定語從句精講

定語從句Theattributiveclause（一）定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語1.定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2.先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3.關(guān)系詞：

引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語從句；B.代替先行詞；C.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。

Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.（二）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who

指人，在定語從句中作主語。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Thosewho

wanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwho

hadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2.

whom

指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。MrLiuistheperson(whom)

youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)

youarewaitingforhascome.Thegirl(whom)

theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom

在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho

來代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)

youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.which

指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Footballisagamewhich

islikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhich

makescomputersisfarawayfromhere.

Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.Thehousewhich

isbythelakelooksnice.Thisisthepen(which)

heboughtyesterday.Thefilm(which)

theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4．that

指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who

或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。Thenumberofpeople

that/who

cometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whom

Isawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whom

youintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/which

comesafterspringissummer.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/which

camefromAustralia.5.whose

通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。Ivisitedascientistwhose

nameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhose

fatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinthehousewhose

roofhasfallenin.注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：Theclassroomwhose

doorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhich

isbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhich

isyellow?（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。Theschool(which/that)

heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhich

heoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)

youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhich

youasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)

Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.Thisistheboywithwhom

Iplayedtennisyesterday.We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)

wehaveoftentalkedabout.We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhom

wehaveoftentalked.Themanagerwhose

companyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.Themanagerinwhose

companyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：1.含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)

Iamlookingfor.ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.Thebabies(whom/who/that)

thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.２.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.×√×３.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhom

areverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhich

havegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhom

arefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhich

areaboutcountrylife.（四）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.when

指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhen

wegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhen

thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhen

helivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.2.where

指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。Shanghaiisthecitywhere

Iwasborn.Ivisitedthefarmwhere

alotofcowswereraised.Thehousewhere

Ilivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Isthistheplacewhere

theyfoughttheenemy?3.why

指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Pleasetellmethereasonwhy

youmissedtheplane.Thereasonwhy

hewaspunishedisunknowntous.Idon’tknowthereasonwhy

helooksunhappytoday.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。Fromtheyearswhen/inwhich

hewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句A.限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。B.非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“．．．的”通常譯成主句的并列句。

關(guān)系詞的使用上A．作賓語時(shí)可省略B．不可省略A．可用that

B．不用thatA．可用who

代替whomB．不可用who

代替whomGreatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhich

theylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhich

herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthat

Icoulddependon.Chinaisacountrywhich

hasalonghistory.InthestreetIsawamanwho

wasfromAfrica.限制性定語從句舉例：非限制性定語從句舉例：Hismother,who

loveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,which

wasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhich

manyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：1.Herbrotherwho

isnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué).（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）Herbrother,who

isnowasoldier,alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。（意含：她只有一個(gè)哥哥。）2.Allthebooksthat

havepicturesinthemarewellwritten.所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含：不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）Allthebooks,which

havepicturesinthem,arewellwritten.所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含：沒有不帶插圖的書。）（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything,anything,nothing(something

除外),all,none,few,little,some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時(shí)。Haveyoutakendowneverythingthat

Mr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthat

isimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthat

canbedonehasbeendone.Thereislittlethat

Icandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthat

theyneeded.

Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，Anymanthat/who

hasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。Thefirstplacethat

theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。Thisisthebestfilmthat

Ihaveeverseen.4．當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,theonly

修飾時(shí)。Thisistheverydictionarythat

Iwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthat

heowns.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系代詞who。WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwho

willattendthemeeting.5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who,which

等疑問代詞時(shí)。Whoisthemanthat

isstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthat

fitsmemost?6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthat

theyrememberedatschoolLookatthemanandhisdonkeythat

arewalkingupthestreet.

（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which

引導(dǎo)的定語從句as

和which

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是

1.as

和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。Hemarriedher,as/which

wasnatural.Heishonest,as/which

wecansee.2.as

引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含義。As

isknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,as

wecanknowfromhisaccent.John,as

youknow,isafamouswriter.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,which

Idon’tbelieve.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,which

madehisteacherveryangry.Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,which

madethemveryheavy.3.當(dāng)先行詞受such,thesame

修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。I’veneverheardsuchstoriesas

hetells.Heisnotsuchafoolas

helooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.注意：當(dāng)先行詞受thesame

修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.Sheworethesamedressas

heryoungersisterwore.(三)以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。Theway(that/inwhich)

heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)

youlaughather.（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?A.Iknowaplacewhere

wecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/that

isfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.Compare:B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhen

wespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/which

wespenttogether.C.Thisisthereasonwhy

hewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/which

heexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.（五）but有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。Thereareveryfewbut

admirehistalents.

（but=whodon’t）（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別1．定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。Theyexpressedthehopethat

theywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位語從句)

Thehopethat

sheexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.（定語從句）

2．定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。Thenewsthat

hetoldmeistrue.（定）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位）Theproblemthat

wearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.（定）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（同位）Thequestionwhether

heissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer.（同位，此個(gè)不能用if）Theproblemhow

wecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.（同位）1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,_____madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_______hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where3.Thegentleman_______youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom4.Pleasetakeanyseat____isfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that5.Theoldmanhastwosons,_______isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem6.Thisistheship_______wecrossedthePacific(太平洋).A.bywhichB.bythatC.whereD.inwhich7.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_____hasmorethan100storeys.A.thehigherofthemB.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthemD.someofwhich8.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame_____itusedtobe.A.whichB.asC.whereD.when9.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,______manypeoplehavegonehome.A.whosetimeB.thatC.atwhichD.bywhichtime10.Theboy______compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.A.who