《孟子》漢英對(duì)譯

PAGE3Mencius孟子(英文版)Mencius(Selections)TranslatedbyCharlesMuller,TōyōUpdated:August14,2003TableofContents1A.KingHuiofLiang(partone)1B.KingHuiofLiang(parttwo)2A.KungSunCh'ou(partone)公孫丑上3A.T’engWengKung(partone)3B.T’engWengKung(parttwo)4A.LiLou(partone)離婁上4B.LiLou(parttwo)離婁下6A.KaoTzu(partone)吿子上6B.KaoTzu(parttwo)吿子下7A.ChinHsin(partone)盡心上7B.ChinHsin(parttwo)盡心下1A.KingHuiofLiang(partone)孟子見(jiàn)梁惠王。王曰，「叟，不遠(yuǎn)千里而來(lái)，亦將有以利吾國(guó)乎？」孟子對(duì)曰，「王何必曰利？亦有仁義而已矣?！埂竿踉唬骸汉我岳釃?guó)？』大夫曰：『何以利吾家？』士庶人曰：『何以利吾身？』上下交征利，而國(guó)危矣！萬(wàn)乘之國(guó)弒其君者，必千乘之家；千乘之國(guó)，弒其君者，必百乘之家。萬(wàn)取千焉，千取百焉，不爲(wèi)不多矣；茍爲(wèi)後義而先利，不奪不饜?！埂肝从腥识z其親者也，未有義而後其君者也?！埂竿跻嘣蝗柿x而已矣，何必曰利？」MenciuswenttoseeKingHuiofLiang.TheKingsaid:"Mygoodman,sinceyouhaven'tthoughtonethousandlitoofartocomeandseeme,mayIpresumethatyouhavesomethingwithwhichIcanprofitmykingdom?"Menciussaid:"Whymustyouspeakofprofit?WhatIhaveforyouisHumanenessandRightness,andthat'sall.Ifyoualwayssay'howcanIprofitmykingdom?'yourtopofficerswillask,'howcanweprofitourclans?'Theelites(shi)1andthecommonpeoplewillask:'Howcanweprofitourselves?'Superiorsandinferiorswillstruggleagainsteachotherforprofit,andthecountrywillbeinchaos.""Inakingdomoftenthousandchariots,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonethousandchariots.Inathousand-chariotkingdom,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonehundredchariots.Now,tohaveathousandintenthousand,oronehundredinathousandisnotreallyallthatmuch.Butifyouputdue-givinglastandprofitfirst,noonewillbesatisfiedunlesstheycangrabsomething.""Therehasneverbeenahumanemanwhoneglectedhisparents,andtherehasneverbeenajustmanwhoputhisprincelastinhispriorities.King,can'twelimitourconversationtohumanenessanddue-giving?Whymustwediscussprofit?"梁惠王曰：「寡人之於國(guó)也，盡心焉耳矣！河內(nèi)兇，則移其民於河?xùn)|，移其粟於河內(nèi)；河?xùn)|兇亦然。察鄰國(guó)之政，無(wú)如寡人之用心者；鄰國(guó)之民不加少，寡人之民不加多：何也？」孟子對(duì)曰：「王好戰(zhàn)，請(qǐng)以戰(zhàn)喩。填然鼓之，兵刃旣接，棄甲曳兵而走，或百歩而後止，或五十歩而後止；以五十歩笑百歩，則何如？」曰：「不可。直不百歩耳，是亦走也！」曰：「王如知此，則無(wú)望民之多於鄰國(guó)也?！埂覆贿`農(nóng)時(shí)，穀不可勝食也；數(shù)罟不入洿池，魚(yú)鼈不可勝食也；斧斤以時(shí)入山林，材木不可勝用也；穀與魚(yú)鼈不可勝食，材木不可勝用，是使民養(yǎng)生喪死無(wú)憾也；養(yǎng)生喪死無(wú)憾，王道之始也?！埂肝瀹€之宅，樹(shù)之以桑，五十者可以衣帛矣；雞豚狗彘之畜，無(wú)失其時(shí)，七十者可以食肉矣；百畝之田，勿奪於時(shí)，數(shù)口之家可以無(wú)饑矣；謹(jǐn)庠序之教，申之以孝悌之義，頒白者不負(fù)戴於道路矣；七十者衣帛食肉，黎民不饑不寒；然而不王者，未之有也！」「狗彘食人食而不知檢，塗有餓莩而不知發(fā)；人死，則曰：『非我也，歳也?！皇呛萎愳洞倘硕鴼⒅?，曰：『非我也，兵也！』王無(wú)罪歳，斯天下之民至焉?！筀ingHuiofLiangsaid:"Iexertmywholeconsciousnesstowardsmypeople.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-nei,ImovethepeopletoHe-dongandbringgraintoHe-nei.