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第一篇詞法一、名詞(一)知識概要名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法,但就實際應用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其應用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類:專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義,專有名詞是指:個人、事物、機關等所專有的名稱,如,theGreatWall,America…它們是不能隨意變動的。而普通名詞中則包括個體名詞,如pen,worker…它表示單一的個體人或事物;集體名詞,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干個個體組成的集合體;物質(zhì)名詞,如:water,paper…它表示的是一種物質(zhì),原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞,如:work,time…它表示著一種在實際生活中看不見、摸不到,但卻與實際生活緊密相關的某些動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)的抽象概念。見下表。名詞一覽表種類專有名詞London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina普通名詞類名詞nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table集體名詞class,family,army,police,team,people物質(zhì)名詞water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand抽象名詞happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest功用主語MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.表語Hisfatherisascientist.賓語Weloveourgreatmotherland.賓語補足語HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.定語Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.狀語Thecarcosthim1000dollars.同位語MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.名詞在使用中的難點在于名詞的數(shù),即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實際應用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計算,所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計算的名詞,所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復數(shù)形式兩種??蓴?shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的構成規(guī)律是:1.一般情況加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s],在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.2.在以s,sh,ch,x結尾的名詞后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz]。4.以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,要將y變?yōu)閕再加es,讀作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結尾的名詞的復數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。5.以o結尾的名詞的復數(shù)形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞,縮寫詞以o結尾的則只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos6.以f或fe結尾的名詞的復數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的詞如roof的復數(shù)形式是roofs。7.不規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式是要單個記憶的,它沒有規(guī)律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice8.單復同形的名詞有:fish,sheep,deer…9.單數(shù)形式但其意為復數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化,其主格可作主語,賓格可作賓語。還有所有格,用來表示人或物的所有,以及領屬關系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復數(shù)形式是s',如其結尾不是s的復數(shù)形式仍加's,如:astudent'sroom,students'rooms,Children'sDay.在表示時間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's,如:atwentyminutes'walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結構,如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers(二)正誤辨析[誤]Pleasegivemeapaper.[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.[析]不要認為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞,這種原因是對英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了,所以造成了這樣的錯誤,因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類,是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達數(shù)量時,要用與之相關的量詞來表達,如:twopiecesofpaper.[誤]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.[析]paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞,而作為報紙、考卷、文章講時則是可數(shù)名詞,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.[誤]Myglassesisbroken.[正]Myglassesarebroken.[誤]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.[析]英語中glasses—眼鏡,shoes—鞋,trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應用apairofglasses而這時的謂語動詞應與量詞相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.[誤]MayIborrowtworadioes?[正]MayIborrowtworadios?[析]以o結尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復數(shù)形式,但如果o前面是一個元音字母或外來語時則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.[誤]ThisisaMary'sdictionary.[正]ThisisMary'sdictionary.[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this,that,thesethose,及其他修飾詞our,some,every,which,或所有格時,則不要再加冠詞。[誤]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.[析]可數(shù)名詞前應用many,few,afew,alotof來修飾,而people是可數(shù)名詞,而且是復數(shù)名詞,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.[誤]Iwantafewwater.[正]Iwantalittlewater.[析]不可數(shù)名詞前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some來修飾,但不可用many,few來修飾。[誤]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.[誤]Tom'sandMary'sfamilyarewaitingforus.[正]Tom'sandMary'sfamiliesarewaitingforus.[誤]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamiliesarewaitingforme.[正]I'msorry.Ihavetogo.Tom'sfamilyarewaitingforme.[析]集合名詞如果指某個集合的整體,則應視為單數(shù),如指某個集合體中的個體則應視為復數(shù)。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,Tom'sfamilywerewatchingTV.即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有:familyclass,team等。[誤]Don'teattoomuchmeats.[正]Don'teattoomuchmeat.[誤]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.[析]物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,在使用中不可以加s,即它沒有復數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時可以加定冠詞。如:Idon'tlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.[誤]Pleasegivemetwowaters.[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.[析]物質(zhì)名詞如要加計量時,一定要加量詞,如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,abowlofrice,abottleoforange,abagofearth例:I'lltellyouapieceofgoodnews.但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代manycupsofcoffee.[誤]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?[正]Canyougivemetoday'snewspaper?[析]加's構成所有格的名詞一般應指有生命的人或物。如:Mary'shair,但在英文的習慣用法中對時間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構成而不用of結構。如:afiveminutes'walk.