漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比lecture14-英漢修辭比較

Lecture14ContrastivestudiesofEnglishandChineseRhetoric英漢修辭比較I.Simile---inEnglishDefinitionAfigureofspeechcomparingtwoessentiallyunlikethingsandoftenintroducedbylikeoras(asincheekslikeroses,aheartashardasflint(打火石)).－ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms

Threeelementsofsimile

Tenor（本體）

Connectives（喻詞）

Vehicle（喻體）I.Simile---inEnglishRelationshipbetweentenorandvehicle

PhysicalattributesShape,color,number…FunctionMannerDegreeMentalsimilarityI.Simile---inEnglishSignalwords

prepositions:as,like,thanetc.

Conjunctions:as,asif,asthough,theway…,what,andetc.

Verbsorverbphrases:seem，resemble(beartheresemblanceof),treat/honor/regard/consider/respectas,compareto,likento,pass(勝過(guò)),remindof,besimilarto,serveasetc.

“of”structure:avastseaofbooks.

phrases:may/mightaswell…（as）,nomore/less…than/notanymore…than(如同…一樣),sospeak/asitwereetc.Examples:(1)Theywillneverbeabletosavemoneytobuyanewhouse－theybothspendmoneylikewater.I.Simile(2)Featherwater,lightasafeather.(“Featherwater”,abrandforeye-glasses)(3)Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark.

(as+S+V)(4)Asthelionisthekingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.

(As…,so….)(5)Myhandwritinglooksasifaswarmofants,escapingfromaninkbottle,hadwalkedoverasheetofpaperwithoutwipingtheirlegs.

(asif/though)(6)Youmayaswellaskforthemoonas(ask)forabicycle,becauseyouarenotgoingtogeteither.

(may/mightaswell+V…+as+V)I.Simile(7)Wateristofisheswhatairistomen.

水之于魚(yú)，其重要性猶如空氣之于人。

(8)Amancannomoreflythanabirdcanspeak.

人不能飛翔,就像鳥(niǎo)不會(huì)說(shuō)話一樣.(9)(a)Love

andcoughcannotbehid.

愛(ài)情像咳嗽一樣是掩蓋不了的。

(b)Ishouldsmellitthewayacatsmellamouse.

(10)Hetreatshischildastheappleintheeye.

(11)Heissometimesbad-temperedbutreallyhe’sgotaheartof

gold.

有時(shí)候他似乎脾氣不好，但他的心眼可好了。I.Simile---inChinese

signalwords--preps：像、如、宛如、似、好像、比如、正如、仿佛、好比、好似、恰似、勝似、猶如、如同、似的、一樣、一般、比方說(shuō)、像……一樣、如……一般、像……似的、仿佛……似的etc.Examples①葉子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。層層的葉子中間,零星地點(diǎn)綴著些白花,有裊娜地開(kāi)著,有羞澀的打著朵兒的;正如一粒粒的明珠,又如碧天里的星星,又如剛出浴的美人。微風(fēng)過(guò)處,送來(lái)縷縷清香,仿佛遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的。這時(shí)候葉子與花也有一些的顫動(dòng),像閃電般,霎時(shí)傳過(guò)荷塘的那邊去了。

I.Simile---inChinese②其形也,翩若驚鴻,婉若游龍?！h(yuǎn)而望之,皎若太陽(yáng)升朝霞;迫而察之,灼若芙蓉出綠波。（曹植《洛神賦》）

Withnosignalword③

天空中還飄著篩面細(xì)雨,紛紛揚(yáng)揚(yáng),把村子籠罩著。(李準(zhǔn)《清明雨》④舊恨春江流不盡,新恨云山千疊。(辛棄疾《念奴嬌·書(shū)東流村壁》

Tenorparallelswiththevehicle(proverbs)⑤畫(huà)虎畫(huà)皮難畫(huà)骨,知人知面不知心。⑥路遙知馬力,日久見(jiàn)人心。