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-dong,Idolikewise.2Now,ifyoulookatthegovernmentinneighboringkingdoms,thereisnoonewhoisasdedicatedtohispeopleasIdo.Yetwhyisitthatthepeopledon'tmovefromotherstatesandcometomine?"Menciusreplied:"Yourmajesty,youlikewar,don'tyou?Letmemakeanexamplewithwar:Thedrummershavepsychedthesoldiersintothebattlefieldandthebattleisengaged.Somesoldiersthrowofftheirheavyarmorandflee,draggingtheirweapons.Onefellowrunsahundredpacesandstops.Anotherrunsfiftypacesandstops.Whatwouldyouthinkiftheonewhoranfiftypaceslaughsattheonewhoranahundred?"TheKingsaid:"Noway.Eventhoughhedidn'trunahundredpaces,hestillran."Menciussaid:"Ifyourealizethis,thenyoushouldn'texpectpeopletomovetoyourkingdom.Ifyoudon'tinterferewiththetimingofthefarmers,therewillbemoregrainthancanbeeaten.Iffine-meshnetsarekeptoutofthepondsandlakes,therewillbemorefishandturtlesthanyoucaneat.Ifloggersareregulatedintheirwoodcutting,therewillbemorewoodthancanbeused.Whenthereismoregrain,morefishandturtlesthancanbeeaten,andmorewoodthancanbeused,thepeoplewillnourishthelivingandmournthedeadwithoutresentment.Nourishingthelivingandmourningthedeadwithoutresentmentisthebeginningoftheroadtotruekingship.""Ifmulberrytreesareplantedaroundhomesteadsofanacre,thenpeoplefiftyyearsoldcanbeclothedinsilk.If,intheraisingoffowl,pigs,dogsandswine,theirbreedingtimesarenotmissed,thenpeopleseventyyearsoldcaneatmeat.Ifyoudonotupsetthefarmingscheduleinafarmoftwentyacres,thenalargeclanwillneverbehungry.Paycarefulattentiontoeducation,basingitontheRightnessoffilialpietyandrespectforelders,andthegray-hairedpeoplewillnotbeinthestreetscarryingheavyburdensontheirbacks.Therehasneverbeenacasewherethepeopleofseventywereeatingmeatandtheblack-hairedpeoplewerefreefromcoldandhunger,wherethekingwasnotwellregarded.""But[inyourkingdom],dogsandswineeatmen'sfood,andyoudon'tcontrolit.Peoplearedyingofstarvationinthestreetsanditdoesn'toccurtoyoutodistributegrainfromthestorehouses.Peopledie,andyousay:'It'snotmyfault;itwasabadharvest.'Howisthisdifferentfromstabbingamantodeathandsaying,'Itwasn'tme,itwastheknife.'Ifyouwouldstopplacingtheblameonbadharvests,allofthepeopleinthecountrywouldcometoyou."梁惠王曰：「寡人願(yuàn)安承教?！姑献訉?duì)曰：「殺人以梃與刃，有以異乎？」曰：「無(wú)以異也?！埂敢匀信c政有以異乎？」曰：「無(wú)以異也。」曰：庖有肥肉，廏有肥馬，民有飢色，野有餓莩，此率獸而食人也。獸相食，且人惡之；爲(wèi)民父母行政，不免於率獸而食人，惡在其爲(wèi)民父母也！仲尼曰：『始作俑者，其無(wú)後乎！』爲(wèi)其象人而用之也，如之何其使斯民饑而死也。」KingHuiofLiangsaid:"Iwouldliketoquietlyreceiveyourinstruction."Menciussaid:"Isthereanydifferencebetweenkillingamanwithastickorasword?"TheKingreplied:"Nodifference."Menciussaid:"Isthereanydifferencebetweendoingitwithaswordanddoingitwithgovernment?""Nodifference"wasthereply.Menciussaid:"Thereareloadsoffatmeatinyourkitchenwhilethepeopleinthecountrysidearedyingofstarvation.Animalsareeveneatingpeople.Now,mendespiseanimalswhofeedoneachother.Andyousayyouwanttobe'theparentofthepeople.'Butintheactualhandlingofyourgovernment,youcannotevenpreventanimalsfromfeedingonmen.Howcanyouberegardedasa'parentofthepeople?'""Confuciussaid:'Wasn'tthefirstfellowwhomadewoodenimagesforburialwiththedeadrememberedforever?'Thisisbecausehemadeimagesofmenandusedthemforsuchapurpose.Whatmemoryshalltherebeofthemanwhomadehispeopledieofstarvation?"梁惠王曰：「普國(guó)，天下莫強(qiáng)焉，叟之所知也。