句子成分和定語從句

句子成分ComponentsofaSentence英語的基本成分有七種：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________和_________________________主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)補(bǔ)語（complement）。Componentsofasentence英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）Basicsentencepatterns/structures基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothlyＳ│Vi（不及物動(dòng)詞）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（是系動(dòng)詞）│Ｐ（表語）1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.Hisface│turned│red.基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be,look,keep,seem等，表情況；get,grow,become,turn等屬另一類，表變化。be本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞：lookwell/面色好,soundnice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feelgood/感覺好，smellbad/難聞基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│"Goodmorning."5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，eg：give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語)；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。Givemeacupofteaplease.ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.Bringittome,please.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.2.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名詞/代詞賓格+n./adj./介詞短語/動(dòng)詞不定式/分詞基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。可以用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，介詞短語等。a，ＳＶ

b，ＳＶＰ

c，ＳＶＯd，ＳＶｏＯ

e，ＳＶＯＣ

1，Pleastellusastory._______2,Shesmiled.______3.Ihavealotworktodo._____4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____6.Pleaselookatthepicture._____daebec但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.一、定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，譯為‘‘……的’’定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.

Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.二、狀語：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等--Theboyneedsapennow.--Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作狀語的有副詞,不定式，分詞，介詞短語，從句等。

一)挑出下列句中的賓語①M(fèi)ybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表語--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定語1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.(五)挑出下列句中的狀語①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.PracticeHowtomodifyanoun1.anenjoyableexperience2.therulesoftheschool3.thecakethatImadeanadjectiveaprepositionalphraseanattributiveclause翻譯方法：…的TryingtofindoutReadthefollowingsentencesfromthetext.Trytofindoutwhattheymeanandwhat’sspecialabouttheirstructure.1.IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiana.2.MissBurkewastheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishLiterature.3.AllmyclassmatesenjoyedthecakethatImade.Introduceattributiveclauses

Theyallenjoyedthecake

thatImade.Anattributiveclause:theclausethatmodifiesanounorapronoun(tellswhichpersonorthingthespeakermeans)Anantecedent:

the

noun/pronounanattributiveclausemodifiesArelative

pronoun:thepronounthatjoinstheantecedentandtheattributiveclause(定語從句,先行詞,關(guān)系代詞)（）ReadandfindoutReadthearticleonP9.Underlinetheattributiveclausesyoufindinthearticle.1.In2004,hewenttoOxfordUniversity

where

hebecomeinterestedinChineseculture.

2.SomeofthecitiesinChinawhichlikesmostareBeijing,ShanghaiandNanjing.

3.Mostofthestudents

thathetaughthavebecomehisfriend.

4.Someofthebooksweregifts

thathegotfromhisChinesefriends.

5.Thepaintings

thatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayed.Whenwetalkaboutpeople…Weusewho/that

inanattributiveclauseinsteadofhe/she/theyandwho/whom/thatinsteadofhim/her/themTheman–helivesnextdoor–isfriendly.Themanwho/that

livesnextdoorisfriendly.Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacher–Isawhiminthesciencelab.Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacherwhom/who/that

Isawinthelab.Whenwetalkaboutthings…Weusethatorwhichinanattributiveclauseinsteadofit/they/them

Thecups–theywerebroken-hurthisfeet.Thecupsthat/whichwerebrokenhurthisfeet.Thebook–Iborroweditfromthelibrary–isveryfun.Thebookthat/whichIborrowedfromthelibraryisveryfun.Thescientist

?wemetyesterdayisveryfamous

who

intheworld.

whom

that(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedressthatsheiswearingisnew.

which

?(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonthatIhaveeverworkedwith.

who

whom

?ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

??1.Hedidall/everything_______hecouldtohelpme.2.Thisisthevery

thing_______Iamafter.3.Wetalkedaboutthemenandthethings_______werememberedatschool.4.Itistheonly

book

_______Iaminterestedin.5.Thisisthefirstthing_______Iwanttosay.6.Itisthefinest

movie_______Ihaveeverseen.7.Whoistheman_______spoketoyouatthegate.8.Whichisthestar_______isnearesttotheearth.that,whichorwho?thatthatthatthatthatthatthatthat當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞時(shí),如:all,few,little,much,something,anything,everything,等只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast,all,every,much,little,few,no,any等修飾時(shí)只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況

當(dāng)人和物合做先行詞時(shí)只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況

當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況

在疑問詞who、which、what開頭的句子中只能用that做關(guān)系代詞的情況先行詞是由數(shù)詞而形成的代詞

Infacetherearefourofthem.Thetwothatyoucouldseenowsurvivedthefire.在雙重從句中,其一已經(jīng)用了which,另一個(gè)用that

Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.先行詞是主句表語,或關(guān)系詞本身是從句表語Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatit(whatit)usedtobe.