[誤]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的,如:room為可數(shù)名詞時為“房間”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room為抽象名詞時為空間上面一句話應譯為“請給老婦人在校車上留個地方?!边@樣的詞還有:glass玻璃glasses眼鏡stone石頭astone一塊石頭time時間twotimes兩次wood木頭woods樹林[誤]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.[析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外,還可以用來修飾另一個名詞,這時作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式,如:shoefactory(鞋廠),postoffice(郵局),eveningpaper(晚報),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校長),alawschool(法律學院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(貨車),sportsmeeting(運動會)。[誤]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.[析]英語中有些名詞單復同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中國人),means(方法)。所以應講onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果講Therearefivefishesinthepool.應譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。[誤]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.[析]英語中有些名詞只有復數(shù)形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes為衣服,而cloth則是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙灘。[誤]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式,但一般要用其復數(shù)形式。如握手為shakehands.[誤]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.[析]英國人Englishman的復數(shù)形式為Englishmen,而German則要加s,因為它不是由國名與man的組合詞。[誤]TherearetwoAsinthisword.[正]TherearetwoA'sinthisword.[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復數(shù)表達法中應加s,但如字母是A、I時,為了防止與As和Is相混,則要用's即A's,I's[誤]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.[正]Therearethree6'sandtwo3'sinmytelephonenumber.[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復數(shù)形式表達法中要用's[誤]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式時只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)如:halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(兒媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司機)womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—則變?yōu)閎oystudents[誤]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.[析]雖以s結尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有:科學,學科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戲名稱:bowls專有名稱:NiagaraFalls(尼亞加拉瀑布)其他名詞:news(消息,新聞)[誤]Thereisapeopleintheroom.[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.[正]Thereisamanintheroom.[析]people是復數(shù)名詞,不可用作單數(shù),如要用來講一個人時應用aperson,aman,awoman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個警察時則要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。[誤]Whereismyshoe?[正]Wherearemyshoes?[析]常常只用作復數(shù)形式的詞有trousers,pants,shorts(短褲),socks(襪子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個則要指明,這時還是應用單數(shù)形式。如:Where'smyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)[誤]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.[析]英語中便士有兩個復數(shù)形式pence用來表達一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個個的硬幣,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個的硬幣)。[誤]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.[析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞,但是用來表示種類時則可以用作可數(shù)名詞,這里應譯為各種各樣的水果。[誤]Thereisanewcar.ItisJone'sandMary's.[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMary's.[析]有生命名詞的所有格,如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如:Mary'scar.如果是以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如:teachers'offices.如果是復數(shù)名詞但不是以s結尾,則只加’s,如:children'spalace組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個詞尾加's如:girlfriend—girlfriend'ssomeoneelse—someoneelse'saweekorthree—aweekorthree's如名詞后有同位語時,則應加在同位語的詞尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Mary'scar.要注意的是當兩個名詞并列時,如表示歸兩人共同所有,則在最后一個名詞后面加's,如果表示分別所有則在兩個名詞后分別加's,如:ThisisMaryandJone'shome.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而TheseareMary'sandJone'shomes.則應譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone的家。[誤]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNature'swork.[析]無生命名詞的所有格應用of結構。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞:表示時間的詞:today'snewspaper,atwentyminutes'walk,anhour's,rest表示長度的詞:threemetres'distance,aboat'slength,twentymiles'journey表示重量的名詞:twopounds'weight價格名詞:twodollars'worth擬人化的名詞:Nature'swork,nature'slesson(大自然的教訓)及國家、機關、團體、城市等機構性名詞:theuniversity'slibrary[誤]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather's.[析]這是英語中的一種習慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如:ThispenisTom's.[誤]Myfatherisagoodcooker.[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.[析]一般動詞加上er后則轉意為執(zhí)行該動作的執(zhí)行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(開車)—driver(司機),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推,比如cook是動詞“做飯”。而cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講,而cooker則為廚具,餐具,即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。[誤]Theyoungisdancingthere.[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.[析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時應按復數(shù)名詞,如:therich富人,thepoor(窮人),thewise聰明人,但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美麗的風景依舊。[誤]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.[析]這句話的真正主語應是stories,所以應用復數(shù)謂語動詞。[誤]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionary.[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglishChinesedictionaries.[析]oneof意為“……之一”,of后面的名詞要用復數(shù)形式。[誤]Let'sgotouncleWangforsupper.[正]Let'sgotouncleWang'sforsupper.[析]uncleWang's意為“王叔叔家”,doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。[誤]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.[析]makefriends為習慣用法,即交朋友。[誤]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.[析]news為不可數(shù)名詞,但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞,因量詞是可數(shù)名詞,或可以說Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可數(shù)名詞前,也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.