生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯

1/1生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯absolutereproductivevalue絕對生殖值abundance多度

abyssalzone深海帶

acclimation馴化

accumulationhorizon淀積層

aestivation夏眠

agestructure年齡結(jié)構(gòu)

age-specificlifetable特定年齡生命表agroecosystem農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

alleles等位基因allelochemic異種信息素/種間外激素Allen’srule阿倫法則

allogenicsuccession異發(fā)演替

allopatricspeciation異域性物種

altruism利他行為

asexualreproduction無性生殖associationgroup群叢組

associationtable群叢表

associationunittheory群叢單位理論associations群叢

Autecology個體生態(tài)學(xué)autogenicsuccession自發(fā)演替

autotrophs自養(yǎng)生物

Acidprecipitation酸沉降

Acidrain酸雨

Agriculturaleco-engineering農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)工程Agriculturalecology,agroecology農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)Agriculturaleconomicalzoning農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟區(qū)位Agriculturalresources農(nóng)業(yè)資源Agroecosystem農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

Agroforestry農(nóng)林業(yè)系統(tǒng)

Allee’sprinciple阿利氏群聚原則Allelochemicals化感物質(zhì)

Allelopathy化感作用

Artificialauxiliaryenergy人工輔助能

Artificialdirectregulation人工直接調(diào)控

Artificialinformationflow人工信息流

Auxiliaryenergy輔助能

balancingselectionhypothesize平衡說

basalarea底面積

Bergman’srule貝格曼規(guī)律

bethalzone半深海帶

biocoenosis生物群落bioconcentration生物濃縮

biologicalenrichment生物富集biomagnification生物放大

biomass生物量

biome生物帶

bionomicstrategy生態(tài)對策

biosphere生物圈

Biodynamicagriculture生物動力農(nóng)業(yè)Biogecochemicalcycle生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)Biologicalagriculture生物農(nóng)業(yè)

Biologicalcontrol生物防治

Biologicalenergysubsidies生物輔助能

Biologicaloxygendemand(BOD)生化需氧量（生化耗氧量）Biomass生物量

Bionomicstrategies生態(tài)對策

Biologicalmicro-cycle生物小循環(huán)

bottleneck瓶頸

C3plantC3植物

C4plantC4植物

CAMplantCAM植物Capitalflow資金流Carryingcapacity環(huán)境容納量Chemicalecology化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)化學(xué)耗氧量ChineseEcologicalAgriculture中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)Climax頂極群落Coase’stheory高斯理論Coevolution協(xié)同進化Commensalisms偏利作用Community群落Competition競爭Competitionexclusionprinciple競爭排斥原理Componentsstructure組分結(jié)構(gòu)Controlledavailabilityfertilizers,CAFs控效肥料Cropproductivitypotential作物生產(chǎn)潛力cannibalism同種相食carnivores食肉動物

carringcapacity負荷量catastrophic災(zāi)難性因素chamaephytes(Ch)地上芽植物characterdisplacement特征替代cheliophytes陰性植物climateclimax氣候頂級climateschool氣候?qū)W派climaxcommunity頂級群落

climax頂級群落

cline漸變?nèi)?/p>

closedcommunity封閉群落clumped集群分布coadaptedsystem協(xié)同適應(yīng)系統(tǒng)coarsegrained粗粒性分布

co-dynamics相互動態(tài)

co-evolution協(xié)同進化cohort同生群

colddesert冷荒漠colonization定居,建群coloration色澤communitiesinlittoralzone沿岸生物群落communitiesinthelimneticzone湖沼帶生物群落communitiesintheprofundalzone深水帶生物群落Communityecology群落生態(tài)學(xué)communitymatrix群落矩陣communityorganization群落組織community群落companionspecies伴生種compen-satorypredation補償性捕食competitioncoefficient競爭系數(shù)competitionhypothesis競爭假說competitiveexclusion競爭排除competivelottery抽彩式競爭conservation保守主義者conspicuousness顯著度constancy恒有度contestcompetition干擾競爭contesttypeofcompetition爭奪型競爭continentalrise大陸隆continentalshelf大陸架

continentalslope大陸坡convergentadaptation趨同適應(yīng)convergentoscillation趨同波動costofgenerecombination基因重組價costofmating交配價

