2023學(xué)年完整公開(kāi)課版RFIDandSpectrumKnowledge（2022新）

Presenter:MiZhiqiangHunanModernLogisticsCollegeRFIDandSpectrumKnowledge1ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency2InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesContentsIntermsofapplicationconcepts,theworkingfrequencyofradiofrequencytagisalsotheworkingfrequencyofRFIDsystem,whichisoneofitsmostimportantcharacteristics.Theworkingfrequencyofradiofrequencytagsnotonlydeterminestheworkingprinciple(inductivecouplingorelectromagneticcoupling)andidentificationdistanceofradiofrequencyidentificationsystem,butalsodeterminesthedifficultyofimplementationandthecostofequipmentofradiofrequencytagsandreadersRadiofrequencytagsoperatingindifferentfrequencybandsorfrequencypointshavedifferentcharacteristics.RFIDapplicationsoccupyafrequencybandorfrequencypointwhichisinternationallyrecognizedaslocatedintheISMband.Typicaloperatingfrequenciesare125kHz,133kHz,13.56MHz,27.12MHz,433MHz,902-928MHz,2.45GHz,5.8GHz,etc.Fromtheapplicationconcept,theworkingfrequencyofradiofrequencytagisalsotheworkingfrequencyofRFIDsystem.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency1.LowFrequencyBandRFTagLowFrequency(LF)：Mainspecificationsare125～134KHz。Thegreatestadvantageoflowfrequencyisthatitstagsclosetometalorliquidcaneffectivelytransmitsignals,unlikeotherhigherfrequencytags,whichwillbereflectedbackbymetalorliquid,butthedisadvantageisshortreadingdistance,unabletosimultaneouslyreadmultipletags,andlowamountofinformation,generallyusedinaccesscontrolsystems,animalwafers,caranti-theftdevicesandtoys.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency2.HighFrequencyBandRFTagHighFrequency(HF):Mainspecification13.56MHz.Thecommonmainspecificationsare13.56MHz.ISO-14443AMifareandISO-15693;Electronictagsarepassiveinductivecoupling,readingdistanceisabout10-100cm;Theadvantageisthatthetransmissionspeedisfastandmulti-tagidentificationcanbecarriedout.Thedisadvantageisthattheenvironmentinterferenceismoresensitiveandthereadingrateislowerinmetalorhumidenvironment.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency2.HighFrequencyBandRFTagUsedinaccesscontrolsystems,leisurecards,e-wallets,bookmanagement,productmanagement,documentmanagement,pallettracking,electronictickets,baggagetags;Itisthemostmaturetechnologyandthemostwidelyusedandhighlyaccepted;Therefore,itisrecommendedthatthetechnologyandapplicationsinthisfieldshouldbevigorouslydevelopedatthisstage.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequencyTypeofRFID(classifiedbyfrequency)01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency100KHz1MHz400MHz1GHzISO11784ISO11785ISO14223ISO18000(part2)Animal