[誤]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.[析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語,這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。[誤]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedthem.[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedon'tneedit.[析]information為不可數(shù)名詞,而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.[誤]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.[析]manya加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),作主語時其謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式,但其意為許多學生。[誤]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞:cloth是物質(zhì)名詞,意為“布”,沒有復數(shù)形式,而clothing是指衣物的總稱,也沒有復數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服,但沒有單數(shù)形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚禮服。[誤]IliketostudytheEnglish.[正]IliketostudyEnglish.[析]作為一種學科名詞前不要用冠詞,而作為某一特指學科則要加冠詞,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.[誤]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.[析]定冠詞加姓加s,則意為“Brown先生一家人”。所以應用復數(shù)謂語動詞。此句應譯為:Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。(三)例題解析1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.A.amB.isC.areD.be[答案]C.[析]由and連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時應按復數(shù)名詞來搭配謂語動詞。2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?AroadBwayCstreetDaddress[答案]B.[析]這是考察同意詞辨析,road是指較寬闊的大道,意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”,而street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高,可視為街道之意,而way則多為要到達某地所要經(jīng)過的途徑,還可引深為方式、方法。而address則為“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNational3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]A.[析]因time作為時間講為不可數(shù)名詞,所以不可用few,afew來修飾。另外,英文的表達法與中文不同,中文講,快點,時間不多了,而英文要講,快點,沒時間了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato[答案]B.[析]用Howmany提問時,其名詞要用復數(shù)形式,而tomato的復數(shù)要加es.5.—___isthemeat.Please?—Tenyuanakilo.AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong[答案]A.[析]由對話的答語可看出其問句問的是價格。錢數(shù)作為整體、價格講時,不論其值是多少都是不可數(shù)名詞,要用howmuch提問。6Theboy'snameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green[答案]A.[析]英文的習慣與中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文則是姓在最后,其第一個名字是由父母所起的,中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可稱作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.AcityBcity'sCcitysDcities[答案]D.[析]復音字母以y結尾的單詞的復數(shù)形式要把y變成i再加es。oneof加名詞的結構中的名詞應用復數(shù)。8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?AtwopaperBtwopapersCtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers[答案]C.[析]paper是不可數(shù)名詞,如講一張、兩張紙時,要用量詞piece.9September10this___Day.ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.AabitBabitofClittleDfew[答案]B.11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“I'dliketwo___.”AglassofmilkBglassesofmilkCglassofmilksDglassesofmilks[答案]B.12Thereisn't___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any[答案]A.[析]any用于否定句與疑問句,但如果要表達說話者真心實意希望得到肯定答復時,問句中要用some而不要按一般語法規(guī)律用any.13June1stis___.AChildren'sdayBchildren'sDayCChildren'sDayDchildren'sday[答案]C.14Theseforeignfriendsare___.AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans[答案]D.15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student是可數(shù)名詞,而few用于可數(shù)名詞,意為:幾乎沒有學生去電影院。16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheepCdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps[答案]C.[析]deer與sheep均是單復同形的名詞。17Whoseroomisthis?It's___.AmyBKike'sandJohn'sCourDKikeandJohn's[答案]D.[析]因為room為單數(shù),所以不可能是Kike的一間與John的一間,應為二者共用的一間房子。二、冠詞(一)知識概要冠詞在英語中只有3個詞,分為兩類:不定冠詞a與an,定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前,an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個或某些事物,可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)前。(二)正誤辨析[誤]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前,而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前,而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是錯句,應為:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個字母h不發(fā)音,所以應該用anhour。例如:Ineedanhourtofinishthework.Itisausefuldictionary.ItisaEuropeancountry.Iboughtausedcar.[誤]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[析]因umbrella的第一個音素是元音,所以應用an.常用的情況有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。[誤]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,I'minhurry.”[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.I'minahurry.”[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下:1.用來表示一類人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個,如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.相當于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.5.其主要的難點是用在固定詞組中:如:haveawalk/arest/alook又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙makeaface作鬼臉dosomebodyafavour幫某人忙anumberof=many又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)haveacold(感冒)haveaheadache(頭痛)haveabreak=havearest[誤]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時用不定冠詞,而第二次提到時用定冠詞。[誤]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指,也應用定冠詞。[誤]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.[析]世上獨一無二的天體等名詞前應加定冠詞,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.[誤]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.[析]在序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.[誤]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.[析]在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二,而其意在于再學一個,再來一個時,應用a,本句的意思應為:這學期我要學一門第二外語。[誤]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[析]在河流名稱前應加定冠詞,如:theYellowRiver(黃河)。[誤]Look,thereareAlp.[誤]Look,therearetheAlp.[正]Look,therearetheAlps.[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞,如:MountainTai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后,其山名要加s,來表示山脈。theAlps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.