在介詞后面只能用which

做關(guān)系代詞的情況Literatureisasubjectabout_____Iknowlittleabout.which指人who/thatHeisnolongertheman____heusedtobe.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，通常用that而不用who：Anyone___wantsaticketpleasesignyournamehere.Those____wanttogototheEnglishpartymustbeattheschoolgateby7:30p.m.He____doesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.whowhowho

當(dāng)先行詞是anyone,those,he,she等代詞表“人”時(shí)，一般用who而不用thatWhose(meanpossession)Weusewhoseinanattributiveclauseinsteadofhis/her/its/theirThegirl–herhairisred-issinging.

Thegirlwhose

hairisredissinging.Thebookwhosecoverisblueismine.Thebook–itscoverisblue-ismine.關(guān)系詞whose實(shí)際上是先行詞的所有格難用的whoseThehouseismine.Thewindowofthehouseisbroken.Jointhefollowingpairofsentences.Thehousewhose

windowisbrokenismine.

whose=thehouse’swindowThehouseismine.thewindowofwhichisbrokenofwhichthewindowisbroken先行詞人物主語賓語所有格注釋who/thatwhich/thatwhom/who

/thatwhich/thatwhosewhose/of

whichArelativepronouncanbe

omittedwhenitisusedastheobjectinattributiveclause.1.Thegirl__________isstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.2.Thegirl_________________ourteacheristalkingwithisherdaughter.3.Thegirl________motherisfromBritaincanspeakEnglish

verywell.4.Ican’tfindthebook____________isborrowedfromthelibrary.5.Ican’tfindthebook________________youlenttome.6.Haveyoureadthebook_________authorisahighschoolstudent?7.Iusedtostudyinaclassroom____________windowswereallbroken.

who/that(whom/who/that)whosewhich/that(that/which)whosewhoseFillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns.PracticeFillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns.

8.Harrypotterisaboy_________hasagreatgiftformagic.

9.Theschool___________youcanseeontheleftisoneoftheoldestbuildingsinthiscity.10.Theman______legbrokeinthematchusedtobeafootballplayer.11.I’dlikearoom______windowlooksouttothesea.12.I’dlikearoom_________thewindowlooksouttothesea.who/that(that/which)whosewhoseof

which填上合適的關(guān)系詞并分析原因：1.Theway_________________heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.2.Theway_________________heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.that/which/不填that/inwhich/不填缺狀語缺賓語考點(diǎn)：theway用做先行詞3.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_____hesaidit.（04湖北）

A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich高考題鏈接：1.Tomistheboy.Hesitsinfrontofme.Tomistheboywho

sitsinfrontofme.2.Thisistheboy.Isitbehindhim.Thisistheboy(whom)

Isitbehind.3.Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?4.Imethiminthestreet.His

glasseswereverybeautiful.Imethimwhose

glasseswereverybeautifulinthestreet.1)LiyangHighSchoolisaschool.2)Iamstudyingintheschool.1.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool__________Iamstudyingin.2.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool_______Iamstudying.3.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool______Iamstudying.that/whichinwhichwhere先行詞是指地點(diǎn)的詞，Relativeadverb1:where在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語1)Iwillneverforgettheday.2)IcametoLiyangHighSchoolonthatday.Iwillneverforgettheday__________IcametoLiyangHighSchoolon.2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______IcametoLiyangHighSchool.3.Iwillneverforgettheday______IcametoLiyangHighSchool.that/whichonwhichwhenRelativeadverb2:when先行詞是指時(shí)間的詞，在從句中做時(shí)間狀語1)Couldyoutellmethereason?2)Youarelateforthereason.1.Couldyoutellmethereason__________youarelatefor?2.Couldyoutellmethereason________youarelate?3.Couldyoutellmethereason______youarelate?that/whichforwhichwhyRelativeadverb3:why先行詞是指原因的詞，在從句中做原因狀語關(guān)系副詞和先行詞的關(guān)系Istillremembertheday

whenIcamehere.