costofmeiosis減數(shù)分裂價courtshipbehavior求偶行為coverage蓋度

crudedensity原始密度cryptophytes(Cr)隱芽植物Decomposer分解者Desertification土地沙漠化Detritusfoodchain腐食食物鏈decomposition分解作用delayeddensitydependence延后密度制約densityeffect密度效應(yīng)densityratio密度比density-dependent密度制約density-independent非密度制約deterministicmodel決定模型detrialfoodchain碎食物鏈detritusfeeder食碎生物development發(fā)育differentialspecies區(qū)別種diffusecompetition分散競爭diominant-submissive支配—從屬directionalselection定向選擇discretegeneration離散世代disruptiveselection分裂選擇disturbanceclimax/disclimax偏途頂級

divergentoscillation趨異波動dominance優(yōu)勢度dominantspecies建群種dominantspecies優(yōu)勢種dominant-submissive支配—從屬關(guān)系drydesert干荒漠dynamicclassification動態(tài)分類系統(tǒng)dynamiclifetable動態(tài)生命表dynamic-compositelifetable動態(tài)混合生命表earthnucleus地幔

earth’scrust地核Ecologicalamplitude生態(tài)幅ecologicaldensity生態(tài)密度ecologicaldominance生態(tài)優(yōu)勢ecologicalenvironment生態(tài)環(huán)境ecologicalequivalent生態(tài)等值種ecologicalfactor生態(tài)因子ecologicalforce生態(tài)力ecologicalinvasion生態(tài)入侵ecologicalnatality生態(tài)出生率ecologicalrelease生態(tài)釋放Ecology生態(tài)學(xué)ecosystemdevelopment生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育Ecosystemecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)acetonehypothesis生態(tài)交錯帶假說ecotype生態(tài)型ectoderm外溫動物

edgeeffect邊緣效應(yīng)etiolatingphenomenon黃化現(xiàn)象

emergy能值

emigration遷出

endogenousmigration內(nèi)因性遷移

endoderm內(nèi)溫動物

environmenthormone環(huán)境激素

environment環(huán)境

equilibriumtheory平衡理論

euphoniczone透光帶

euryecious廣棲的

euryhaline廣鹽性的

euryhydric廣水性的

euryphagic廣食性的

eurythermal廣溫性的

eurytopicspecies廣適種

eutrophication富營養(yǎng)化

evergreenhardwoodforest常綠硬材林

Evolutionecology進化生態(tài)學(xué)

evolutionforce進化力

exogenousmigration外因性遷移

exploitivecompetition利用競爭

exponetialgrowth指數(shù)增長

Eco-economicalzoning生態(tài)經(jīng)濟區(qū)位Ecologicalagriculture生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)

Ecologicalagriculturemodel(pattern)生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)模式

Ecologicaldensity生態(tài)密度

Ecologicaleffect生態(tài)效益

Ecologicalefficiency生態(tài)效率

Ecologicalfactor生態(tài)因子

Ecologicalengineering生態(tài)工程

Ecologicalpyramid生態(tài)金字塔（生態(tài)錐體）

Ecologicalsuccession演替

Ecologicalsustainability生態(tài)持續(xù)性

Ecology生態(tài)學(xué)

Economiceffect經(jīng)濟效益

Economicexternality經(jīng)濟外部性

Ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

Ecotone群落交錯區(qū)（生態(tài)交錯區(qū)）Ecotope景觀元素（生態(tài)點）Ecotype生態(tài)型

Edgeeffect邊緣效應(yīng)

Embodiedenergy內(nèi)含能

Emergentpropertyofsystem系統(tǒng)的整合特性

Energyanalysis能流分析

Energyflowchart能流圖

Energyflowpath能流路徑

Energyflowstructure能流結(jié)構(gòu)

Energyflowing能量流

Entropy熵

Eutrophication富營養(yǎng)化

Exponentialgrowthform種群指數(shù)增長模式Externalbenefit收益外泄

Externalcost成本外攤

Feedback反饋作用

Firstlawofthermodynamics熱力學(xué)第一定律

Fishpond-dikesystem基塘系統(tǒng)

Flow流

Foodchain食物鏈

Foodchainstructure食物鏈結(jié)構(gòu)

Foodweb食物網(wǎng)