IdentificationISO15693ISO18000(part3)Item

ManagementItem

ManagementISO18000(part7)Item

ManagementISO18000(part6)ISO18000(part4)Item

ManagementISO18092NearFieldCommunicationISO14443Item

ManagementEPCHF1EPCUHF0EPCUHF1HeikoKnospeandHartmutPohl,“RFIDSecurity”,InformationSecurityTechnicalReport.Vol.9,No.4,2004.HighFrequency(HF):Themainspecificationis13.56MHz.Highfrequencyanti-counterfeitingmanagement:UsingthelatestRFIDpatentedtechnologyCanrecordindividualstudentstatusdataorproductmanufacturerinformationWiththespecialreadingmechanism,itcaneliminateallkindsofcounterfeitingandeffectivelyachieveanti-counterfeitingeffect.2.HighFrequencyBandRFTag01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequencyHighFrequency(HF):Mainspecification13.56MHz.Highfrequencypatientidentification:ReducedataflowanderrorrateChangeoperationmodeandshortenoperationtimeProvidetimelyandaccuratemedicalhistory,keepabreastofthelatestsituationofpatients2.HighFrequencyBandRFTag01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency3.UltraHighFrequencyBandRFTagUltraHighFrequency(UHF):Themainspecificationsare433MHzand860MHzto960MHz.Commonmainspecificationsare430~460MHz,860~960Mhz;ISO-18000,EPCGen2;Theelectronictagisapassiveantennathatcanbefabricatedbyetchingorprinting,sothecostislow,andthereadingdistanceisabout5-6meters;Theadvantagesarethatthereadingdistanceislong,theinformationtransmissionrateisfast,andthereadingandidentificationofalargenumberoftagscanbesimultaneouslyperformed,whichhasbecomethemainstreamofthemarket;Thedisadvantageisthattheapplicationofmetalsandliquidsisnotideal.Itisappliedtoairpassengerandbaggagemanagementsystem,shelfandpalletmanagement,shipmentmanagement,logisticsmanagement,trucktracking,supplychaintracking.TechnologicalbarriersarethemainstreamoffuturedevelopmentandEPCGen2isthemaindrivingforceintheUnitedStates.Therefore,itissuggestedthattechnologyandapplicationinthisfieldshouldbedevelopedatthisstage.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequencyAlthoughtheapplicationofmetalandliquidproductsisnotideal,butbecauseofthelongreadingdistance,fastinformationtransmissionrate,andtheabilitytosimultaneouslyreadandidentifyalargenumberoftags,ithasbecomethemainstreamofthemarket,andwillbewidelyusedinthefutureairpassengerandbaggagemanagementsystem,shelfandpalletmanagement,shipmentmanagement,Logisticsmanagementandsoon.3.UltraHighFrequencyBandRFTag01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequency4.SuperHighFrequency/MicrowaveFrequency(SHF)/Microwave(uW)：Themainspecificationsare2.4GHz、5.8GHzCharacteristicsandapplicationsaresimilartoultra-highfrequencybands,buttheyaresensitivetotheenvironment,suchasbeingeasilyabsorbedbywaterandgas.Theimplementationismorecomplicated,notfullystandardized,andthepenetrationrateistobeobserved.Itisgenerallyappliedtobaggagetracking,itemmanagement,andsupply.Chainmanagementetc.01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequencyOperatingfrequencyrangeDescription<135kHzLowfrequencyinductivecoupling6.765～6.795MHzIntermediatefrequency(ISM),inductivecoupling7.400～8.800MHzIntermediatefrequency,onlyforelectronicanti-theft13.553～13.567MHzIntermediatefrequency(13.56MHz,ISM),inductivecoupling,widelyusedincontactlessidentificationcards,internationalstandardsareISO14443(productMIFARE,LEGIC,...),ISO15693(productTag-It,I-Code,....),ISO18000-3itemmanagement,etc.26.957～27.283MHzIntermediatefrequency(ISM),inductivecoupling,onlyusedinspecialapplications433MHzUHF(ISM),reflection-scattercoupling,asmallamountofRFIDuse868～870MHzUHF,reflection-scattercoupling,newfrequencybands,systemsarebeingdeveloped902～928MHzUHF(SRD),reflection-scattercoupling,multipleapplicationsystems(ChinaRailway)2.400～2.500GHzSHF(ISM),reflection-scattercoupling,usedinmultiplesystems(vehicleidentification:2.446.2.454GHz)5.725～5.875GHzSHF(ISM),reflection-scattercoupling,asmallamountofRFIDuseTableRFIDsystemoperatingband01ClassificationofRFIDoperatingfrequencyAlthoughRFIDhasdifferentapplicationsindifferentfrequencybands,inrecentyears,thetechnologyfavoredbytheindustryisradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologybasedonUHFband.Fromtheperspectiveofapplicationtrend,RFIDtechnologywillbewidelyusedinmodernlogisticsindustryandcommodityretailindustry.WhydoesUHF-bandRFIDtechnologybecomeaglobalhotspot?Thereareseveralfactorstoconsider(seethetablebelow).FrequencyrangeLFHFUHFWMTypicalread-writedistance<135kHz<13.56MHz860-960MHz42.45GHzApplicationfieldAccesscontrol,animaltagSmartcard,accesscontrol,baggagecontrol,transportation,clothingLogistics,labeling,baggagehandling,electronicchargingsystemSmartcard,electronicchargingsystem,accesscontrolTagreadingspeedLowHighMetalandliquidpenetrationHigh