及寡人之身，東敗於齊，長(zhǎng)子死焉；西喪地於秦七百里；南辱於楚：寡人恥之，願(yuàn)比死者一灑之，如之何則可？」KingHuiofLiangsaid:"Asyouknow,venerablesir,thereisnotastrongerstateinthecountrythanChin.Sincetheyattackedme,wehavealsolostontheeasttoCh'i,wheremyeldestsondied.Onthewest,wehavelostonehundredliofterritorytoCh'inandonthesouthwehavebeenembarrassedbyCh'u.Ihavebeenshamedbythisandwouldliketocleartheslateformyancestorsonceandforall.HowcanIdoit?"孟子對(duì)曰：「地方百里而可以王。王如施仁政於民，省刑罰，薄稅歛，深耕易耨；壯者以暇日修其孝悌忠信，入以事其父兄，出以事其長(zhǎng)上，可使制梃以撻秦楚之堅(jiān)甲利兵矣！」Menciusreplied:"Aterritoryonehundredlisquareisenoughtoconstituteaviablekingship.Yourmajestyshouldgiveahumanegovernmenttothepeople,becarefulinpunishingcrime;makethetaxeslight;plowthefieldsdeeplyandhoethemwell.Thenallthestrongandhealthypeoplecanintheirleisuretimecultivatefilialpiety,siblingaffection,loyaltyandsincerity.Iftheydothis,thenwhentheyareathometheycanservetheirfathersandelderbrothers,andwhentheyareoutintheworldtheycanservetheireldersandsuperiors.Thesepeoplewillbeable,with[only]sharpenedsticks,togiveabeatingtoCh'inandCh'uwiththeirhardarmorandsharpweapons."彼奪其民時(shí)，使不得耕耨以養(yǎng)其父母，父母凍餓，兄弟妻子離散。彼陷溺其民，王往而征之，夫誰(shuí)與王敵！故曰：『仁者無(wú)敵。』王請(qǐng)勿疑?！?Thoserulerssnatchthepeople'stimesothattheyareunabletodotheplowingandhoeingwhichisnecessarytosupporttheirparents.Olderandyoungerbrothers,wivesandchildrenareseparatedandscattered.Inthiswaytheserulerstrapandburytheirownpeople.Ifyou,King,wouldgoandchastisethem,whowillopposeyou?Don'tdoubttheancientproverb:'TheHumanemanhasnoonetoopposehim.'"孟子見(jiàn)梁襄王。出語(yǔ)人曰：「望之不似人君，就之而不見(jiàn)所畏焉。卒然問(wèn)曰：『天下惡乎定？』[1A:6]MenciushadanaudiencewithKingHsiangofLiang.Whenhecameout,hesaidtosomepeople:"WhenIsawhimatadistance,hedidnotlooklikeaking,andwhenIapproachedhim,therewasnothingtobeinaweof.Abruptlyheaskedme:'HowcanthesituationoftheCentral吾對(duì)曰：『定於一?！弧埂甘肽芤恢?？」「對(duì)曰：『不嗜殺人者能一之?！弧埂甘肽芘c之？」"Ianswered:'Itcanbesettleddownbyunification.'"Hesaid:'Whocanunifyit?'"Ireplied:'Hewhodoesnotlikekillingmencanunifyit.'""Heasked:'Whohasthepowertograntsomeonethisability?'"「對(duì)曰：『天下莫不與也。王知夫苗乎？七八月之間旱，則苗槁矣。天油然作雲(yún)，沛然下雨，則苗浡然興之矣。其如是，孰能禦之！今夫天下之人牧，未有不嗜殺人者也。如有不嗜殺人者，則天下之民皆引領(lǐng)而望之矣。試如是也，民歸之，由水之就下，沛然誰(shuí)能禦之！』"Iansweredagain,saying:'Thereisnooneinthelandwhowouldnotgrantit.Doyouknowanythingaboutfarming?Duringtheseventhandeighthmonthsitgetsdryandtheplantswither.Whenthereisasuddendownpourofrain,theplantscomevibrantlytolife.Yoursituationbeinglikethis,whowillopposeyou?Now,amongthosewhoareleadersinthiscountry,therearenonewhodislikekillingmen.Iftherewereonewhodislikedkillingmen,allthepeopleinthecountrywouldsticktheirnecksoutmerelytogetaglimpseofhim.Ifyouwerereallylikethis,thepeoplewouldcometoyoulikewaterrunningdownhill.Whocouldopposeyou?'"齊宣王問(wèn)曰：「齊桓普文之事，可得聞乎？」[1A:7]KingHsüanofCh'iasked:"CangivemeyouranalysisofwhathappenedbetweenDukeHuanofCh'iandDukeWenofCh'in?3"孟子對(duì)曰：「仲尼之徒，無(wú)道桓文之事者，是以後世無(wú)傳焉，臣未之聞也。無(wú)以，則王乎？」