Freeenergy自由能

Firstlawofresourceseconomic資源經(jīng)濟學(xué)第一定律Functionalcomponentadundence功能組分冗余facultativeparthenogenesis孤雌生殖

facultativeparthenogenesis兼性孤雌生殖facultative兼性因素

familyselection家庭選擇

farmlandecosystem農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)fecundityschedule生育力表

fecundity生育力

feedback反饋

feedingniches取食生態(tài)位

filterfood濾食性生物

finegrained細粒性分布

finiterateofincrease周限增長率

fitness合適度

floristic-structuralclassification植物區(qū)系—結(jié)構(gòu)分類系統(tǒng)fluctuation波動

foodchain食物鏈

formationgroup群系組

formation群系

formation植物群系foundationalniche基礎(chǔ)生態(tài)龕freshwaterecology淡水生態(tài)學(xué)freshwaterecosystem淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

functionresponse功能反應(yīng)

gameteselection配子選擇

gaps缺口

gaseouscycle氣體循環(huán)

gengpool基因庫

geographicvariation地理變異

geographicaltheoryofspeciation物種形成geometricgrowth幾何級數(shù)增長geophytes(G)地下芽植物globalecology全球生態(tài)gradienthypothesis梯度假說grain粒性

grazer牧食生物grazingfoodchain捕食食物鏈greenhouseeffect溫室效應(yīng)gregarizationpheromone聚集信息素grossprimaryproduction總初級生產(chǎn)力groupselection群體選擇growthform生長型

guild同資源團habalzone深淵帶habitat生境

heath石楠群叢height高度hemicryptophytes(He)地面芽植物herbivore植食herbivores植食動物heterotrophicsuccession異養(yǎng)演替heterotrophs異養(yǎng)生物hibernation冬眠homeostasis內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)homeostasis自調(diào)節(jié)穩(wěn)態(tài)homeostaticorganism內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)生物homeostaticprocess內(nèi)穩(wěn)定過程humandemography人口統(tǒng)計學(xué)Humanecology人類生態(tài)學(xué)

humus腐殖質(zhì)

hydrarchsuccession水生演替hydrosere水生演替系列immigration遷入

importancevalue重要值individualconverserate個體轉(zhuǎn)化率industrialmelanism工業(yè)黑化現(xiàn)象innercapacityincrease內(nèi)稟增長力inner-environment內(nèi)環(huán)境instantaneousrateofincrease瞬間增長率intensity強度interferencecompetition干擾競爭interferencecompetition干擾競爭intermediatedisturbancehypothesis中度干擾假說internaldistributionpattern內(nèi)分布型interspecficrelationship種間關(guān)系intertidalzone潮間帶intraspecificrelationship種內(nèi)關(guān)系inverselydensitydependent反密度制約Islandecology島嶼生態(tài)學(xué)iteroparity多次繁殖生物iteroparous多次生殖Jordan’srule約丹定律keystonespecies關(guān)鍵種

kinselection親屬選擇

kinselection親屬選擇

k-strategistsk-策略者

landcover土地覆蓋

landuse土地利用Landscapeecology景觀生態(tài)學(xué)

lawofconstantfinalyield最后產(chǎn)量衡值法則lawoftheminimum最小因子法則lawoftolerance耐受性法則

layer層

leachedlayer淋溶層

leafareaindex葉面積指數(shù)

leafareaindex（LAS）葉面積指數(shù)

lenticecosystem靜水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

lifecycle生活周期

lifeexpectancy生命期望

lifeformspectrum生活型譜

lifeform生活型

lifehistorystrategy生活史對策

lifehistory生活史

lifespan生活年限

lifetime壽命

limitoftolerance忍受性限度

littoralzone沿岸帶

loticecosystem流水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)macroclimate大氣候macrofauna大型生物

Marineecology海洋生態(tài)學(xué)marineecosystem海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)maximumnatality最大出生率maximumsustainedyield最大持續(xù)生產(chǎn)量megafauna巨型生物mexofauna中型生物microclimate小氣候microcolony微菌落microcommunities小群落

micro-ecosystem微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)micro-environment微環(huán)境microfauna小型生物microplankton小型浮游生物migration遷徙

modularorganism構(gòu)件生物modules構(gòu)件Molecularecology分子生態(tài)學(xué)monoclimaxtheory單元演替頂級monocultute單種養(yǎng)殖monogamy單配偶制monpohagous單食性monsoonforest季風(fēng)林mortalitycurve死亡曲線mortality死亡率