LowTagsizeBig

Small02InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesAssumingthatthepoweroftransmitterisequal,usinglowfrequencytoachieveRFIDwilltheoreticallyobtainalargereceptionpower,butthelargersizeoftagswillaffectthewideapplicationofthemarket;ifusingmicrowavetoachieveRFIDscheme,althoughthetagswillbecomesmaller,butthepathlossislarger,thewavelengthisshorter,thereceivingpowerisrelativelysmall,greatlyaffectingthereadingandwritingdistance.Consideringcomprehensively,UHF-bandRFIDwillhavetheadvantagesofmoderatewavelength,far-fieldcoupling,smalltag,smallspaceconsumptionandrelativelylongworkingdistance.WiththecontinuousmaturityofICsmartcardtechnology,thepriceoftagwillcontinuetodecline,whichlaysthenecessaryfoundationforitswideapplication.Therefore,itisanindisputablefactthatUHF-bandRFIDtechnologywillservethewholeworld.02InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesBasedonthetechnicalcharacteristicsandpotentialapplicationspaceofRFID,Internationalrelatedradioregulatoryagencieshavebeguntocarryoutfrequencyplanningworkandhaveformulatedcorrespondingmanagementpolicies,asshowninthefollowingtable.Countries/regionsFrequencyapplicationofUHFbandRFIDMaximumpowerlimit(ERP)U.S.A902～928MHz4W(EIRP)EuropeanUnion868～870MHz500mWAustralia918～926MHz1W(EIRP)ChinaHongkongarea840～845MHz920～925MHz920～925MHz2W4WIndonesia866～869MHz(Hasbeenproposed)923～925MHz(Hasbeenproposed)500mW2WSouthKorea908.5～914MHz(Hasbeenproposed)——Japan952～954MHz(Hasbeenproposed)——Singapore866～869MHz923～925MHz500mW2WFromthetable,wecanclearlyseethatthefrequencyofRFIDuseintheplannedcountriesandregionsisabout860-960MHz,whichhasbecomethemainstreamtrendintheworld.Itisconsistentwiththeconclusionofthetechnicalanalysiswehavemadeabove.02InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesInadditiontotherelevantregulationsonthetransmitpowerofRFIDreader,governmentsofallcountrieshavemaderelevantregulationsontheoccupiedbandwidth,modulationmodeandnumberoffrequencymodulation.(1)TheEuropeanUnionstipulatesthatthechannelspacingis200kHz,andinthefrequencybandof2MHzfrom865.6to867.6MHz,thetransmittingpowerofthereaderislessthan2W(E.R.P);inthethreechannelsfrom856to856.6MHz,thetransmittingpowerofthereadermustbelessthan100mW;andinthetwochannelsfrom867.6to868MHz,thetransmittingpowerofthereadershouldbelessthan500mW.Soinfact,thechannelspacingoftheRFIDdevicesusedinEuropeis200kHz,andthereare10frequencyhoppingchannelswithpowerupto2W.02InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesInadditiontotherelevantregulationsonthetransmitpowerofRFIDreader,governmentsofallcountrieshavemaderelevantregulationsontheoccupiedbandwidth,modulationmodeandnumberoffrequencymodulation.(2)AmericanFCCInstitutestipulatesthatAmericanFCCdividesthefrequencyband902-928MHzintoindustrial,medicalandmedical(ISM)bands.Therefore,therequirementsforchanneldivisionandout-of-bandradiationarerelativelyrelaxed,requiringthatthechannelspacingshouldnotexceed500kHz,andthemaximumtransmitterpowerallowedshouldbelessthan4W(E.I.R.P).Soatpresent,500kHzisthemainchannelspacingusedintheAmericanmarket,andbecauseoftherelativelywide26MHzfrequencyband,thenumberoffrequencyhoppingchannelsismorethan50,andthetransmitterpowerofthereaderisbasically4W(E.I.R.P).(3)ThemainmodulationmodesareFSK(withsubcarrier),ASKandPSK,whicharerelativelysimple.Inthefuture,theremaybemorecomplexdigitalmodulationmodes.(4)Althoughtheantennaofthetagisnotspecified,thetrendistousehalf-wavedipoleantenna,becauseitcanradiatealargeareaof1.64λ2/4π,gainfactoris1.64.02InternationalRFIDtechnologycharacteristicsandrelatedmanagementrulesChina'sradioregulatoryagenciesareactivelycarryingoutthefrequencyplanningandassignmentofRFID,andhaveinitiatedrelatedtechnicalresearchwork.TheguidingprinciplesoffrequencyplanninginChinashouldbe:(1)Itisnecessarytoensurethenormaloperationofexistingservices,whichcannotbearrangedindedicatedbands,publicmobilecommunicationsandtrunkedcommunicationbands;(2)ItisnecessarytostudythecoexistenceconditionsbetweentheRFIDandtheexistingbusiness,andtocarryoutalargenumberofin-depthanddetailedEMCanalysisandexperiments.OnthebasisofEMCanalysisandexperiments,itisnecessarytoformulatetheindicatorsoftheworkingfrequencyband,transmissionpower,out-of-bandemissionandstrayemissionofRFID,and,ifnecessary,toformulaterelevantmanagementregulationsofstations.(3)Whenformulatingthe