專四語法一語法解構(gòu)

第一講：語法解構(gòu)五個(gè)基本句型

Ⅰ.主語+動(dòng)詞(SV)

Everybody

laughed.

大家都笑了。

Ⅱ.主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)語

(SVC)

His

eyes

are

blue.

他的眼睛是藍(lán)色的。Ⅲ.主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語

(SVO)

I

love

apples.

我喜歡蘋果。Ⅳ.主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語(SVOO)

I

gave

him

my

address.

我告訴他我的地址。Ⅴ.主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語(SVOC)

I

found

the

box

empty.

我發(fā)現(xiàn)盒子是空的。一個(gè)特殊的句型There

+

be

+

主語

+

介詞短語“There

+

be

+

主語

+

介詞短語”又叫存在句。表示“在某地有某物，在某時(shí)有某事”There

is

a

vase

on

the

table.

桌子上有一個(gè)花瓶。There

will

be

a

meeting

tomorrow.

明天有一場會(huì)議。存在句的句型轉(zhuǎn)換

一.

肯定陳述句

There

is

a

dictionary

on

the

desk.

桌子上有一本字典。

二.

否定陳述句There

isn’t

a

dictionary

on

the

desk.

桌子上沒有字典。

三.

一般疑問句Is

there

a

dictionary

on

the

desk?

桌子上有一本字典嗎？四.

特殊疑問句How

many

dictionaries

are

there

on

the

desk?

桌子上有幾本字典？What’s

there

on

the

desk?

桌子上有什么？五.

反意疑問句There

is

a

dictionary

on

the

desk,

isn’t

there?

桌子上有一本字典，是嗎？主語從句一以what等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句

What

you

need

is

more

practice.你需要的是更多的練習(xí)。Whatever

was

said

has

left

us

much

to

think.這里說的話都應(yīng)當(dāng)保密。Whoever

wants

it

may

have

it.誰要都可以給他。同類的連接代詞還有：what,

who,

whom,

whose,

which,

whatever,

whoever,

whichever二以that,whether從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句

It

was

strange

that

he

had

made

a

mistake.

真奇怪，他竟然錯(cuò)了。That

we

need

more

equipment

is

quite

obvious.我們需要更多的設(shè)備，這是很明顯的。Whether

he

will

join

us

won't

make

too

much

difference.(It's

won't

take

too

much

difference

whether

he

will

join

us.)他是否加入我們，沒有太大的差別。三主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that什么時(shí)候可以省略

當(dāng)主語從句不太長時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞“that”可以省略。如：It's

clear

(that)

he

has

done

his

best.很明顯他已經(jīng)盡力而為了。It's

a

wonder

(that)

he

didn't

fail.真奇怪，他沒有失敗。四以when等連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句

When

they

will

come

hasn't

been

made

public.他們什么時(shí)候來還沒有公布。Where

she

has

gone

is

not

known

yet.她去了哪兒，還不知道。How

the

prisoner

escaped

is

a

mystery.(It's

mystery

how

the

prisoner

escaped.)犯人是如何逃跑的是個(gè)迷。Why

he

did

it

will

remain

a

puzzle

for

ever.為什么他做那件事將永遠(yuǎn)是個(gè)謎團(tuán)。

用來引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接副詞有：

when,

where,

how,

why五虛擬語氣：主語從句（一）

形容詞為necessary,

important,

impossible,

strange,

natural,

essential時(shí)，在“It

+

be

+

形容詞或過去分詞

+

主語從句”中，主語從句要虛擬。It

is

necessary

that

the

problem

(should)

be

discussed

at

once.立刻討論這個(gè)問題很有必要。It

is

strange

that

he

(should)

have

so

many

friends.太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。It

has

been

decided

that

the

meeting

(should)

be

put

off.已經(jīng)決定推遲這個(gè)會(huì)議。六虛擬語氣：主語從句（二）

It

is

a

pity

that（表出乎意料的遺憾，要虛擬）It

is

a

pity

that

he

should

miss

such

a

golden

opportunity.真可惜，他竟會(huì)失去這樣一個(gè)絕好的機(jī)會(huì)。It

is

a

pity

that

there

should

be

so

little

charity

abroad.外間竟然這么缺少仁愛，這是很可惜的。（以下是不需采用虛擬語氣的例句，因?yàn)闆]有表示出乎意料之意）It

is

a

pity

that

we

shall

have

to

leave

tomorrow.我們明天必須離開，真是遺憾。It

is

a

pity

that

he

didn't

come

to

the

party.遺憾的是他沒來參加晚會(huì)。I

think

it

is

a

pity

that

you

could

not

come.你不能來，我深深惋惜。It

is

a

pity

that

he

does

not

wish

more

often

to

write

the

letter.可惜的是他不愿更經(jīng)常寫信。It

is

a

pity

that

you

missed

the

party.你未能參加聚會(huì)，真是遺憾。It

is

a

pity

(that)

he

lost

so

much

money.他損失這么多錢，真是遺憾。同類的句型還有：It

is

a

shame

that...It

is

incredible

that...It

is

strange

that...It

is

no

wonder

that...分裂句與主語從句的區(qū)別

注意事項(xiàng)：1.