mosaic鑲嵌性natality出生率

n-dimensionalnichen維生態(tài)龕negativefeedback負反饋

netprimaryproduction(GP)凈初級生產(chǎn)力neutralitycontroversy中性說論戰(zhàn)nichecompression生態(tài)位壓縮nicheseparation生態(tài)位分離nicheshift生態(tài)位分離niche生態(tài)位

non-equilibriumtheory非平衡理論non-homeostaticorganism非內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)生物obioticcomponent非生物成分ocean-current洋流

ohortlifetable同群生命表

omnivores雜食動物

opencommunity開放群落

openshrublands稀疏灌叢opportunist機會主義者ordination排序ornamentation修飾panclimax泛頂級pantropical泛熱帶區(qū)parabiosphere副生物圈parasites寄生生物parasitoidism擬寄生

parentmaterial母質(zhì)層parentalcare親代關(guān)懷parentalinvestment親本投資patchiness斑塊性

percapitagrowthrate每員增長率perclimax前頂級peritrophicmycorrhizae周邊營養(yǎng)性菌根phanerophytes(Ph)厄爾尼諾ElNinophotoperiodism光周期現(xiàn)象phyplankton浮游植物physiognomy外貌Physiologicalecology生理生態(tài)學(xué)physiologicalnatality生理出生率phytochrom色素

pioneercommunity先鋒群落pjarapatricspeciation鄰域性物種

plankon浮游生物Poissiondistribution泊松分布polyandry一雌多雄制

polyclimaxtheory多元頂級理論polygamy多配偶制polygyny一雄多雌制polymorphism多型現(xiàn)象polyphagous多食性的Populationecology種群生態(tài)學(xué)population種群

porosity粒間空隙positivefeedback正反饋postclimax超頂級predation捕食者predator捕食者presentreproductivevalue當(dāng)年繁殖價值prevailclimax優(yōu)勢頂級prey獵物prezygoticmechanism合子前隔離primaryproduction初級生產(chǎn)primarysuccession初級演替primarysuccession原生演替principleofallocation分配原理principleofcompetitiveexclusion競爭互斥原理productionrate生產(chǎn)率production生產(chǎn)量productivity生產(chǎn)力progressivesuccession進展演替protogynoushermaphriodism雌雄同體pyramidofenergy能量金字塔radiationadaptation趨異適應(yīng)random隨機分布

rarespecies偶見種

reactiontimelag反應(yīng)滯時reactivespecies反映性物種realizednatality實際出生率realizednick實際生態(tài)龕regressivesuccession逆行演替relativefrequency相對頻度relativereproductivevalue相對生殖值reproductioneffect生殖成效reproductivecost繁殖成本reproductivepattern生殖格局reproductivetimelag生殖滯時reproductivevalue生殖值residualreproductivevalue剩余繁殖價值resilientstability恢復(fù)穩(wěn)定性resistantstability抵抗穩(wěn)定性Restorationecology恢復(fù)生態(tài)學(xué)richness豐度

r-kcontinuumofstrategiesr-k略連續(xù)系統(tǒng)

r-strategistsr-策略者saprovores食腐者savannawoodland熱帶稀樹草原林地scavenger食腐者sciophytes陽性植物scramblecompetition利用競爭scrambletypeofcompetition分攤型競爭secondarymetabolites次生代謝物質(zhì)secondaryproduction次級生產(chǎn)力secondarysuccession次生演替secondary次級演替sedimentarycycle沉積循環(huán)

selectivefertilization選擇受精

self-destructive自我破壞

semelparity一次繁殖生物

semelparous一次生殖

sexratio性比

sexualdimorphism雌雄二形現(xiàn)象

sexualreproduction有性生殖

sexualselection性選擇

shadeplants耐陰性植物

Shannon-Weinerindex香農(nóng)—威納指數(shù)

sieveselectionhypothesis篩選說

similarity相似度

Simpson’sdiversityindex辛普森多樣性指數(shù)

socialgroup社群

socialhierarchy社會等級

social-economic-naturalcomplexecosystem社會--經(jīng)濟--自然復(fù)合系統(tǒng)solaremergy太陽能值