Menciusanswered:"NoneofConfucius'disciplestalkedaboutHuanandWen,soIhavenosignificantinformationonthem.SosinceIcan'ttalkaboutthem,howaboutdiscussingkingship?"曰：「德何如則可以王矣？」曰：「保民，而王莫之能禦也?！筎hekingsaid:"Whatkindofqualitiesarenecessaryforrealkingship?"Menciussaid:"Takecareofthepeople,andnoonecanopposeyou."曰：「若寡人者，可以保民乎哉？」曰：「可?！乖唬骸负斡芍峥梢玻俊筎hekingsaid:"Issomeonelikemecapableoftakingcareofthepeople?"Menciussaid:"Sure."Thekingsaid:"Howdoyouknow?"曰：「臣聞之胡齕曰：『王坐於堂上，有牽牛而過(guò)堂下者；王見(jiàn)之，曰：「?？芍俊箤?duì)曰：「將以釁鐘。」王曰：「舍之；吾不忍其觳觫，若無(wú)罪而就死地?！箤?duì)曰：「然則廢釁鐘與？」曰：「何可廢也？以羊易之?！埂徊蛔R(shí)有諸？」"IheardthisstoryfromHu-ho:Hesaidyouweresittingupinthemainhallandamanwalkedpastthelowerpartleadinganox.Yousawthisandasked:'Whatareyoudoingwiththeox?'Hereplied:'Wearegoingtoconsecrateabellwithitsblood.'Yousaid:'Letitgo—Ican'tstandtoseetheagonyonitsface,likethatofaninnocentpersongoingtoexecution!'Themanthenanswered:'Shallweforgettheconsecrationofthebell?'Yousaid:'Howcanitbeforgotten?Substituteitwithasheep!'"Menciusthenadded:"Idon'tknowifthisisatruestory."曰：「有之。」曰：「是心足以王矣。百姓皆以王爲(wèi)愛(ài)也，臣固知王之不忍也。」Thekingsaid:"Itis."Menciussaid:"Ifyoupossessthiskindofmind,youarecapableoftruekingship.Thepeopleallaccusedyouofbeingcheap,butIamconvincedthatyoureallycouldnotstandthesightoftheox."王曰：「然，誠(chéng)有百姓者，齊國(guó)雖褊小，吾何愛(ài)一牛？即不忍其觳觫，若無(wú)罪而就死地，故以羊易之也。」Thekingsaid:"Youareright.YetthepeoplereallydidthinkIwasbeingcheap.Butthetruthis,eventhoughCh'iisafairlysmallkingdom,howcouldIbegrudgealousyox?Ireallycouldn'tstandtoseethefearinitsface,likethatofaninnocentmangoingtohisexecution.That'swhyIchangeditforasheep."曰：「王無(wú)異於百姓之以王爲(wèi)愛(ài)也；以小易大，彼惡知之？王若隱其無(wú)罪而就死地，則牛羊何擇焉！」王笑曰：「是誠(chéng)何心哉！我非愛(ài)其財(cái)而易之以羊也，宜乎百姓之謂我愛(ài)也?！筂enciussaid:"Youshouldnotthinkitstrangethatthepeoplethoughtyouwerestingy.Youchangedalargeanimalforasmallone,sohowcouldtheyknowyourrealmotivation?Ifyouwerereallypainedatitsinnocentlygoingtoexecution,what'sthedifferencebetweenanoxandasheep?"Thekinglaughedandsaid:"WhatwasIreallythinking?ButIdidn'tchangeitbecauseoftheexpense—nowonderthepeoplehavecalledmecheap!"曰：「無(wú)傷也，是乃仁術(shù)也，見(jiàn)牛未見(jiàn)羊也，君子之於禽獸也，見(jiàn)其生，不忍見(jiàn)其死；聞其聲，不忍食其肉：是以君子遠(yuǎn)庖廚也。」Menciussaid:"Youhavenotdonewrong.Whatyoudidwasanactofhumaneness.Yousawtheox,buthadnotseenthesheep.Whenitcomestoanimals,iftheSuperiorManhasseenthemwhilealive,hecannotstandtowatchthemdie.Ifhehearstheirscreams,hecannotstandtoeattheirmeat.Thereforehestaysawayfromthekitchen."Thekingwaspleasedandsaid:"ItissaidintheBookofOdes:'Peoplehavetheirminds,Ifathomthem.'Whatyouhavejustsaidisexactlywhathappenedwithme.ButwhenIsoughtwithinmyself,Icouldn'treallyseemyownmotivations.Asyouhaveshownme,thereiscompassioninmyheart,buthowcanthisbesufficientforkingship?"Menciussaid:"Supposesomeonesaidthistoyou:'Iamstrongenoughtoliftsixhundredkilos,butnotstrongenoughtoliftafeather;myeyesightissharpenoughtoanalyzethetipofautumndown,butIcannotseeawagonloadoffirewood.Canyougoalongwiththis?'""Ofcoursenot.""Thenisn'titquiteoddthatyourcompassionreachestoanimals,butnotdowntothepeople?Ifthesinglefeatherisnotlifted,itisbecauseyourstrengthisnotused,andwhenthewagon-loadoffirewoodisnotseenitisbecauseyourvisionisnotused.Thepeople'snotexperiencingyourcareisbecauseyourcompassionisnotused.Thereforeyourmajesty'slackoftruekingshipisbecauseofalackofeffort,notalackofability."Thekingasked:"Canyouclarifythedifferencebetweennon-effortandinability?"Menciusreplied:"IfitisthecaseoftakingMt.T'aiunderyourarmandleapingovertheNorthSeawithit,andsaying:'Iamunable',thenthisistrueinability.Ifitisthecaseofsnappingabranchoffatreeforanelderandyousay'Iamunable,'thisisnon-effort,itisnotinability.Thus,yourmajesty'snothavingakinglyholdoverthepeopleisnotinthecategoryoftakingMt.T'aiunderyourarmandleapingovertheNorthSea."Itisthetypeofnotbreakingabranch.Ifyoutakecareofyouownelders,thecommonpeoplewilldothesamefortheirelders.Ifyouarekindtoyouryoung,thecommonpeoplewillbekindtotheiryoung—youwillholdthekingdominthepalmofyourhand.TheBookofOdessays:Hisexampleaffectedhiswife.Itreachedtohisbrothers,SuchthathecouldmanageHisclanandhisstate.Thismeansthatifyoujustextendyourhearttoallothers,andextendyourcompassion,itwillbeenoughtotakecareofallthoseinthecontinent.Ifyoudonotextendyourcompassion,youwillnotevenbeabletotakecareofyourownwifeandchildren.TheWayinwhichtheancientshavesurpassedallothersisnoneotherthanthis:Theirgoodnessextendedthrougheverythingtheydid,andnothingmore."Nowyourcompassionissufficienttoreachtoanimals,yetlackstheeffectivenesstoreachthepeople.Isn'tthatsomething?Byweighingweknowwhatislightandheavy.Bymeasuringweknowlongandshort.Allthingsarelikethis,andespeciallythemind,sowhydon'tyoumeasureit,king?Nowadaysyoubuildupyourarmaments,endangeryoursoldiersandofficersandinstigatetroublewithotherheadsofstate.Doesthisgiveyoupleasure?""No,howcouldIenjoythis?IdoittogetwhatIreallywant."Menciussaid:"Whatisitthatyoureallywant?"Thekingjustsmiledandkepthismouthshut.Menciuscontinued:"Areallyourrichandsweetfoodsnotenoughforyourtaste?Isyourwardrobeofwinterandsummerclothesnotenoughforyourbody?Ordoyounothaveenoughfancytoystosatisfyyoureyes?Ordoyounothaveenoughservantsandconcubinestocomebeforeyouandsatisfyyou?Allyournumerousministerscancertainlygetallthesethingsforyou,sohowcanyoustillwantmoreofthese?"Thekingsaid:"No,Idon'twantthese.""Thenitisobviouswhatitisyoureallywant,"saidMencius,"youwanttoexpandyourterritory,makevassalsofCh'inandCh'u,ruletheMiddleKingdom,getcontrolovertheoutlyingtribes.Doingthekindsofthingsyouhavebeendoingtogetwhatyouwantislikeclimbingatreetocatchfish.""Isitthatbad?""Evenworse.Ifyouclimbatreetocatchfish,eventhoughyouwon'tcatchanything,therewillbenogreatcalamity.Butifyoucompletelydevoteallofyouenergiestogettingwhatyouwantinthisway,youaresuretomeetwithdisaster."Thekingsaid:"Canyouexplainhow?"Menciussaid:"IfthereisawarbetweenTsouandCh'u,whodoyouthinkwillwin?""Ch'uwillwin.""Youareright,andthatmeansthatyouknowthatasmallstatecannotgoupagainstalargestate,thatafewcannotopposemany,thattheweakcannotcontendwiththestrong.ThecontinentalterritoriesofonethousandsquareliarenineinnumberandCh'i(yourkingdom)onlymakesforone.Ifwithonepartyoutrytosubduetheothereight,howisthisdifferentfromTsou'sfightingCh'u?Pleasereflectonthisessentialpoint.""Nowifyouinitiateagovernmentbasedongoodness,alltheofficialsinChinawillwanttocometoyourcourt;allthefarmerswillwanttoplowyourfields;themerchantswillwanttostoretheirgoodsinyourmarketplaces;allthetravelerswillwanttogobyyourroads,andallthepeopleinthelandwhoarehassledbytheirrulerswillwanttocometoyouforhelp.Iftheyfeelthisway,whowillbeabletostopthem?"Thekingsaid:"Iamdull-witted,andunabletocarrythisout.Pleasehelpmeclarifymywillbyinstructingme.EventhoughIamnotsosharp,Iwilltrytodoit."Menciussaid:"Onlyashihisabletokeepasteadymindwithoutasteadylivelihood.Ifthecommonpeoplelackasteadylivelihood,theycannotbesecure.Iftheyarenotsecure,thereisnothingtheywillnotdointermsofcriminal,depravedandselfishacts.Foryoutofollowthemupandpunishthemoncetheyhavecommittedcrimesinthissituationisentrapment.Howcouldabenevolentmanruleandatthesametimeentraphispeople?""Thereforetheintelligentrulerwillregulatethelivelihoodofhispeoplesothattheyhaveenoughtosupporttheirparentsandtheirownchildren.Ingoodyearstheywilleattheirfull,andinbadyearstheywillneverstarve.Afterthisyoucangoadthemtowardthegood,becausetheywillfolloweasily.Asitstandsnow,youregulatethelivelihoodofthepeopleinsuchawaythattheydonothaveenoughtotakecareoftheirparentsortheirchildren.Theysuffereveninthegoodyears,andinthebadyearstheycannotescapedeath.Alltheycandoistrytoavoidstarvingtodeath,allthetimefearingthattheywillnotmakeit.WhatkindoffreetimewilltherebetocultivateproprietyandRightness?""Ifyoureallywanttobringthisabout,you'dbettergetbacktothebasics.Ifmulberrytreesareplantedonplotsofoneacre,peopleintheirfiftiescanwearsilk.Ifyoudonotpullthemenawayforbattleduringthebreedingtimesofyourlivestock,peopleintheirseventiescaneatmeat.Iftheproperplanting,cultivationandharvestingtimesarenotmissed,thefamilyofeightthatlivesoffatwenty-acrefarmwillnotgohungry.Paycarefulattentiontoeducation,teachingtheRightnessoffilialpietyandfraternity,andthegray-hairedwillnotbeseeninthestreetscarryingheavyburdensontheirbacks.""Therehasneverbeenacasewheretheelderlyworesilkandatemeat,andtheblack-hairedpeoplesufferedfromneitherhungernorcold,wherethekingshipwasnotgenuinelyrespected."1B.KingHuiofLiang(parttwo)[1B:10]Preliminarynote:Ch'iattackedthestateofYeninthenorthwestintheautumnof315BC.Yen'sprince,aweakling,hadresignedhisthronetohisprimeminister,andgreatconfusionensued,sothatthepeoplewelcomedtheappearanceofthetroopsofCh'iandmadenoresistancetothem.K'uangChang,thefriendofMenciusmentionedin4B:30and3B:10ledtheCh'iarmies.ThekingandHeirApparentofYenwerebothkilled.