Vehiclepriortothetenor(proverbs)⑦好漢一言,快馬一鞭。⑧入鄉(xiāng)問(wèn)俗,入港問(wèn)灣。I.Simile---Similarities&differenceinvehicle1.Similaritiesinvehiclesnumberlessasthesandsasboldasalionasrapidaslighteningasloudasathunderasfirmasarockascunningasafoxgrowlikeaweedpackedlikesardinesbloodisthickerthanwaterasblindasabat?

asbusyasabee?smokelikeachimney?asproudasapeacock?ashappyasalark?asmeekasalamb?asmotionlessasastatue?assmallasapin’shead?ashungryasawolf?asslowasasnail?tositonpinsandneedles21asthickasporridgeI.Simile---Similarities&differenceinvehicle2.differencesinvehicles(1)壯的像頭牛(2)爛醉如泥(3)如雨后春筍(4)多如牛毛(5)膽小如鼠(6)苦如黃蓮(7)犟得像頭牛(8)昭然若揭(9)像熱鍋上的螞蟻(10)如雞肋(11)像青松一樣挺拔(12)濕得像落湯雞(a)asstrongasahorse(b)asdrunkasamouse(c)springuplikemushrooms(d)asplentifulasblackberries(e)astimidasarabbit(f)asbitteraswormwood(苦艾)(g)asstubbornasadonkey(h)asclearasthenoseonyourface(i)likeacatonhotbricks(j)astastelessasrawpotatoes(k)asuprightasappletree(l)aswetasadrownedratI.Simile---Similarities&differenceinvehicle3.Similesseeminglyalike(1)ascoldasiceVS冷若冰霜(temperatureVSfeeling)(2)asblackasinkVS黑如墨(timeofthedayVScolor)(3)aslightasafeatherVS輕于鴻毛(weightVsvalue)(4)80后婚姻如兒戲。Thepost-80sseemarriageaschild’splay.Thepost-80shavenorespectformarriage.(easytaskVStriflematters)I.Simile---Similarities&differenceinvehicle4.Zero-correspondencebetweenE&Csimile(1)asfitasafiddle(2)asdullasditchwater(3)asblindasabat(4)asboldasbrass(a)非常健康(b)索然寡味(c)有眼無(wú)珠(d)厚顏無(wú)恥II.MetaphorDefinitionawayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingittosomethingelsethathassimilarqualities,withoutusingthewords‘like’or‘a(chǎn)s’.(LongmanContemporaryEnglishDictionary)InMetaphoracomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.(AdictionaryofLiteraryTerms)Englishmetaphor兼有漢語(yǔ)修辭格暗喻/隱喻、借喻以及擬物的格式，作用也與這幾種漢語(yǔ)修辭格基本相同。(毛榮貴,廖晟:2005)SignalwordinEnglish：be,e,turnintoSignalwordinChinese：“是”、“變成”、“變?yōu)椤?、“成為”、“成了”、“?dāng)作”etc.II.Metaphor

ContrastbetweenEnglishandChinesemetaphors

withtenor,vehicle(andsignalwords)

=漢語(yǔ)的暗喻/隱喻①Thedoctorisabutcher.

那個(gè)醫(yī)生是個(gè)屠夫。②兒童是祖國(guó)的花朵。③“Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.

“你這個(gè)膽小鬼!”他輕蔑地看湯姆嚷道。④你真熊!⑤白洋淀有多少葦?shù)?不知道;每年出多少葦子,也不知道;只曉得每年蘆花飄飛蘆葉黃的時(shí)候,全淀的蘆葦收割了,垛起垛來(lái),在白洋淀周圍的廣場(chǎng)上,就成了一條葦子的長(zhǎng)城。(孫犁:《荷花淀》)II.Metaphor

onlyvehicle=漢語(yǔ)“借喻”①Thatladytriestomakesheep’seyesathernewboss.

那位女士想向新老板獻(xiàn)媚。②Misfortunesdoggedhimateveryturn.

