2023年考研外語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化練習(xí)4

考研外語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化練習(xí)4

一、UseofEnglish

1、WithAirbus'sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskies,youmightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldberight.Foragivendesign,itturns(1)_____,therecomesapointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate(2)_____lifttocarrytheirownweight.(3)_____anewwayofdesigningandmakingmaterialscould(4)_____thatproblem.Twoengineers(5)_____UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedaninnovativewaytocustomiseandcontrolthe(6)_____ofamaterialthroughoutitsthreedimensionalstructure.

Inthe(7)_____ofawing,thiswouldmakepossibleamaterialthatisdense,strongandload-bearingatoneend,closetothefuselage,(8)_____theextremitiescouldbemadelessdense,lighterandmore(9)_____.Itislikemakingbespokematerials,(10)_____youcancustomisethephysicalpropertiesofeverycubicmillimetreofastructure.

Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesina(n)(11)_____way.Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysissoftware,ofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers,(12)_____avirtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthestressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto(13)_____throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen(14)_____tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillionsofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.(15)_____ofthesesubsectionsis(16)_____treatedasaseparateobjectwithitsownsetofforcesactingonit—andeachsubsection(17)_____foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces.

Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually(18)_____beahugetask,sotheresearchersapplyanoptimisationprogram,calledageneticalgorithm,(19)_____.Thisusesaprocessofrandomisationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberofpossiblemicrostructurestofindthemost(20)_____designforeachsubsection.

A.off

B.out

C.away

D.in

2、(2)

A.many

B.much

C.enough

D.necessary

3、(3)

A.But

B.And

C.Or

D.Yet

4、(4)

A.find

B.discover

C.getdown

D.getaround

5、(5)

A.of

B.at

C.in

D.from

6、(6)

A.properties

B.nature

C.qualities

D.characteristics

7、(7)

A.sample

B.case

C.condition

D.situation

8、(8)

A.while

B.which

C.what

D.where

9、(9)

A.easy

B.flexible

C.reflective

D.compatible

10、(10)

A.as

B.since

C.because

D.solongas

11、(11)

A.novel

B.strange

C.odd

D.peculiar

12、(12)

A.creates

B.andcreates

C.creating

D.tocreate

13、(13)

A.stand

B.sustain

C.understand

D.withstand

14、(14)

A.possible

B.impossible

C.likely

D.unlikely

15、(15)

A.Each

B.One

C.Every

D.All

16、(16)

A.next

B.then

C.after

D.since

17、(17)

A.asks

B.calls

C.demands

D.requires

18、(18)

A.isto

B.should

C.would

D.hasto

19、(19)

A.inorder

B.inplace

C.inspite

D.instead

20、(20)

A.perfect

B.complete

C.suitable

D.proper

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2022,theworld'smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyears,andSingaporehasanelectronicsystem,noonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon.

Fordecades,transportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionals,itistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafear,fearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon'sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize.

ThemayorofLondon,KenLivingstone,haspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme'ssuccess.Ifitworks,citiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfails,hewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2022.Buthowwillsuccessbejudged?Themayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce￡130minnetannualrevenues,reducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet.

Forastart,thelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpact,modestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh￡4anhouron-streetparkingchargesinthearea,maybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital'schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayor,hispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork.

London'swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.Thenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellites(GPS)totrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyare,onasecond-to-secondbasis.

Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareas,thecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareas,travelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive.

Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatintheworldtheschemeoftollingsystemsis

A.outofthequestion.

B.anythingbutnew.

C.forthesakeofsafety.

D.nowherenearsuccess.

2、

TheimplementationofroadpricinginLondonisprimarilyintendedto

A.restrainthecapital%trafficgrowth.

B.producenetannualmunicipalrevenues.

C.removeon-streetparkinglots.

D.meetambitiouspoliticalaims.

3、

Welearnfromthetextthattrafficplannersaremoreconcernedabout

A.theattitudeofdriversinLondon.

B.takingapoliticalstandpoint.

C.sophisticatedtoilingsystems.

D.imposingcongestioncharging.

4、

Accordingtothetext,themayorofLondon,KenLivingstoneseemstobeverysupportiveofthecongestionchargingschemebecauseof

A.hisinterestintraffic.

B.theweakresponseofpoliticians.

C.hispoliticalmotives.

D.thecomplexityoftheproblem.

5、

ThebesttitleforSispassagemaybe

A.MoreExpensiveTripsinLondon.

B.RoadPricing:QueueorPay?

C.AReturntotheMassTransit.

D.TrafficPlanning:aDilemma?

6、PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFox(KPF),anarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre'scollapse18monthsago,suchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries.

Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTower,whichwouldbethecontinent'slargestbuilding,mayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan.

ExecutivesintheCityofLondon,Europe'slargestfinancialmarket,contendthateveninanon-earthquake-pronearea,onceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevators,stairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient.

True,uptoapoint,saysPaulKatz,thearchitectatKPF,butthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapers,notablyefficientenergyusage,pluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typically,wherefirmsmostliketooperate,sitesarescarce.Asaresult,itoftenmakessensetoaddfloors,evenatevergreatercost.

SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefears,butnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork'seconomysuffering,redundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorism,itishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecity,letaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11th,constructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwalls,thenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls.

Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleast,thenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel—andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong.

Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe

A.AConstructionCompanyunderFire.

B.FearsHauntedintheWorld.

C.ADebateonBuildingUpwards.

D.SkyscrapersontheBoom.

7、

WhenthewritersaysthattheLondonBridgeTowerwouldnotstandinManhattan,hemeans

A.itsresidentsareunlikelytoembraceskyscrapers.

B.Europeisoneofthelargestfinancialmarkets.

C.Americansholdacontinuingfearofterrorism.

D.KPFhasbeensubjectedtostrongcriticisms.

8、

InthewakeofSeptember11th,theconstructiontechniquesofskyscrapersareinnovatedsoastomakethem

A.lookincrediblysmartindesign.

B.moreresistanttopotentialdisasters.

C.soundparticularlyluxurious.

D.moreprotectivetotheiroccupants.

9、

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers

A.arealreadyunderconstruction.

B.provetobequake-resistant.

C.areabsolutelyprohibited.

D.turnouttobeenergy-efficient.

10、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheconstructionofskyscrapersseemstobethatof

A.opposition.

B.indifference,

C.approval.

D.suspicion.

11、Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritain,whichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2022.TheNationalHealthService(NHS),whichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxes,isreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2022,totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP—thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld'sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000.

TheLaborgovernment'sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreform.healthcareforthe21stcentury.Rather,itconcludedthatshortageofmoney,nottheform.offinancingorprovision,wasthemainproblem.In2022,GordonBrown,thepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequer,usedareviewoftheNHS'sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare.

AlanMilburn,thehealthminister,hasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.However,thesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients.

Asaresult,thereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffort,productivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall.

Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistory,arguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.FirstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsaftertheSecondWorldWar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupply,coststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditure,oftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspective,thegovernment'splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritain,theoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2022.

IncontrasttoBritain,Franceisfundingtheirmedicalcare

A.moreextravagantly.

B.morecautiously.

C.moreconsistently.

D.morereasonably.

12、

Concerninghealth-caresystemsinBritain,theauthorislikelytoagreetothestatementthat

A.theLaborgovernmentconductedareviewabouthowtocutdownoncosts.

B.themoneypouringintotheNHSdidbringwithitproductivityandquality.

C.theproblemoffundsputintomedicalcareshouldbethoroughlyreexamined.

D.thehealth-caresystemsinBritainwillbecometheenvyoftherestoftheworld.

13、

Theproposed"alternativefundingmodels"(Paragraph2)mightbemoreclearlybasedon

A.cost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.

B.moderateconstraintsonmedicalbudgets.

C.deliveringconsumers'coststotax-payers.

D.generousallocationsofmoneytohospitals.

14、

TheviewsofAlanMilburnandDavidCulteronthereformsofhealth-caresystemsare

A.compatible.

B.opposite.

C.complementary.

D.identical.

15、

Thebasicproblemofhealth-caresystemsinBritainaspointedoutbythewriterseemstoliein

A.restrainedfreedom.

B.shortageoffunds.

C.patients'complaints.

D.radicalchanges.

16、Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer'scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttoday,theequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Now,mostofourcomputers(intheU.S.)areshippedontheground—andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays,"saysFredMontoya,Dell'svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics.

Expressairshippingisn'tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdelivery,whichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypay,satisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11th,securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays—whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That'sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2022.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderway,air-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There'samassmigrationfromairtotrucks,"saysJerryLevy,marketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc.

Theindustry'sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.Inthepastseveralyears,FedExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Now,wecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth,"saysTomWeidemeyer,UPS'chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies—includingbarcoding,satellitetracking,onlinebillingandstatus—areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen(ashipment)willarrive,"notesBrianClancy,aprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc.

ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We'reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost,"saysWilliamMargaritis,FedEx'scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalService,notesRichardLung,directorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.'scargounit.Andsmallshippers,whetherairortruck,lackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown,"saysLevyofBaxGlobal,whichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace.

Wecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthat

A.customersusedtoattachimportancetofancypackaging.

B.thereisaradicalchangeincustomers'considerations.

C.itishightimethatdeliveryservicewouldbetterquality.