[Text]Ch'iattackedYenandconqueredit.KingHsüanofCh'isaidtoMencius,"SomesayIshouldoccupyYenandsomesayIshouldn't.Foramajorkingdomtoovercomeanothermajorkingdomofapproximatelyequalstrengthanddoitwithinfiftydaysisbeyondjustthemanpoweroftheconqueringarmy.IfIdonotoccupyYen,Imayexperiencesomebadfate;butwhatwillhappen,ontheotherhand,ifIoccupyit?"Menciusreplied,"IfyouoccupyitYenanditspeoplearereallyhappy,thendoso.InancienttimesKingWuhadthisexperience.Ifyoutrytooccupyitanditspeopleareagainstyou,thenyoushouldn'toccupyit.InancienttimesKingWenhadthisexperience.""Whenamajorpowerattacksanotheranditsarmiesaregreetedbythepeoplewithgiftsoffood,etc.,howcouldtherebeanyotherreasonexceptthattheyaretryingtogetoutofawfulcircumstancesundertheirownruler?Butif,ontheotherhand,thepeopleseeyouasagreaterevilthantheirowndictator,theywillneverstoptheirresistance."[1B:11]Ch'i,havingattackedYen,occupiedit.ThesurroundingstatesbegantoplantocometotheaidofYen.KingHsüanofCh'isaid,"Thesurroundingpowersareplanningtoattackme.HowshouldIdealwiththem?"Menciusreplied,"Ihaveheardofakingwithonlyseventysquarelirulingthewholeland—thatwasT'ang.ButIhaveneverheardofaKingwithathousandsquareli(likeyou)havingtobeinfear.TheBookofHistorysays:"WhenT'angfirstbeganhiswarofpunishment,hestartedwith(thekingdomof)Ko.Thewholeworldbelievedinhim,andsoashiscampaignwenteast,thetribesofthewestbecameimpatient,andashewentsouth,thetribesofthenorthbecameimpatient.Theyallsaid:'Whydoesheliberateuslast?'Thepeoplewaitedforhimthewaywewaitforrainafteralongdrought.Themerchantscontinuedtheirbuyingandsellingandthefarmerscarriedontheirfarming.(Whenhecametoconquer,)T'angpunishedtheirrulers,buttookcareofthecommonpeople.Hewaslikethemuch-neededrainfallandthepeoplewerehappy.Again,theBookofHistorysays:"WeawaitourKing.Whenhecomes,allwillberestored."NowtheprinceofYenwasatyrant,andyouwentandpunishedhim.Yen'speoplethoughtyouweresavingthemfromoppressionandtheygreetedyourarmywithgiftsoffood.ButnowyoumurderYen'sfamily,chainuphisyoungerrelatives,destroytheancestraltemplesandrobpeople'streasures.Howcanyouexpectthemtotakethis?Theworldmayfearyourpower,butifyoukeeptryingtoexpandyourinfluenceanddonotpracticeHumanegovernment,thearmiesoftherestofthelandwillriseuptoopposeyou.Youmustissueordersatoncetoreleasethecaptivesandstopthelooting.ConferwiththepeopleofYen.Appointarulerforthemandthengetoutofthere.Thenthosewhoarecapableofhurtingyouwillnotattack.2A.KungSunCh'ou(partone)公孫丑上公孫丑問(wèn)曰：「夫子加齊之卿相，得行道焉，雖由此霸王不異矣。如此，則動(dòng)心否乎？」[2A:2]KungSunCh'ouaskedMencius:"Let'ssayyouweretobecometheprimeministerofCh'iandhavetheopportunitytosetupagoodgovernment.Eventhoughyourpowerwouldreallynotbedifferentfromthatofaking,inhandlingthis,wouldn'tyouloseyourmentalstability?"孟子曰：「否。我四十不動(dòng)心。」Menciussaid,"No.Ihaven'tlostmymentalstabilitysinceIwasforty."曰：「若是，則夫子過(guò)孟賁遠(yuǎn)矣？」Ch'ousaid,"ThenyouhavefarsurpassedMengPan."