厄運(yùn)時(shí)時(shí)伴隨他。③

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.④ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.

虎惡猿狡的性格,法國(guó)人兼而有之.⑤嗟呼,燕雀安知鴻鵠之志哉!”(司馬遷《:史記.陳涉世家》⑥總之,倘是咬人之狗,我覺(jué)得都在可打之列,無(wú)論它在岸上或在水中。??中國(guó)最多的卻枉道:不打落水狗,

反被狗咬了。(魯迅《論“費(fèi)厄潑賴”應(yīng)該緩行》⑦小貓爬上桌，在稿紙上踩下幾朵小梅花。II.Metaphor

behaviorofAisusedtodescribeB=漢語(yǔ)“比擬”①Thatladytriestomakesheep’seyesathernewboss.

那位女士想向新老板獻(xiàn)媚。②Misfortunesdoggedhimateveryturn.

厄運(yùn)時(shí)時(shí)伴隨他。③

Hewormedhimselfintoourconfidence.

他逐漸騙取了我們的信任。

④

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.⑤

我到了自家的房外,我的母親早已迎著出來(lái)了,接著便飛出了八歲的侄兒宏兒。(魯迅《故鄉(xiāng)》)⑥淑英于是拿了笛橫在口邊吹起“悲秋”的調(diào)子。笛聲很凄哀,好象在泣訴一段悲傷的往事,聲音在水面蕩漾著,落下去又浮起來(lái),散開(kāi)了又凝聚起來(lái)。各人都覺(jué)得要落淚了。(巴金《家》)II.Metaphor

Historicalmetaphor

(歷史隱喻)Derivedfromaallusionorhistoricalstory,orliteraturework，whosemeaningcannotbederivedfromitswords.①Achilles’heel②Tomeetone’sWaterloo③Penelope’sweb(永遠(yuǎn)做不完的工作)④Pandora’sbox⑤figleaf⑥Jason陳世美⑦武大郎⑧名落孫山⑨王老五⑩敗走麥城III.Alliteration頭韻DefinitionTheappearanceofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachother.—LongmancontemporaryEnglish-ChinesedictionaryAlsocalledinitialrhyme，orheadrhyme.ItisuniquetoEnglish.

頭韻是指一組詞、一句話或一行詩(shī)中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)開(kāi)頭音相同的單詞。（黃任，1998:162）不發(fā)字母本音的字母不構(gòu)成頭韻，如：physicalpain不是頭韻。

Alliteration主要是詞首元音的重復(fù)、詞首輔音的重復(fù)和詞首輔音連綴的重復(fù)三種形式。III.Alliteration頭韻UseofalliterationInpoemsinprose（散文），speeches，formalargumentativeessay；

proverb（諺語(yǔ)），aphorism（警句），maxim（格言），idiomaticphrases（熟語(yǔ)）andpairedwords（成對(duì)詞)etc.Titleofanarticleorbook;AdvertisementsloganTonguetwisterRhetoricaleffectsAsafigureofspeech,itisgoodforsoundrhyme,musicaleffectandsignificantemphasis.

III.Alliteration頭韻

Examples–pairedwords星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)叮叮當(dāng)當(dāng)磨磨蹭蹭猶猶豫豫平平安安堂堂正正主要部分連皮帶毛省吃儉用幼稚無(wú)知水晶般清澈絲毫不錯(cuò)

Knick-knackjingle-jangledilly-dallyshilly-shallysafeandsoundfairandsquarepartandparcelhideandhairscrapeandscrewgreenasgrass?

clearascrystal?rightasrainIII.AlliterationExamples:①Pennywiseandpoundfoolish

.

小事聰明,大事糊涂。②Sparetherod,spoilthechild.

棍棒之下出孝子。

③Whenwinesinks,wordsswim.

酒后說(shuō)胡話

④Farfowlshavefairfeathers.

