第七章 銀行保函2

Chapter7(2)7.2.3typesofbankguarantee1.IntermsoftherelationshipwiththeunderlyingtransactionIntermsoftherelationshipwiththeunderlyingtransaction,guaranteecanbeclassifiedintoaccessoryguaranteeandindependentguarantee.2.IntermsofmethodsofissuingguaranteeIntermsofmethodsofissuingguarantee,aguaranteecanbeclassifiedintodirectguaranteeandindirectguarantee.(SeeP258)Adirectguaranteeoccurswhentheclientauthorizesthebanktoissueaguaranteedirectlytothebeneficiary.

Anindirectguaranteeisaguaranteewhereasecondbankisinvolved.Thisbank(usuallyaforeignbanklocatedinthebeneficiary’scountryofdomicile)willberequestedbytheinitiatingbanktoissueaguaranteeinreturnforthelatter’scounter-guarantee.Theinitiatingbankmustformallypledgetopaytheamountclaimedbythebeneficiaryundertheguaranteeupondemandbytheguaranteeingbank.3.IntermsoftheconditionsforaclaimIntermsoftheconditionsforaclaim,aguaranteeorabondmaybeclassifiedintounconditionalbondandconditionalbond.無條件保函主要是指“見索即付”(payableuponfirstsimpledemand)的擔(dān)保。在這類擔(dān)保項(xiàng)下，擔(dān)保人在受益人的簡(jiǎn)單書面索賠面前承擔(dān)了無條件的支付義務(wù)，不論基礎(chǔ)交易合同的實(shí)際執(zhí)行情況如何，也不論受益人本身是否實(shí)際履行了合同賦予他的義務(wù)，只要擔(dān)保人在保函的有效期內(nèi)收到了受益人所提交的符合保函條款規(guī)定的書面索賠（通常僅為簡(jiǎn)單書面索賠）即應(yīng)立即付款，而不得以任何理由（包括申請(qǐng)人或許可因之而抗辯受益人的種種理由）來對(duì)抗受益人，不得拖延付款，更不能作出拒付。在這種保函項(xiàng)下，銀行只能憑單付款，而不能以事實(shí)為依據(jù)來決定是否受理索賠。有條件保函是指擔(dān)保人在保函的條文中對(duì)索賠的發(fā)生與受理設(shè)定了若干的限制條件，或規(guī)定了若干能客觀反映某種事實(shí)的發(fā)生、某種條件的落實(shí)之單據(jù)的提供；擔(dān)保人在該保函項(xiàng)下保留有一定的抗辯權(quán)，只有在保函規(guī)定的這些條件得到了滿足之后，或所規(guī)定的能反映客觀事實(shí)的單據(jù)提交給擔(dān)保人之后，擔(dān)保人才會(huì)履行其支付義務(wù)，否則其即可憑以作出拒付。這種保函對(duì)于保護(hù)申請(qǐng)人的利益，防止受益人的無力索賠、防止欺詐發(fā)生是十分有利的，但對(duì)受益人來說，則往往難以接受。4.IntermsofthepaymentprerequisiteunderguaranteeIntermsofthepaymentprerequisiteunderguarantee,aguaranteeissubdividedintopaymentguaranteeandcreditguarantee.paymentguaranteeisasecuritymechanismforpaymentofthecontractamount.Creditguaranteeisadefaultinstrumentthatcoverstheriskofnon-performanceordefectiveperformancebythecontractor.付款類擔(dān)保，是指銀行為那種一旦發(fā)生，合同的一方對(duì)另一方的支付行為將不可避免的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)所提供的擔(dān)保。這里所說的擔(dān)保，并非特指保函項(xiàng)下的付款行為，而指交易活動(dòng)本身所需要的一種支付行為或支付義務(wù)，是指對(duì)作為合同項(xiàng)下的另一方所提供的商品、勞務(wù)、技術(shù)等給付對(duì)價(jià)的那種支付,通常是指對(duì)合同價(jià)款(如貸款,貨款,承包款,勞務(wù)費(fèi),技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓費(fèi),借款,租金,傭金等)所作出的支付.這種支付的付款義務(wù),只要交易發(fā)生,隨著商品,勞務(wù)技術(shù)等的交流,支付就不可避免.對(duì)于這樣一種有關(guān)合同價(jià)款的既定的支付義務(wù)所提供的擔(dān)保,或者說對(duì)隨著交易的發(fā)生而必然產(chǎn)生之債務(wù)的支付所作出的擔(dān)保,即是付款類擔(dān)保.從理論上來說,付款類擔(dān)保項(xiàng)下支付行為的發(fā)生與否,是以受益人能否按照保函中所確定的要求去履行自己的職責(zé)和義務(wù)為前提條件,只要受益人履行了屬于自己應(yīng)盡的合同義務(wù),從而獲得了求索并享有合同價(jià)款的權(quán)利,他就可能在保函項(xiàng)下提出索賠并取得自己應(yīng)得的合同價(jià)款.信用類擔(dān)保則是指銀行對(duì)那些只有在合同一方有違約行為而使其在合同項(xiàng)下承擔(dān)了賠償責(zé)任時(shí),支付才可能發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)所提供的擔(dān)保.在這類擔(dān)保所涉及的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中,只要不出現(xiàn)作為保函申請(qǐng)人之合同一方的違約,這種或有的支付就不會(huì)發(fā)生,所以,此類支付并非合同或交易本身所既定的一項(xiàng)必然發(fā)生的義務(wù),而是一項(xiàng)或許可能出現(xiàn)的行為.由于信用類擔(dān)保是對(duì)申請(qǐng)人在合同項(xiàng)下的或有支付責(zé)任所作的擔(dān)保,因此,它不是以受益人是否履行了合約義務(wù)作為支付發(fā)生的前提,而是必然要以申請(qǐng)人一方是否存在違反基礎(chǔ)合約的行為來作為其先決條件,只有在申請(qǐng)人出現(xiàn)了違約,才可能發(fā)生支付.7.2.4contentsThecontentsofaguaranteegenerallycontainthefollowingelements.(seeP260)(1)Guaranteepurpose.(2)Partiesinvolved:theprincipal,thebeneficiaryandguarantor(3)Theunderlyingtransactionrequiringtheissueofguarantee.(4)Amountofguarantee(themaximumanditscurrency)(5)Theexpirydateorexpiryeventoftheguarantee(6)Paymentmechanismortermsfordemandpayment(7)Assignment(8)Otherprovision:reductionoftheamount,thegoverninglawandjurisdiction.7.2.5procedure(1)Theunderlyingcontractisenteredintobyandbetweentheprincipalandthebeneficiary.(2)Theprincipalappliestoabankandrequeststheissuanceoftheguarantee.(3)Iftheguarantor(usuallyabank)issatisfiedthatjoininginaguaranteeisjustified,itthenissuesaletterofguaranteeundertakingtomakepaymenttothebeneficiaryincompensationintheeventofdefaultoftheprincipalagainstthepresentationofawrittendemandandotherspecifieddocuments.(4)Atthesametime,theprincipalwillbeaskedtosignacounterindemnitytoauthorizetheguarantortodebittheaccountwiththecostofanypaymentundertheguarantee.(5)Incasetheprincipaldoesnotfulfillhisobligationtowardsthebeneficiaryinrespectoftheunderlyingtransactionforwhichtheguaranteeisgiven,theprincipalisclaimedandsothepaymentistriggeredbypresentationofaclaimcomplyingwiththeformalrequirementsoftheinstrum