曰：「是不難，吿子先我不動(dòng)心。」Menciussaid,"Itisnotsodifficult.Kao-tzuattainedmentalstabilityatayoungeragethanI."曰：「不動(dòng)心有道乎？」"Isthereamethodforattainingmentalstability?"askedCh'ou.曰：「有?！埂副睂m黝之養(yǎng)勇也：不膚撓，不目逃思以一毫挫於人，若撻之於市朝不受於;;褐寬博，亦不受於萬(wàn)乘之君視刺萬(wàn)乘之君，若刺褐夫：無(wú)嚴(yán)諸侯惡聲至，必反之?！?Thereis.Forexample,PiKungYuhadamethodofdevelopinghiscourage.Whenattacked,hewouldneitherflinchnorturnawayhiseyes.Ifsomeonetouchedasinglehaironhisbody,hewouldregarditasifhehadbeenpubliclybeateninthemarketplace.Whathewouldnottakefromabum,hewouldnottakefromagreatprince.Heregardedthestabbingofaprincejustthesameasthestabbingofabum.Hehadnofearofthegreatnobles.Ifslanderouswordsreachedhisears,hewouldneverletitgobywithoutrevenge."「孟施舍之所養(yǎng)勇也，曰：『視不勝猶勝也量敵而後進(jìn)，慮勝而後會(huì)，是畏三軍;者也。舍豈能爲(wèi)必勝哉，能無(wú)懼而已矣！』MangShihShealsohadamethodofdevelopinghiscourage.Hesaid:"Iregardvictoryanddefeatasthesame.Togaugetheenemyandthenattack;toplanthevictoryandthenengage—thisistobeafraidoftheopposingarmy.HowcanIbesureofwinning?Icanonlybefearless,andthat'sall."「孟施舍似曾子，北宮黝似子夏夫二子之勇，未知其孰賢然而孟施舍守約也。「昔者曾子謂子讓子襄曰：『子好勇乎？吾嘗聞大勇於夫子矣：「自反而不縮，雖褐寬博，吾不惴焉。自反而縮，雖千萬(wàn)人吾往矣?！埂籑angShihShewaslikeTsengTzu.PiKungYuwaslikeTzuHsia.AmongPiKungandMang,Idon'tknowwhoisbetter,butMangShihShefocusedontheessentials.Forexample,informertimes,TsengTzusaidtoTzuHsiang:"So,youlikebravery,doyou?IhaveheardfromourMasteraboutGreatBravery.IfIreflectonmyselfandfindthatIamnotright,thenwon'tIevenfearfacingabumoffthestreet?ButifIreflectonmyselfandfindmyselftoberight,thenevenifitbeanarmyofonehundredthousand,Iwillgoforward."「孟施舍之守氣，又不如曾子之守約也?！笲utMangShihShe'sattentiontohisch'iisstillnotequaltoTsengTzu'sattentiontotheessentials.[Comment]TheChineseideographch'ioriginallymeans"air,"especiallybreath.ThroughMencius'usage,andtheusageoflaterTaoists,martialartistsandtheNeo-Confucianschool,itsmeaningbecomesquiteenhanced.Herech'i,asbreath,isunderstoodasthevitalconnectionbetweenbodyandmind.Itisthelife-forcewhichanimatesthebodytogreaterorlesserdegrees,dependinguponitscultivationtowardthevigorandvitalityoftheindividual.InthetermswithwhichMenciusdescribesit,ch'icanbecomparedtothepranaofsomeIndianyogicsystems,whichcanbecultivatedthroughbreathcontrolandvariousotheryogicpractices.OneofthemostrelevantpointsthatMenciusmakesinregardtothecultivationofch'i,isthatthiscultivationisdependent,morethananythingelse,ontheuninterruptedpracticeofRightness.>曰：「敢問(wèn)夫子之不動(dòng)心，與吿子之不動(dòng)心，可得聞與？」「吿子曰：『不得於言，勿求於心不得於心，勿求於氣;?！徊坏渺缎?，勿求於氣，可不得於言，勿;求於心，不可。夫志、氣之帥也氣;、體之充也。夫志至焉，氣次焉。故曰：『持其志，無(wú)暴其氣?！弧笴h'ouasked,"Willyoupleasetellmeaboutyour'mentalstability'inrelationtoKaoTzu's'mentalstability'?"Menciusreplied,"KaoTzusaysthatwhatcannotbeattainedthroughwordsshouldnotbesoughtforinthemind,andthatwhatcannotbeattainedinthemindshouldnotbesoughtforthroughthech'i.Thislatterpropositioniscorrect,butthefirstoneisnot.Thewillisthedirectorofthech'i,andthech'i