遠(yuǎn)處的鳥(niǎo)羽更美麗。⑤Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew;Thefurrowfollowedfree,WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.----S.T.Coleridge:TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(《柯勒律治：古舟子詠》)

和風(fēng)吹蕩，水花四濺，船兒破浪前進(jìn)，闖入那沉寂的海洋領(lǐng)域，我們是第一群人。

III.AlliterationExamples:⑥Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance.Amongmyskimmingswallows;----Tennyson:TheBrook隨著我那飛速的吞咽，我滑動(dòng)，我流淌，我暗淡，我閃光。

⑦

Sparetherod,spoilthechild.

棍棒之下出孝子。

III.Alliteration⑧"Thisgenerationofsoldiers,sailors,airmen,Marines,andCoastGuardsmenhavevolunteeredinthetimeofcertaindanger.Theyarepartofthefinestfightingforcethattheworldhaseverknown.Theyhaveservedtouraftertourofdutyindistant,different,anddifficultplaces...Theyaremenandwomen--white,black,andbrown--ofallfaithsandallstations--allAmericans,servingtogethertoprotectourpeople,whilegivingothershalfaworldawaythechancetoleadabetterlife....Intoday’swars,there'snotalwaysasimpleceremonythatsignalsourtroops’success--nosurrenderpaperstobesigned,orcapitaltobeclaimed...."--BarackObama,FortHoodMemorialServiceSpeech

IV.Personification

DefinitionTreatingsth.thatiswithoutlifeasahumanbeingorrepresentingitinhumanform.----OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryOfCurrentEnglishWithChineseTranslation

Throughpersonification,animalsareendowedwithhumanformorfeelings,andinanimateobjects,orideasandabstractionsaregivenlifeandpersonalattributes.Itisafigureofspeechinwhichthen.,

v.,adj.,andadv.whichareoriginallyusedtodescribeamanarenowusedinsteadtodescribeotherlivingthings,inanimateobjects,andabstractconcept,thusattributingthecharacteristicsofhumanstothem.IV.Personification

Examples:①Afingeroflandleadingoutintothebay.(noun)

②

正義被綁著示眾,真理被蒙上眼睛,連元帥也被陷害,總理也含冤而死。(艾青《在浪尖上》)(Noun)③

Cokeisacruelmistress,man.Shedoesn’tcarewhoshetakesfrom.(pronoun)

④小溪流一邊奔流,一邊玩耍。他一會(huì)兒拍拍岸邊五顏六色的石卵,一會(huì)摸摸沙地上才伸出腦袋來(lái)的小草。(嚴(yán)文井《小溪流之歌》)(Pronoun)⑤

Diorknowswhatmakesawomanbeautiful.(verb)⑥

連每一條小狗,每一只小貓,每一條牛犢和驢狗都在嬉戲。連每一根小草都在跳舞。(王蒙《春之聲》)(Verb)IV.Personification

Examples:⑦Thehandsomehousesonthestreettothecollegewerenotfullyawake,buttheylookedveryfriendly.(adj)⑧

癲狂柳絮隨風(fēng)舞，輕佻桃花逐水流。（杜甫《漫興》）(adj)⑨

Theclockonthewalltickedloudlyandlazily,asifithadtimetospare.(adv)⑩

寒風(fēng)枉自激動(dòng)地怒吼,花朵只顧恬靜地微笑。(白樺《雪山杜鵑》)(adv)IV.Personification

ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonificationInEnglish,inanimatesubject(無(wú)靈主語(yǔ))+animatepredicate（有靈謂語(yǔ)）=personification①Religionshouldnotinterferewithpolitics.