[誤]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[析]報刊名稱前應加定冠詞。[誤]Richarenotalwayshappy.[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人,而在姓的前面加定冠詞,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.[誤]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[析]物質(zhì)名詞特指時也應加定冠詞。[誤]Thesunrisesineast.[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.[析]在方向、方位前應用定冠詞,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture[誤]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞,如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峽thePanamaCanal巴拿馬運河theSuezCanal蘇伊士運河[誤]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper[析]泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。[誤]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.[誤]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時不加冠詞,如:gotoschool上學,leaveschool(輟學),afterschool(放學),但如果當建筑物講時應加冠詞,如例句中其父母來校不是上學,而是看望孩子,則要加定冠詞。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。[誤]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.[析]在慣用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。[誤]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.[析]這是英文表達法與中文的明顯不同之處,也是初學者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動詞,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(擊),hold(握),pull(拉)…動詞后應加人,再加介詞on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠詞,再加人體的某一部位。這時的定冠詞千萬不要換作his,her,their,等詞。[誤]Hewaspaidbyhour.[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.[析]by和計量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應譯為:他的工資是按小時計算的。[誤]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.[析]by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應用某種工具,而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應作相應的轉換。如:bycar(坐小汽車)bytaxi(坐出租車)bybike(騎自行車)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飛機)bysea(乘船)[誤]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.[析]在樂器前要加定冠詞,而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他們空閑時愛打橋牌)[誤]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.[析]英語中雖有一些名詞與goto連用時不加定冠詞,以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵,如:gotoschool(上學),gotobed(睡覺)等,但去看電影則例外,要用gotothecinema.這也是語言的一個特點。[誤]Iliveat105theLakestreet.[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.[析]街道名稱前不用冠詞。[誤]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.[析]country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時,一定要加定冠詞,而且只有單數(shù)形式,作國家講時則可有復數(shù)形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.[誤]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.[析]atadistance意為“離開一定距離”。而inthedistance為“遠方,遠處”。這樣常用的詞組有:asarule(照例)inahurry(匆忙)inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)inthesun(在陽光下)intherain(雨中)inthesameway(同樣)intheshade(在陰涼處)inthedaytime(白天)intheend(最終)ontheotherhand(換句話說)onthecontrary(相反)[誤]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.[析]這是英語中的習慣用法,如:bitbybit(逐漸)dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)dayandnight(日日夜夜)facetoface(面對面)fromAtoZ(自始至終)fromtimetotime(再三)handinhand(手拉手)shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)(三)例題解析1MrLiis___oldworker.AaBanCsomeD/[答案]B.[析]an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the[答案]B.[析]因useful的第一個音素是[j],它是輔音音素。3What___interestingbookitis?AaBanCtheD/[答案]B.[析]這是感嘆句,因為移到原一般句前面的強調(diào)部分中有可數(shù)名詞book,所以應加冠詞,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4Hewillbebackin___hour.A/BtheCaDan[答案]D.[析]因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A[答案]C.[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物時用不定冠詞,而第二次再提到該物或人時應用定冠詞。6Lookat___picture!There's___houseinit.Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a[答案]D.[析]雖然是第一次提到,但在句中的語言是讓對方看某一特定的圖畫,所以應選擇D。7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個個的桔子。8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.AtheBanC/Da[答案]A.[析]capital之后有of結構則要用定冠詞。9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,you'llget___“A”inthetest.AanB/CtheDa[答案]A.[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]onfoot意為走路上學,是習慣用法。三、代詞(一)知識概要英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請看下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們主格iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請看下表人稱我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代詞可見下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代詞主要有this,that,these,those疑問代詞有:who,whomwhose,what,which,還有疑問副詞when,how,where,why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some,any,many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正誤辨析[誤]Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.[正]Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.[析]形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語,也就是講它可以作形容詞,如:mybook,而這句話的意思是:湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對象是mymother,也就是mine。[誤]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.[正]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.[析]在應用代詞時,要注意人稱,格與數(shù)的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數(shù)名詞homework,所以應用it。[誤]Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[正]Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[析]這主要是英語習慣上的用法。當兩個以上的人稱代詞并列時其排列順序一般為you,he,she,I,而復數(shù)時為we,you,they:如男女并列時,應先男后女,如:Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思,承擔責任時,單數(shù)時用,I,he,she,you,復數(shù)時用They,you,we,如:TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.[誤]Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.[正]Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.[析]由either…or,neither…nor,or連接兩個主語時,如果兩主語是單數(shù)時,用單數(shù)代詞,如兩主語是復數(shù)時,用復數(shù)代詞,如:Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一單一復兩名詞時,一般將單數(shù)名詞放在前,復數(shù)名詞放在后,要用復數(shù)代詞,如:Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.