Thisisthehouse

whereIlivedlastyear.

Therearemanyreasons

why

peopleliketraveling.

ontheday=wheninthehouse=whereforthereasons=why關(guān)系副詞實(shí)際上是介詞＋先行詞Fillintheblankswith“relativeadverbs”

1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.

2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)greatchangeshavetakenplace.

3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?

4).

Thedaysaregone_____(___________)weused“foreignoil”.whenonwhichwhereinwhichwhyforwhichwhenduringwhich1.I’llneverforgetthedays______________weworkedtogether.

2.I’llneverforgetthedays___________wespenttogether.

3.Iwenttotheplace

Iworkedtenyearsago.

4.Iwenttotheplace_____________Ivisitedtenyearsago.

5.Thisisthereason_____________________hewaslate.

6.Thisisthereason_____________________hegave.

when/inwhichwhichwhere/inwhichwhichwhy/forwhichthat/which幾種易混的情況及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞1.Doyourememberthefactory?Weusedtoworkin

it.Doyourememberthefactory?Weusedtoworkinit.2.Istillrememberthedays.Wespentthedaystogetherlastyear.3.Ican’tbelievethereason.Hegavethereasonforbeinglate.Istillrememberthedays.

Westayedtogetherinthedays.Ican’tbelievethereason.Hewaslateforthereason.Doyourememberthefactory(which)weusedtoworkin?.Doyourememberthefactoryinwhich/where

weusedtowork?.Istillrememberthedays(which)wespenttogetherlastyear.Istillrememberthedaysinwhich/when

westayedtogether.Ican’tbelievethereason(which)hegaveforbeinglate.Ican’tbelievethereasonforwhich/whyhewaslate.Theman______talkedtoyoujustnowisanengineer.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom2.Thedoctor_____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.thenurseistalkingtoC.whomthenurseistalkingD.whothenurseistalking3.Hereisthebicycle_______intheshop.A.thatyousawit B.thatsawitC.yousaw D.youawit4.I______yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whoisB.thatisC.whoamD.whoare5.Shelivesinahouse_______windowsfacesouth.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.whoABCCA6.Thisisthestudent______fatherisapilot.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.that7.Those______notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn8.Anyone

__________

this

opinion

may

speak

out.

A.

that

againstsB.

that

againstC.

who

is

againstD.

who

are

against

9.Ihavereadallthemagazines______yougaveme.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whose10.Thescientisttoldusitwasthesmallestlivingthing________couldbeseenunderamicroscope.A.thatB.whichC./D.whoCDCBA

11.Is

this

the

factory

___

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

in

whichD.

the

one

12.

Is

this

factory

___

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

whichD.

the

one

13.

Is

this

the

factory

____

he

worked

ten

years

ago?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

whichD.

the

one

ADB介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelives

isfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toin×

×

Arethesetwosentencesright?可見,who、that不能用于介詞之后。介詞后面的先行詞，指物只能用which,指人只能用whom.

介詞+關(guān)系代詞中的介詞從何而來Thisistheroom______Luxuneverlived.Istillremembertheday_______Ijoinedthearmy.Istillrememberthedays_______Ijoinedthearmy.inwhichintheroom

onwhichonthedayinwhichduringwhichin/duringthedays與先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配Theman_______youjusttalkedismyfather.Heistheman________Ithinkyoucandepend.Hereferredmetosomebooks__________Iamnotveryfamiliar.介詞+關(guān)系代詞中的介詞從何而來towhomonwhomwithwhich動(dòng)詞或形容詞與介詞的搭配talkto

dependon

befamiliarwith

Hemadeaholeinthewall,______________hecouldseewhatwasgoingonoutsidethehouse.Water,_____________mancannotlive,isreallyimportanttothepeasantsinthisarea.介詞+關(guān)系代詞中的介詞從何而來

through

whichwithout

which定語從句句意

Icannotremembertheage____whichhewontheprize.Thisistheage____whichpeopleliveinpeaceandhappiness.atin介詞+關(guān)系代詞中的介詞從何而來1.

Doyouliketheboo