solaremjoules太陽能焦耳

solartransformity太陽能值轉(zhuǎn)換率

spatialpattern空間格局

specialheterogeneity空間異質(zhì)性

speciation物種形成

speciesareacurve物種面積曲線

speciesdiversity物種多樣性

speciesevennessorequitability種的均勻度

speciesheterogeneity種的不齊性

speciesturnoverrate種的周轉(zhuǎn)率

sporereproduction孢子生殖

stability-resilience穩(wěn)定恢復(fù)力

stabilizingselection穩(wěn)定選擇

standingcrop現(xiàn)存量

staticlifetable靜態(tài)生命表stenoecious窄棲性的stenohaline窄鹽性的stenohydric窄水性的stenophagic窄食性的stenothermal窄溫性的

steppeandsemideserty干草原和半荒漠stochasticmodel隨機模型stratification成層現(xiàn)象subassociation亞群叢組subdominant亞優(yōu)勢種subformation亞群系succession演替

succulent肉質(zhì)植物succulent肉質(zhì)植物summeddominanceratio（SDR）綜合優(yōu)勢比summer-greendeciduousforest夏綠落葉林survivorshipcurve存活曲線sympatricspeciation同域性物種Synecology群落生態(tài)學(xué)synusia層片

Terrestrialecology陸地生態(tài)學(xué)territorialbehavior領(lǐng)域行為territoriality領(lǐng)域性

the–2/3thinninglaw–2/3自疏法則

theeffectofneighbours鄰接效應(yīng)therophytes(Th)一年生植物thertnoperiodism溫周期現(xiàn)象

thornforestandscrub多刺森林和密灌叢

time-specificlifetable特定時間生命表torpor蟄伏

totalneutralityhypothesis中性說

trophiclevel營養(yǎng)級

trophicrelationship營養(yǎng)的聯(lián)系

trophicrelationship營養(yǎng)聯(lián)系

tundraandcoldforest苔原和冷森林uniform均勻分布

unitaryorganism單體生物univoltineinsects一化性的昆蟲upperhorizon覆蓋層

Urbanecology城市生態(tài)學(xué)vegetationsubtype植被亞型vegetationtypegroup植被型組vegetationtype植被型vegetativepropagation營養(yǎng)生殖

volume體積

watercycle水循環(huán)

weight重量

xerarchsuccession旱生演替xerophytes旱生植物

zeronetgrowthisoline（ZNGI）零增長線zoneofemergentvegetation挺水植物帶zooplankton浮游動物

ElNino厄爾尼諾feedback反饋

reflex反射generalist泛化種defenncebehavior防衛(wèi)行為flowervisitor訪花昆蟲

non-hierarchical非等級的

non-spatialmodel非空間模型

non-homeostaticorganism非內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)生物nonequilibriummetapopulation非平衡態(tài)復(fù)合種群nonequilibriumhabitat-trackingmetapopulation非平衡態(tài)跟蹤生境復(fù)合種群nonequilibriumdecliningmetapopulation非平衡態(tài)下降復(fù)合種群non—niche非生態(tài)位

physicalenvironment非生物環(huán)境

nonlinear非線性關(guān)系

dispersion分布

decomposer分解者

branchingprocess分支過程

moleculartaxonomy分子分類學(xué)

theneutraltheoryofmolecularevolution分子進化的中性理論molecularecology分子生態(tài)學(xué)

molecularsystematics分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)

plankton浮游動物

negativefeedback)負反饋

carryingcapacity負荷量

negativeinteraction負相互作用

negativeselection負選擇

epifauna附底動物metapopulation復(fù)合種群

eutrohication富營養(yǎng)化現(xiàn)象relamation改良

coverage蓋度

coverratio蓋度比

disturbance干擾

disturbancepatch干擾斑塊

disturbancecorridor干擾廊道

interference干擾作用

height高度

Coarse'shypothesis高斯假說

Coarse'stheory高斯理論phanerophytes高位芽植物GrenvilleOrogenesis格林威爾造山運動individual個體individualisticconcept個體論概念renewal更新functionalniche功能生態(tài)位aggressivebehavior攻擊行為modules構(gòu)件

modularorganism構(gòu)件生物keystonespecies關(guān)鍵種associationcoefficients關(guān)聯(lián)系數(shù)

lightsaturationpoint光飽和點

lightcompensationpoint光補償點photoperiod光周期

filter過濾器

Hardy-Weinbergprinciple哈德-溫伯格原理Oceanecosytem海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Cambrianperiod寒武紀siccocolous旱生植物