在主語從句中，把It

was

…

that去掉之后，就已經(jīng)完全不像一個(gè)句子了。2.

在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，把It

was

…

that去掉之后，還基本上像個(gè)句子。3.

主語從句有以下的引導(dǎo)詞：what,

who,

whom,

whose,

which,

whatever,

whoever,

whichever4.

強(qiáng)調(diào)句的引導(dǎo)詞只有：that,

who。主語從句：It

was

strange

that

he

had

made

a

mistake.

如果把，It

was

…

that

去掉以后，剩下strange

he

had

made

a

mistake.就不算是句子了。真奇怪，他竟然錯(cuò)了。It's

not

yet

known

what

she

did她做什么還不得而知。It

is

immaterial

where

or

when

he

goes.他去何處或何時(shí)去是無關(guān)緊要的。It

is

said

that…,

和It

is

reported

that…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，后面接的是主語從句：It

is

said

that

he’s

got

married.聽說他已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It

was

she

that

had

been

wrong.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語）如果把，It

was

…

that

去掉以后，剩下she

had

been

wrong.還勉強(qiáng)算的上是一個(gè)句子。錯(cuò)的是她。It

was

this

novel

that

they

talked

about

last

night.（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語）他們昨晚談?wù)摰氖沁@部小說。It

was

in

London

that

I

first

saw

her.（強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語）我是在倫敦第一次見到她的。賓語從句

在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。賓語從句可以作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語，作短語動(dòng)詞的賓語，介詞的賓語。一賓語從句：短語動(dòng)詞

Please

go

and

find

out

when

the

train

will

arrive.請(qǐng)去弄清楚火車什么時(shí)候到。The

teacher

pointed

out

that

Tom

hadn't

studied

hard

enough.老師指出湯姆學(xué)習(xí)不夠努力。That

depends

on

how

you

do

it.那得看你怎么做的。二賓語從句：及物動(dòng)詞

Everybody

knows

that

money

doesn't

grow

on

trees.誰都知道錢不是長在樹上。Do

you

know

where

I

can

find

her?你知道在什么地方可以找到她？Have

you

decided

where

you

will

go

for

a

holiday?你有沒有決定到什么地方去度假？三賓語從句：介詞的賓語

I

am

curious

as

to

what

they

are

going

to

do

next.我對(duì)他們下一步打算做什么很感興趣。The

twin

sisters

differ

only

in

that

one

is

a

bit

fatter

than

the

other

one.這對(duì)雙胞胎姐妹的區(qū)別，僅僅在于其中一個(gè)比另一個(gè)稍胖一點(diǎn)。I

am

interested

in

what

she

is

doing.我對(duì)她做的事感興趣。四賓語從句：否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

有些表示思想和感情的動(dòng)詞之后的賓語從句中的否定式可以注意到這些動(dòng)詞之前。I

don't

suppose

you're

used

to

this

diet.=

I

suppose

you

aren't

used

to

this

diet.我想你不習(xí)慣這種飲食。I

don't

imagine

she

will

win

the

championship.=

I

imagine

she

won't

win

the

championship.我認(rèn)為她得不了冠軍。

I

didn't

expect

she

would

pass

the

entrance

examination.I

expected

she

wouldn't

pass

the

entrance

examination.我以為她不能通過入學(xué)考試。以下括號(hào)內(nèi)的句子比較不自然，但是也是可能出現(xiàn)的。I

don't

think

we

have

got

enough

time.(=

I

think

we

haven't

got

enough

time.)我覺得我們的時(shí)間不夠。I

don't

believe

she'll

arrive

before

8.(=

I

believe

she

won't

arrive

before

8.)我相信她8點(diǎn)之前不會(huì)到。五虛擬語氣：賓語從句（一）

一些含有假設(shè)、猜想、建議等意思的動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句要用should+原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu),should往往可以省略。這類動(dòng)詞有:advise,

arrange,

command,

demand,

desire,

insist,

order,

propose,

require,request,

suggest等。I

suggested

that

he

study

harder.我建議他用功一些。（這一題要特別注意：為什么study用原形。）I

insisted

that

he

(should)

go.我強(qiáng)調(diào)他應(yīng)當(dāng)去。She

commanded

that

we

(should)

attack

at

once.她命令我們必須立刻進(jìn)攻。I

demand

that

John

go

there

at

once.我要求約翰必須立刻到那兒去。六虛擬語氣：賓語從句（二）

請(qǐng)注意：易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。insist：堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為（不虛擬）She

