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GuizhouRadio&TVUniversityPracticalProjectDesignTitle:EmilyDickinson’sRefusaltoPublishHerPoems狄金森拒絕出版她的詩歌的因素Name:?WangJin ?Number: 7School: GuizhouRadio&TVUniversityMajor:?English(EducationOriented)Date:?March25th,2023Tel:E-mail:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThecompletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheencouragement,theguidance,andthesupportofmanyotherpeople.Firstofall,IwouldextendmysincereandheartfeltthankstomysupervisorProfessorXiaShangli,whohasgivenmevaluablesuggestionsandinsightfulcommentsinthethesiswriting.Shehasalsospentmuchtimegoingthroughbrainstormingwithme,putmyworkontherighttrack,readingreatdetailseverydraftofeverysectionofthisthesis,andhelpedimprovetheappropriatenessofEnglishused.MygratitudetoProfessorXiaknowsnobound.Specialthanksalsogotomyfamilyfortheirunfailingsupportandlovethroughoutmyuniversitystudy.CONTENTSAbstractinEnglish…...............……………………....1AbstractinChinese………………..…1=1\*ROMANI.Introduction………..…………...…………..……….….…………1II.EmilyDickinson’spersonality……………………22.1Introverted………………………..22.2High-hearted…………………….4III.PurposeofEmilyDickinson’swriting…….…….5IV.ThecharacterofEmilyDickinson’spoetry…………….…………64.1Theusingofomission……………64.2Theusingofdash…………………7V.ThepublicationhistoryofEmilyDickinson’spoetry……………9VI.Conclusion……………….…....10BIBIOGRAPHY..…………….………………….…...11DECLARATION…………………12EmilyDickinson’sRefusaltoPublishHerPoemsAbstract:DickinsonisafamousAmericanpoetess.Sheisaliterarygenius.Shewrotealotofpoetryduringherlifetimebutpublishedverylittleofherpoems.Fromtheinformationavailable,Itcanbeseenthatshewasintrovertedandalittlearrogant,high-hearted;shewasnotgoodatdealingwithpeople,andshehadnointerestonsociallife;herpoetrydoesnotfollowgrammarrules,soitwashardfortheeditorsandreaderstoread.Thesearethereasonswhyherpoemswerenotpublishedduringherlifetime.Inthispaper,thewriterisgoingtoexplorethereasonswhysherefusedtopublishherpoemsbystudyingherpersonality,thecharacterofherpoetry,andthepublicationhistoryofherpoetry.Keywords:Dickinson;personality;refusedtopublish摘要:狄金森是美國著名的女詩人,她是個文學(xué)天才,但是她生前寫了很多詩歌卻很少發(fā)表她的詩歌。從現(xiàn)有的資料看出,她性格內(nèi)向而又有些傲慢,不善于社交也無心解決世事,她的詩歌不注重語法規(guī)則是當(dāng)時的讀者乃是編輯很難讀懂,這些是她的詩歌在她的生前一直得不到出版的因素。本文要通過對她的個性、詩歌的特點及詩歌出版的歷史的研究來探討她不出版詩歌的因素。關(guān)鍵詞:狄金森;
個性;拒絕出版=1\*ROMANI.IntroductionEmilyDickinsonwasbornonDecember10,1830,inAmherst,Massachusetts,theoldestdaughterofEdwardDickinson,asuccessfullawyer,memberofCongress,andformanyyearstreasurerofAmherstCollege,andofEmilyNorcrossDickinson,atimidwoman.Dickinsonwasfun-lovingasachild,verysmart,andenjoyedthecompanyofothers.Herbrother,Austin,becamealawyerlikehisfatherandwasalsotreasurerofAmherstCollege.Theyoungestchildofthefamily,Lavinia,becamethechiefhousekeeperand,likehersisterEmily,remainedat(yī)homeallherlifeandnevermarried.ThesixthmemberofthistightlyknitgroupwasSusanGilbert,Emily'sambitiousandwittyschoolmatewhomarriedSheleft1775poems.ShehadaccessedtoEmerson'sthoughtwhenshewasyoung.Emersonopposedtoauthority,advocatedtheviewofintuitive.Mostofherpoemswriteaboutarrogantloneliness,disappointmentwiththepursuitofreligion,andserenedeath.Thisreflectshercomplexpsychologicalstatus.Herpoemsfocusoncontent,ratherthanfocusontherulesofgrammar.Sheusedalotofvariouspunctuationmarks,especiallydash.EmilyDickinsondiedonMay15,1886.Hersisterandfriendsselectedandeditedherpoems.Thentheypublished3setsinthelate19thcentury.Duringherreclusivelifeinherownhouse,shewrotealotofpoemsandcorrespondencesthatcontaingreatliteraryvalue.Butshepublishedfewofthem.Whyshewrotemanybutpublishedfewhasbecomeacommontopictothepeople,andthisisalsothetopicpurposeofthisthesis.Asafamouswriter,sheandherworkshavebeenstudiedbyalotofpeople,suchasFerlazzoPaulJ,aswellasChinesescholarsJiangfengandLiuShoulan.Basingonpreviousstudies,thisthesisisgoingtospecificallydiscusthereasonswhyshedidnotpublishherpoems.II.EmilyDickinson’spersonality2.1IntrovertedEmilywasintroverted,andshedislikeddealingwithpeople.Soshedidn’twanttoshowhertalent.HerfatherEdwardwasindeedharshandarbitrary.AtthememoryofEmily,herfatherimmersedinlegalmattersallday,simplydidn’tcareabouthermuch.Sinceshewasalittlechild,shehadasenseofawetowardherfather.ShethoughtthatherfatherlookedlikeCromwellorAncientRome’sGeneral.Beforetheageof20,herfatherhadalwaysbeenthebackboneofherlife,andthemajorinfluencethatformedherpersonality.Withthegrowthofage,Emilybegantofeeldissatisfiedtowardherfat(yī)her'sstrictness.Andthesenseofworshiptowardherfat(yī)herhadgraduallyreplacedbythefeelingsofcontradiction.Ontheonehand,herfatherhadanunwaveringlovetoAustin,butdidn’tspareaglanceonherownintellectualsuperiority.Itmadehersadandemergethefeelingsofresistance;Ontheotherhand,theirresistibleauthorityoffat(yī)her’sstatusinthefamilyandcharismaremainedfunctioningasanabsolutedominantroleinherlife,andtheywereherspiritualsupportforsurvival.Inordertomaintainharmonyathomeandrelativeindependence,shehasbeensilenttodealwiththevariouscontradictionsinlife.Inordertobeherfat(yī)her’sobedientdaughter,EmilyseldomleftAmherst,andshewasalsoraretodropafriend'shouse.That(yī)waswhyshewassointroverted.June16,1874,whileEdwardswasspeakingattheconferenceofMassachusetts’slegislativebodies,hefelltothegroundsuddenlybecauseofaheartattack.Hesupportedtowalktothehotel,anddiedtwohourslater.Herfather'sdeat(yī)hmadehergriefandloss,anditmadeherbecamemoreintroverted.Shethoughtthatherhomewasnolongerahomesinceherfather'sdeat(yī)h.Duringthelast20yearsofherlife,EmilyoftencommunicatedwithBowles,oneofherbestfriends,bycorrespondence.Interestingly,whenBowlesvisitedtheDickinsons,hecouldn’tseeEmily,butreceivedherletterthenextday.InEmily’slastfewyears,MabeloftenwenttoplaythepianoinEmily’shome.WhenMabelwasplayingthepianointheroom,Dickinsonalwayssetquietlyonthestairs,notallowingpeopletosee.WhenMabelfinishedplaying,Emilywouldsendsomecake,wineandpoetrytoMabeltoshowgratitude.Asintrovertedasshewas,sometimesheevendidn’twanttoseeherclosefriends,howcouldawomanlikethiswouldpublishherpoetrytotheworld?