rivercorridor河流廊道contancy恒有度mangrove紅樹林respiration呼吸量mutualism互利synomone互利素synomonal互利作用

allelopathy化感作用chemicaldefence化學(xué)防御chemicalecology化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)allelochemicals化學(xué)物質(zhì)chemocryptic化學(xué)隱藏divisive劃分的environment環(huán)境environmentalethics環(huán)境倫理學(xué)environmentalcarryincapacity環(huán)境容納量environmentalresourcepatch環(huán)境資源斑塊environmentalresourcecorridor環(huán)境資源廊道desert荒漠desertification荒漠化desertecosystem荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)eitiolationphenomenon黃化現(xiàn)象restorationecology恢復(fù)生態(tài)學(xué)chaos混沌學(xué)mixedtype混合型exchangepool活動庫acquiredbehavior獲得性行為organismicschool機體論學(xué)派Fundamentalniche基礎(chǔ)生態(tài)位

Ecologyisthescientificstudyofinteractionsamongorganismsandtheirenvironment,suchastheinteractionsorganismshavewitheachotherandwiththeirabioticenvironment.Topicsofinteresttoecologistsincludethediversity,distribution,amount(biomass),number(population)oforganisms,aswellascompetitionbetweenthemwithinandamongecosystems.Ecosystemsarecomposedofdynamicallyinteractingpartsincludingorganisms,thecommunitiestheymakeup,andthenon-livingcomponentsoftheirenvironment.Ecosystemprocesses,suchasprimaryproduction,pedogenesis,nutrientcycling,andvariousnicheconstructionactivities,regulatethefluxofenergyandmatterthroughanenvironment.Theseprocessesaresustainedbyorganismswithspecificlifehistorytraits,andthevarietyoforganismsiscalledbiodiversity.Biodiversity,whichreferstothevarietiesofspecies,genes,andecosystems,enhancescertainecosystemservices.

生態(tài)是生物和環(huán)境之間的相互作用，如生物相互之間以及與他們的非生物環(huán)境的相互作用的科學(xué)的研究。生態(tài)學(xué)家感興趣的話題包括的thediversity，分布量（生物量），數(shù)量（人口）的生物，以及他們之間的競爭和amongecosystems內(nèi)。包括生物體的動態(tài)相互作用的部分組成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，他們的社區(qū)做起來，他們的環(huán)境和非生物成分。生態(tài)過程，如初級生產(chǎn)，成土作用，養(yǎng)分循環(huán)，各種小生建設(shè)活動的環(huán)境，通過調(diào)節(jié)能量和物質(zhì)通量。這些過程持續(xù)生物體特定的生活史，各種生物calledbiodiversity。生物多樣性是指物種，基因和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的品種，提高一定的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。

EcologyisaninterdisciplinaryfieldthatincludesbiologyandEarthscience.Theword"ecology"("?kologie")wascoinedin1866bytheGermanscientistErnstHaeckel(1834–1919).AncientGreekphilosopherssuchasHippocratesandAristotlelaidthefoundationsofecologyintheirstudiesonnaturalhistory.Modernecologytransformedintoamorerigorousscienceinthelate19thcentury.Evolutionaryconceptsonadaptationandnaturalselectionbecamecornerstonesofmodernecologicaltheory.Ecologyisnotsynonymouswithenvironment,environmentalism,naturalhistory,orenvironmentalscience.Itiscloselyrelatedtoevolutionarybiology,genetics,andethology.Anunderstandingofhowbiodiversityaffectsecologicalfunctionisanimportantfocusareainecologicalstudies.Ecologistsseektoexplain:

生態(tài)學(xué)是一個跨學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，包括生物學(xué)和地球科學(xué)。―生態(tài)學(xué)‖（的―?kologie‖，）是由德國科學(xué)家恩斯特·?？藸枺?834-1919）于1866年創(chuàng)造的。如古希臘哲學(xué)家希波克拉底和亞里士多德在他們的研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)，生態(tài)，自然歷史?，F(xiàn)代生態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為更嚴格的科學(xué)在19世紀后期。適應(yīng)和自然選擇的進化概念成為了基石modernecological理論。生態(tài)環(huán)境，環(huán)保，自然歷史，或環(huán)境科學(xué)的代名詞。它是密切相關(guān)，進化生物學(xué)，遺傳學(xué)和行為學(xué)。理解生物多樣性如何影響生態(tài)功能是生態(tài)研究的一個重點領(lǐng)域。生態(tài)學(xué)家尋求解釋：

Lifeprocesses,interactionsandadaptations

Themovementofmaterialsandenergythroughlivingcommunities

Thesuccessionaldevelopmentofecosystems,and

Theabundanceanddistributionoforganismsandbiodiversityinthecontextoftheenvironment.