不得用宗教不得干預(yù)政治。②

Hisbonhomieoftenbroughthimmanyfriends.③

IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,theEmperor’sCanonofInteriorMedicinesummarizedthethencurrentmedicalknowledge.……黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)的作者……(Note:see,bring,find,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,take,drive,prevent…frometc)V.Parody仿擬

DefinitionAtextthatimitatesthecharacteristicstyleofanauthororaworkforcomiceffectorridicule.Examples:

Parodicwords①他不僅是大“畫(huà)家”,而且是大“話家”,畫(huà)才與口才都堪稱當(dāng)代一絕的。(《演講與口才》,2005年第5期)②

在一次整頓行業(yè)作風(fēng)的座談會(huì)上,

于老師批評(píng)了某些媒體的低俗之風(fēng),

他說(shuō):

“有些記者特別喜歡訪明星,

寫(xiě)明星,

炒作明星,

這個(gè)寫(xiě)影星軼聞,

那個(gè)寫(xiě)歌星家庭,

你寫(xiě)球星初戀,

他寫(xiě)笑星婚變,

這真是百家爭(zhēng)‘明’啊!難道凡人就沒(méi)什么可寫(xiě)的嗎?”(《演講與口才》,2005年第9期)③ZipGate,IranGate,SpyGate④IwishIwereaspopularasJack,Iknowhardlyanyoneinthiscity,whilehehasfriendstoburn.“havemoneytoburn”V.Parody仿擬Parodicsentences①宋阿姨也順勢(shì)下臺(tái),對(duì)元元嗔道:人小鬼大,下次阿姨不跟你玩了。談笑間“,是非”灰飛煙滅?！?演講與口才》,2003年第4期)“談笑間,強(qiáng)弩灰飛煙滅”②古之秀才,自以為無(wú)所不曉,于是有“秀才不出門(mén),而知天下事”這自負(fù)的漫天大謊,小百姓信以為真,也就漸漸的成了諺語(yǔ),流行開(kāi)來(lái)。其實(shí)是“秀才雖出門(mén),不知天下事”的。(《魯迅全集》<四>)③WheninChina,doasChinesedo.WheninRome,doasRomansdo.④Eastorwest，Hondaisthebest.“Eastorwest，homeisthebest.”V.Parody仿擬Parodictexts

“Twinkle,twinkle”(L.Carrol,Alice’sAdventuresinWonderland）

Twinkle,twinkle,littlebat！

HowIwonderwhatyou’reat! Youknowthesong,perhaps? Upabovetheworldyoufly, Likeateatrayinthesky.Britishpoet，JaneTaylor，“TheStar” Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar, HowIwonderwhatyouare! Upabovetheworldsohigh, Likeadiamondinthesky.V.Parody仿擬Parodictexts

娃哈哈茶飲料廣告語(yǔ)：“曾經(jīng)有一瓶娃哈哈非常茶飲料放在我的面前,我沒(méi)有珍惜。當(dāng)我失去的時(shí)候才后悔莫及,人世間最痛苦的事莫過(guò)于此。如果上天能夠給我一個(gè)再來(lái)一次的機(jī)會(huì),我會(huì)對(duì)它說(shuō)三個(gè)字‘我愛(ài)你’,如果非要加一個(gè)數(shù)量,我希望是??一萬(wàn)瓶!”

《大話西游》中周星馳的最經(jīng)典的愛(ài)情告白：曾經(jīng)有一份真誠(chéng)的愛(ài)情擺在我的面前，我沒(méi)有珍惜，等到失去的時(shí)候才后悔莫及，人世間最痛苦的事莫過(guò)于此。如果上天能夠給我一個(gè)再來(lái)一次的機(jī)會(huì)，我會(huì)對(duì)那個(gè)女孩說(shuō)：“我愛(ài)你!”如果非要在這份愛(ài)加上一個(gè)期限，我希望是一萬(wàn)年……VI.AntithesisandParallelism(對(duì)偶與排比)Chineseantithesis(對(duì)偶)consistsoftwobalancedstructuresthatarematchedinsoundandsense.Parallelism(排比)usesthreeormoreparallelphrasesorsentencesofrelevantmeaningsandsimilarstructures.Inwritingandspeaking,thesetworhetoricaldevicesaremuchmorefrequentlyemployedinChinesethaninEnglish.人有失誤,馬有失蹄。

Itisagoodhorsethatne