2.2High-heartedIn1847autumn,attheageofseventeenEmilyleftforSouthHadley,MassachusettstoattendtheMountHolyokeFemaleSeminary.Thisschool'sschoolobjectivewastotraintheoppositesexcompanionsforpastorswhogoabroadtodotheirmissionarywork.That(yī)year,intheearlymorningpraysofChristmasday'sprecedingday,theschoolPrincipalLyonannouncedthatallthestudentsandteachersmusthaveafastinginChristmasday.Thegirlswerenotallowedtoleavethebedrooms,buttoprayandthinkoffaultsquietly.However,Emilyandherroommat(yī)esrefusedtodolikethat.ThePrincipalwasstartledbythisactionthatdisregardedauthority.Shepunishedthestudents,whorefusedtofollowherannounceJudgeOttisPhillipsLordwasnotonlyherfather'sgoodfriend,butalsoherclosefriend.Afterherfather’sdeath,inEmily’s40s,theirfriendshipevendevelopedintolove.Dickinsonwasintensetoenjoythetruelove,andshetoldittoL(fēng)ord,hopingthatshecouldbecomeEmilyLord.However,whenLordunderstoodandacceptedthislove,andproposedtomarryher,Emilyrefuseddecidedly.Shesaidthatrejectioncouldbestowhertohappiness,andthewordnoisthemostfranticwordinourlanguage.Fromherwords,wecanseehowarroganceshewas.Althoughherdrymindneededlovetomoisten,andalthoughshewaswillingtobehiscaptive,shewasactuallynotwillingtoenableherdesiretobeobtainedeasily.Butsheonlyhopedtotakethemanshelovedasherfather.Perhaps,shejustwantedtoliveinthefantasy,toimmerseinherspiritworld.Fromthetowstoriesabove,wecanseethatEmilyDickinsonwasahigh-heartedwoman.Shewasarrogant.Shewantedtoalooffromworldlyaffairs.III.PurposeofEmilyDickinson’swritingDifferentpeoplehavedifferentpurposesofwriting.Somepeoplewritetodisclosethesocialcontradiction,somepeoplewritetoearnmoney,butEmilyDickinsonjustwantedtowritedownherthought.LuXun,afamousChinesewriter,studiedonMedicineat(yī)first.ButinordertowakeupChinesepeople,hegaveuphisstudyingonMedicine,andbegantowrite.Hewrotemanyarticlestodiscloseallkindsofuglysocialphenomena.Inordertoachievethepurposeofhiswriting,hemustpublishhisarticles.Dickinson’slivingenvironmentdidnothavemuchseriouscontradiction.Althoughshewasdissatisfiedwiththeshacklesofreligion,afterallshewasimpactedbythethoughtofPuritan.Shewasopposedtothemaleauthority,butshewasn’thostiletomen.Shehadnodesiretoconquermen,butshejustwouldliketosurmounttheobstaclesthatrestrictheraction.Althoughshehadbeendissatisfiedwithhisfather'sharsh,sherespectedherfatherverymuch.Anotherwell-knownChinesewriterHanHan,hecanearnalotofmoneyfromwritingbooks.Itissaidthatthemoneyhegetfromabookhewrotecouldbuyasportscar.Heisayouthwithopenpersonality.Heenjoysplaying,andhelikessportscar.Inordertoimprovethequalityofhislife,hehastowriteandpublishbookstomakemoney.Comparedwithhim,Dickinsonwasintroverted.Shewasborninarichfamily,soshewasn’tlackofmoney.Inaddition,herintrovertedpersonalitiesmadeherdonotwanttoletthepublicknowherthought.Dickinson’swritingpurposewastoventherpersonalfeelings.Agirl’sdelicat(yī)einnerworldwouldnotbeopened,becauseitwassecret.Herfamilywasrich,andshehadayoungersister,whonevermarriedduringherlife,totakegoofcareofthewholefamily.Undertheconditionofnostress,shecouldexplorethelifeanddeath,aswellasspiritualsignificance.Herwritingpurposedeterminedthat(yī)therewasnoneedforhertopublishherpoems.IV.ThecharacterofEmilyDickinson’spoetry4.1TheusingofomissionOmissionwastherhetoricaldevicethatDickinsonusedtouse.Becauseoftheomittedphenomenonthatrunscountertotraditionalnormsofgrammaralwaysoccurred,herpoetryhasalsobecomemoredifficulttounderstand.Nowonderthatmanyofhercontemporaries,bothreadersandcritics,thoughtthatherlanguagewasverybad.EvenifwhenherclosefriendHigginsondecidedtopublishherpoetry,hestillthoughtfirmlythateventhoughherideascouldconquerthereaders,butthedefectingrammarstandardisactuallyobvious.Perhaps,preciselybecauseoftheseweirdlanguagefeat(yī)ures,herpoetrywasconfusionforalongtimeforthepublishingindustry.Letustastethesefeaturesbyreadingherpoetry.FourTrees--uponasolitaryAcre--
WithoutDesign
OrOrder,orApparentAction--?Maintain--
?TheSun--uponaMorningmeetsthem--
TheWind--?NonearerNeighbor--havethey--
ButGod--
TheAcregivesthem--Place--?They--Him--AttentionofPasserby--?OfShadow,orofSquirrel,haply--
OrBoy--?
WhatDeedisTheirsuntotheGeneralNat(yī)ure--
What(yī)Plan?Theyseverally--retard--orfurther--?Unknown–(2023,Christine)
Thepoemshowsafragmentedscene.Onthescreentherearethetrees,land,squirrels,childrenandtheshadow.Thisscenarioremindsussomethingdescribedinheranotherpoem.Shedescribedthe"longshadow"and"ThatDarkness".(poemNo.764)Onthescreen,itseemsthatallaredeeplyinaflash,evenifthesunandwindarejustabriefappearance.Theonlythingthatstayswiththemforlong-termisthe"closer"neighbor"God".However,eventhealmightyGodcannotunderstandwhythesethingsarenotlinked,orputthemintooneorganicentity,becausehecannotknowtheir"plan"and"action".Fromthesyntacticlevel,itisobviouslythatthispoemdoesnotfollowthetraditionalrulesofgrammar.Forinstance,inthefirstsection,thecontactverb“remain”whichshowsnodynamicdoesn’tappearuntilthefourthline.Themainsentence(WhatDeedisTheirsuntotheGeneralNature-)ofthefinalsectionalsohasonlyonecontactverb“is”.“Retard”,theonlytransitiveverbofthepoem,appearsintheclause"WhatPlan/Theyseverally-retard-orfurther-".Itmakesthemeaningveryconfusing.However,suchascreenthat(yī)lacksofdynamicisfilledwithalargenumberofnouns.The“FourTrees”haveno“Design"and"order"togrowinthesolitary"land".Perhaps,thisisatrueportrayalofunconsciousnatureinthemindofthepoet.Clearly,thepoetdoesnotwanttoshowthedisorderofnaturedirectly,butinsinuat(yī)ethechaosofnatureandhumansocietythroughtheuseofalotofirregularomission.4.2TheusingofdashInthedraftsthatwroteonthedraftpaper,fragmentsofpaperandmarginsofenvelopes,thereareavarietyoflineswithdifferentlengthandgradient,inadditiontocommoncomma,fullstop,questionmarkandexclamationpoint.Theeditorshavetreatedallthelinesasdashes.Amountthesestrangesymbols,dashisthemostfrequentone.Thesevariousshapesofthesymbolsmakeherpoemsverydifficulttobeunderstoodbythereaders.Thesymbolsmakeherpoemsseemsochaoticthathercontemporariesthoughtthatherpoetrywasverybad.Soherpoetrywerenotacceptedbythepublic
