitedcompanyhasaseparatelegalidentityfromitsowners.Trueorfalse.ATrueBFalseAnswer:A第二十六頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Whichofthefollowingprovidesanexampleofa‘boundary’separatinganorganisationfromitsenvironment?AAdivisionalstructureBSystemsandproceduresCFactorygatesDRecruitmentpolicyAnswer:C第二十七頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Primaryandsecondarygoalsareequallyimportantinanorganisation.Isthisstatementtrueorfalse?ATrueBFalseAnswer:B第二十八頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepublicsector?ACompanieswhereprofitsarethedrivingfactorBCompanieswhichareownedbyawideproportionoftheinvestingpublicCAllthoseorganisationsownedandrunbythegovernmentandlocalgovernmentDBusinessesownedbytheirworkersorcustomers,whosharetheprofitsAnswer:C第二十九頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。3StakeholdergoalsandobjectivesStakeholdersarethoseindividualsorgroupsthat,potentially,haveaninterestinwhattheorganisationdoes.Objectivesmustconsiderstakeholders.JohnsonandScholesidentifiedthreetypesofstakeholder:ICE第三十頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。3.1Internalstakeholders:employeesandmanagementEmployeesManagers3.2ConnectedstakeholdersShareholders(corporatestrategy)Bankers(cashflows)Suppliers(purchasestrategy)Customers(productmarketstrategy)3.3ExternalstakeholdersGovernmentInterest/pressuregroupsProfessionalbodies第三十一頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。3.4AnotherapproachPrimarystakeholders:haveacontractualrelationshipwiththeorganisation.Includesinternalandconnectedstakeholders.Secondarystakeholders.Equatestoexternalstakeholders.3.5StakeholderconflictBetweenmanagersandshareholders第三十二頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。3.6Stakeholdermapping:powerandinterestMendelow’sMatrix第三十三頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。ThematrixoutlineshowtoapproacheachstakeholderStakeholdermappingisusedtoassessthesignificanceofstakeholdergroups.SegmentD:strategymustbeacceptable–keyplayersSegmentC:keepsatisfiedSegmentB:keepinformedSegmentA:minimaleffortStakeholdersmaymovefromquadranttoquadrant.第三十四頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。3.7ThestrategicvalueofstakeholdersThefirmcanmakestrategicgainsfrommanagingstakeholderrelationships.3.8MeasuringstakeholdersatisfactionQualitativeQuantitative第三十五頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。QuestionsWhichofthefollowingisnotaconnectedstakeholder?ACustomerBEmployeeCLandlord(Lessor)DShareholderAnswer:B第三十六頁(yè)，共45頁(yè)。QuestionsIfastakeholderhasahighlevelof