生命過程，相互作用和適應(yīng)

通過物質(zhì)和能量的運動生活社區(qū)

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的演替發(fā)展，

上下文環(huán)境中的生物和生物多樣性的豐度和分布。

Ecologyisahumanscienceaswell.Therearemanypracticalapplicationsofecologyinconservationbiology,wetlandmanagement,naturalresourcemanagement(agroecology,agriculture,forestry,agroforestry,fisheries),cityplanning(urbanecology),communityhealth,economics,basicandappliedscience,andhumansocialinteraction(humanecology).Organismsandresourcescomposeecosystemswhich,inturn,maintainbiophysicalfeedbackmechanismsthatmoderateprocessesactingonliving(biotic)andnonliving(abiotic)componentsoftheplanet.Ecosystemssustainlife-supportingfunctionsandproducenaturalcapitallikebiomassproduction(food,fuel,fiberandmedicine),theregulation

ofclimate,globalbiogeochemicalcycles,waterfiltration,soilformation,erosioncontrol,floodprotectionandmanyothernaturalfeaturesofscientific,historical,economic,orintrinsicvalue.

生態(tài)是人類科學(xué)。有很多實際應(yīng)用中的生態(tài)保護生物學(xué)，濕地管理，自然資源管理（農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)，農(nóng)業(yè)，林業(yè)，農(nóng)林業(yè)，漁業(yè)），城市規(guī)劃（城市生態(tài)），社區(qū)衛(wèi)生，經(jīng)濟，基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)和應(yīng)用科學(xué)，人類社會的互動（人類生態(tài)學(xué)）。生物和資源組成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，反過來，保持生物物理反饋機制，適度的過程，作用于生活（生物）和無生命的星球（生物的）組件。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)維持生命支持功能和生產(chǎn)生物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)（食品，燃料，纖維和醫(yī)藥），調(diào)節(jié)氣候等自然資本，全球生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)，過濾水，土壤的形成，控制水土流失，防洪和許多其他科學(xué)的自然特征，歷史，經(jīng)濟，或內(nèi)在價值。

Hierarchicalecology

Thescaleofecologicaldynamicscanoperatelikeaclosedsystem,suchasaphidsmigratingonasingletree,whileatthesametimeremainopenwithregardtobroaderscaleinfluences,suchasatmosphereorclimate.Hence,ecologistsclassifyecosystemshierarchicallybyanalyzingdatacollectedfromfinerscaleunits,suchasvegetationassociations,climate,andsoiltypes,andintegratethisinformationtoidentifyemergentpatternsofuniformorganizationandprocessesthatoperateonlocaltoregional,landscape,andchronologicalscales.

生態(tài)動力學(xué)的規(guī)?？梢韵笠粋€封閉的系統(tǒng)，如在一個單一的樹進行遷移的蚜蟲操作，而在同一時間保持打開狀態(tài)，關(guān)于更廣泛的范圍的影響，如大氣或氣候。因此，生態(tài)學(xué)家生態(tài)系統(tǒng)分類較細規(guī)模的單位，如植被協(xié)會，氣候和土壤類型，通過分析收集的數(shù)據(jù)分層，整合此信息來確定突發(fā)模式統(tǒng)一組織和流程上操作的地方到區(qū)域，景觀，實足鱗片。

Tostructurethestudyofecologyintoaconceptuallymanageableframework,thebiologicalworldisorganizedintoanestedhierarchy,ranginginscalefromgenes,tocells,totissues,toorgans,toorganisms,tospecies,topopulations,tocommunities,toecosystems,tobiomes,anduptothelevelofthebiosphere.[6]Thisframeworkformsapanarchy[7]andexhibitsnon-linearbehaviors;thismeansthat"effectandcausearedisproportionate,sothatsmallchangestocriticalvariables,suchas