Thebrain?Thebrain—iswiderthanthesky—
For—putthemsidebyside—?Theonetheotherwillcontain?Withease—andyou—beside—?Thebrainisdeeperthanthesea—?For—holdthem—BluetoBlue—?Theonetheotherwillabsorb—
Assponges—Buckets—do—?TheBrainisjusttheweightofGod—
For—Heftthem—PoundforPound—
Andtheywilldiffer—iftheydo—?AsSyllablefromSound—?--EmilyDickinson(1830-1882),TheBrain.(2023,HuYindong,LiuShusen)Thepoemwaswritteninabout1862,anemphasisuponthelimitlessnatureofspirit,anduponitssacrednessthatiscomparedtothat(yī)ofGod.Inthepoem,therearemanydashes.Thereisnoneedtoputanymarkbetweenthewordsbrainandis,butsheusedadash.Peopledon’tknowwhatthedashmean.ItiscommonforEmilytoputdashinanyplacesinherpoems.InthesentenceFor—Heftthem—PoundforPound—,therearethreedashes.Thefirstandsecondonesarefollowedbycapitalletters,soitseemsthattheyfunctionasafullstop,butwecannotputmorethanonefullstopinonesentenceaccordingtogrammar.Comparedtothepoemsofotherpoets,thispoemlooksverystrange.V.Thepublicat(yī)ionhistoryofEmilyDickinson’spoetryAfterEmily’sdeat(yī)h,Lavinia,MabelLoomisTodd,andCol.ThomasWentworthHigginsoneditedherpoemsandpublishedthem.Theybroughtouttwowellreceivedvolumes,PoemsbyEmilyDickinson,andPoemsbyEmilyDickinson,SecondSeries.Later,MabelLoomisToddbroughtoutathirdvolumealone,PoemsbyEmilyDickinson,ThirdSeries.Thepoemsinthesethreevolumesweresignificantlyeditedtomeetthepopulartasteofthetimeforpoetry.Inthe1950s,ThomasH.JohnsoneditedThePoemsofEmilyDickson.Inthisvolume,Dickinson’sidiosyncraticpunctuation,unmetricalverse,off-rhymes,andotherinnovationsthathadbeenregularizedbypreviouseditors,arerestoredtotheiroriginal.In1971,theUnitedStatesPostOfficeissuedacommemorativestampofEmily;theportraitofthepoetonthestampwascopiedfromhersilver-madephotothatstillexiststoday.Atthattime,onthefirstdaycovers,therewereafewoflinessurroundingaroserimmedbydew.
IfIcanstoponeHeartfrombreakingIshallnotliveinvainIfIcaneaseoneLifetheAchingOrcoolonePain
OrhelponefaintingRobinUntohisNestagainIshallnotliveinVain
(1996,JiangFeng)Thispoemwaswrittenin1864.Itwasaverynormaloneamountthe1700poemsleftbyDickinson,thesubjectandtheEmotionalofthepoemwerejustveryclosetothepopularstyleofpoetryatthattime.ItcanbesaidthatthispoemdoesnotreflectthetypicalstyleofEmilyDickinson’spoetry.IfDickinsonfinishedallherpoetryinthisstyle,thenperhapstheeditorswouldnothavecensuredher,andallherpoetrycouldcomeoutduringherlifetime,andherpoetrywouldnotbesodifficultforthelatergenerationstounderstand.Self-sat(yī)isfactionandaltruismthatrevealfromherpoetryisstillatopicforalotofpoetesseventoday.However,mostofDickinson'spoetryisnotsoeasytounderstandasthispoemandtheylikeriddlesthatarehardtoread.Herowndeepthinkingandthesophisticatedintelligenceandalternativestylewereprojectedbetweenthelines.Onlyafewofherpoemswerepublishedduringherlifetime.Andtheyhadbeendistortedbytheeditors’"operation",whichmadeherpoetrybeyondrecognition.AlthoughHigginsonfoundthetalentonthenewwonderfulpoet,hecouldnotfullyunderstand
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