[誤]Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.[正]Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.[析]than是連詞,其后應視為省略句,thanheis.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.[正]Ilikeyouasmuchasher.[析]as…as其后也應看作是省略句。應為asIlikeher.所以應用賓格。而第一句應譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對的但含義不同。[誤]Myselfdidityesterday.[正]Imyselfdidityesterday.[正]Ididitmyselfyesterday.[析]反身代詞不可作主語,但可以用作主語的同位語。[誤]Takecareofourselves.[正]Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)[析]祈始句的主語應看作第二人稱you.[誤]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.[正]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.[析]反身代詞不能作介詞賓語,除非是由不及物動詞與介詞組成的動詞短語,如:Theoldwomanspoketoherself.[誤]Makeyourselfhome.[正]Makeyourselfathome.[析]這是英語中的習慣用法,意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有:enjoyoneself玩得開心makeyourselfathome像在家中一樣helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣[誤]—Who'sthisspeaking.—That'sMary.[正]—Who'sthatspeaking.—ThisisMary.[析]在電話用語中,this指講話人自己,而that指對方。[誤]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.[正]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.[析]在比較句中往往為了避免重復,可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物,如是單數(shù)時用that,復數(shù)時用those,如:TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.[誤]Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.[析]在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句,也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時,只用such,如:ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little這4個詞前僅能用so,如:Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時,則不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.[誤]Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.[正]Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.[析]same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有allthesame(仍然)。[誤]—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Idon'thopeso.[正]—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Ihopenot.[析]在作肯定回答時,Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答時為:Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.[誤]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.[正]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.[誤]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.[正]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.[析]在對話中如果某一動作同時適用于兩個主語,這時在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句,即studiedhard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對前句的重復,即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為:英語難學。答語為:是的,難學。這時縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。[誤]Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.[正]Everyoneshoulddohisbest.[析]one作代詞時,它的復數(shù)形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代詞為oneself.如果講Oneshoulddoone'sbest.則是對句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞,如:someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone則要用his/her,來作其所有格形式。[誤]—Whowonthegame?—None.[正]—Whowonthegame?—Noone.[析]由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是noone,而由Howmany提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如:Howmanybooksarethere?None.[誤]Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.[析]either作代詞時由兩個含意,其一是兩者中隨便哪一個,如:Youcantakeeither.其二是兩者中的每一個。但要注意的是either后要加單數(shù)名詞,如果作主語則謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)形式。[誤]EitheryouorIareright.[正]EitheryouorIamright.[析]在either…or,或neither…nor連接兩個主語時,其謂語動詞要與和其相近的那個主語相配。[誤]Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.[正]Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.[析]neither用于兩者中無一是,而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。[誤]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.[正]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.[析]either作為“也”講時,要用于否定句中,而too則用于肯定句中。[誤]Welikeboththislittleboy.[正]Webothlikethislittleboy.[析]both作同位語時,它在句中的位置有:在be動詞之后,如:Wearebothstudents.在實意動詞之前,如:Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助動詞之后,如:WehavebothreadtheseEnglishnovels.使用時要注意以下句子的實際含意:Bothofusarenotright.應譯為:我們倆不都對。Neitherofusisright.才應譯為:我倆都不對。又如:Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意為:兩本書我不能全給你,而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才為:兩本書我全不能給你。[誤]Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.[正]Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.[析]each作句子主語時其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式,如:EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell,但each作同位語時,則應以原名詞的數(shù)為準。[誤]Everyofushastopasstheexam.[正]Eachofushastopasstheexam.[析]every只可作形容詞,不可作代詞,而each既可作形容詞,又可作代詞,在作形容詞時each側重強調(diào)個體,而every則側重于全體。[誤]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[正]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[析]everyone不可與of結構相連接使用,而everyone則可以這樣用。[誤]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[正]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[析]要注意的是everyday是“每天”,而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如:everydayEnglish日常英語,everydaylife日常生活。[誤]Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.[正]Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一個,而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個。因為街道只有兩側,所以只能用each而不能用every.[誤]Allmyparentsareengineers.[正]Bothmyparentsareengineers.[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部,而both則用于兩者的全部。[誤]Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[析]非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用allof結構,也就是講allof結構后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關的習慣用法還有:alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinte

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