D.customersnowtendtochoosespeedovercostsavings.

17、

AfterSeptember11th,longdelaysofexpressairshippingoftenarisebecauseof

A.strictersecurityregulationsenforced.

B.higherpaymentimposedoncustomers.

C.stiffcompetitioncomingfromtrucks.

D.failuretocatertocustomers'needs.

18、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.airshipmentisindispensabletotheindustriesgiants.

B.customersareunwillingtopayforgrounddelivery.

C.newtechnologieshelpcutdownonthecostofshipment.

D.thecompetitionamongfreightshippersisverystrong.

19、

Asusedinthetext,"hybridnetworks"arebestrelatedto

A.anewnetofgroundconnections.

B.securityscrutinyonpackages.

C.acombinationofairandground.

D.masstransportonspecialvehicles.

20、

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Losingaltitudeinaircargoshipment.

B.Saying"nothanks"toovernightair.

C.Customer,thekingruled.

D.Exemptingfreightfromscrutiny.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Whyisforeigntext"renderedmeaningless"whenpassedthroughanon-linetranslationtool?AccordingtoSabineReul,whorunsaFrankfurt-basedtranslationcompany,translationtoolshavelimiteduses,andproblemsarisewhenwebusersexpecttoomuchfromthem."Atranslationtoolworksforsomethings,"saysReul,"SayaBritishcompanywantstoorderaboxofscrewsfromaGermansupplier.Asentencelike'Weneedoneboxofacertaintypeofscrew'issomethingthatamachinecouldtranslatereasonablyaccurately—thoughprimitively."

B.Yetwhenitcomestotranslatingblocksoftext—wordsandsentencesthatconveythoughtsandsentiments,on-linetoolsareboundtofail,sheadds."Beyondsimplesentences,theon-lineprocesssimplydoesn'tworkbecausemachinesdon'tunderstandgrammarandsemantics,nevermindidiomandstyle.""Languageisnotasystemofsignsinthemechanicalsenseoftheword",saysReul,"Itisalivingmediumthatisusedtoconveythought.Andthatiswheremachinesfail.Humaninputisindispensableaslongascomputerscannotthink."Reulandothertranslatorslookforwardtothedaywhenclevercomputersmighthelptoeasetheirworkload—butthattimehasnotarrivedyet.

C.EarlierthismonththesmallGermantownofHomberg-an-der-Efze,northofFrankfurt,hadtopulpanentireprintrunofitsEnglishlanguagetourismbrochureafterofficialsusedanInternettranslatingtooltotranslatetheGermantext.Accordingtoonereport,thebrochurewas"renderedmeaningless"bytheonlinetool.MartinWagner,mayorofHomherg-an-der-Efze,admitsthatthetownmadea"blunder".AsaresultofofficialstryingtosavemoneybygettingtheInternettodoatranslator'sjob,atotalof7,500brochureshadtobebinned.

D."Itwouldbeniceifcomputerscoulddothejob.Andcertainlythequestformachinetranslationhaspromptedalotoflinguisticresearchthatmayprovevaluableinunforeseenways.Butexperiencetodateconfirmsthateventhemostsubtlecomputerprogramdoesn'tthinkandyouneedtobeabletothinkinordertotranslate."

E.Thisstoryhighlightssomeofthepitfallsoftranslatingonline.Therearemanyinstanttranslationtoolsontheweb,buttheyarebestusedforindividualwordsandshortphrases,ratherthanforbrochures,booksoranythingcomplex.Forexample,oneofthejoysofthewebisthatitgrantsyouaccesstoanarrayofforeignnewssources.Yetifyouweretouseatranslationtooltotrytomakesenseofsuchreports,youcouldendupwitharatherskewedandsurrealviewoftheworld.

F.Untilthedawnofthinkingcomputers,on-linetranslationtoolsarebestreservedforwords,basicsentencesandusefulholidayphrase.Fortourismbrochures,newspaperreportsandtherest,youwillhavetorelyonsomeoldfashioned"humaninput".

G.Relyingonon-linetranslationtoolscanbeariskybusiness,especiallyifyouexpecttoomuchofit.Forthetimebeing,mighttranslationbesomethingbestlefttothehumans?

Order:ThefirstparagraphisGandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Theoriesofsocialcontrolfocusonthestrategiesandtechniqueswhichhelpregulatehumanbehavior.andthusleadtoconformityandcomplianceoftherulesofsociety,includingtheinfluencesoffamily,school,morals,values,beliefs,etc..

Doesexistenceofrulesguaranteepeacefulexistenceofthegroup?Whoistoensurecompliancewithsuchrules?Socialcontroltheoristsareouttostudysuchquestions.(46)Theyareinterestedinlearningwhype