insisted

that

he

was

wrong.她堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他錯(cuò)了。insist：堅(jiān)決主張,堅(jiān)決要求（要虛擬）He

insisted

that

we

(should)

accept

these

gifts.他一定要我們收下這些禮物。Jane

insisted

that

he

be

present.珍堅(jiān)持要他出席。suggest：暗示，表明（不虛擬）Opinion

polls

suggest

that

only

10%

of

the

population

trusts

the

government.民意測(cè)驗(yàn)表明只有百分之十的人口信任政府。I'm

not

suggesting

that

is

what

is

happening.我并不是在暗示那意味著發(fā)生了什么事。

suggest：建議,提議（要虛擬）I

suggest

that

you

tear

up

the

composition

and

start

over

again.我建議你把這篇作文撕掉，再從頭開始寫。I

would

suggest

that

we

should

appeal

science

to

put

us

straight.我覺得我們應(yīng)該用科學(xué)進(jìn)行整頓。賓語從句的省略引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that之后接的從句不長時(shí)，可以省略。如果that后面的賓語從句較長時(shí)，that不能省略。I

hope

(that)

you'll

be

fine

soon.我希望你盡快康復(fù)。Now

scientists

warn

that

if

not

under

control,

the

unseen

energy

waves,

"electric

smog",

may

be

hazardous

to

our

health.現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家警告說，有一種肉眼看不到的能波，即"電子煙塵"，如果不加以控制，可能危害人類的健康。定語從句

定語從句在句子中作定語，用來修飾一個(gè)名詞、名詞詞組或者代詞。先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞

被修飾的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞叫做先行詞；在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫做引導(dǎo)詞。引導(dǎo)詞分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞

關(guān)系代詞有：who,

whom,

whose,

that,

which,

as。關(guān)系副詞有：when,

where,

why。注意：關(guān)系副詞里面沒有

how。如果要修飾方式

way

，用

that

或

in

which

引導(dǎo)，或者不用引導(dǎo)詞。I

don’t

like

the

way

(that,

in

which)

he

eyed

me.

我不喜歡他看我的那個(gè)樣子。先行詞是人：多用who（一）

先行詞是人而關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做主語時(shí)，下列情況多用who，也可用that，但是用who更常見。Is

he

the

man

who/that

wants

to

see

you?

他就是你想見的人嗎？

A

friend

who/that

helps

you

in

time

of

need

is

a

real

friend.患難之交才是真朋友。先行詞是人：多用who（二）一、先行詞是人稱代詞he,

they,

one(s)或指示代詞those時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞多用who。Those

who

want

to

go

to

the

Great

Wall

sign

up

here.要去長城的人在這兒簽名。Time

goes

fast

for

one

who

has

a

sense

of

beauty.對(duì)一個(gè)有美感的人時(shí)間總是快速而過的。

二、先行詞是指人的序數(shù)詞或是被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。The

first

man

who

talks

to

me

will

receive

a

surprising

present.第一個(gè)和我對(duì)話的人將獲得一份驚喜的禮物，引導(dǎo)詞多用who。

They

were

the

first

who

were

here.

他們是第一批到達(dá)這兒的人。先行詞是人：多用whom

先行詞是人而關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做賓語時(shí)，下列情況多用whom，也可用that，但是更多的情況下是采用省略關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做賓語：whom/

that，更多省略He

is

the

man

(whom/

that)

I

saw

yesterday.

他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。The

students

(whom/

that)

you

teach

are

now

doing

experiments.你任教的學(xué)生這時(shí)在做作業(yè)。Then

I

telephoned

the

doctor

(whom)

Mr.

White

recommended.然后我打電話給懷特先生推薦的那個(gè)醫(yī)生。先行詞是人：只能用whom的情況先行詞是人而關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中做介賓時(shí)，只能用whom。This

is

the

man

to

whom

I

referred.這就是我提到過的那個(gè)人。The

people

with

whom

he

worked

thought

he

was

a

bit

strange.和他一起工作的人認(rèn)為他有點(diǎn)奇怪。先行詞是人：只能用that的情況先行詞是人時(shí)，在以下情況下，只能用that。一、主句中包含疑問代詞who或which時(shí)。

Who

is

the

man

that

is

standing

by

the

door?站在門邊的那個(gè)人是誰呀Who

that

has

ever

worked

with

him

doesn’t

admire

him?曾經(jīng)和他一起工作過的人誰不稱贊他？Which

of

us

that

knows

anything

does

not

know

this?我們中凡是稍有常識(shí)的人哪一個(gè)不懂得這個(gè)？二、關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語時(shí)。He

is

no

longer

the

simple-minded

man

that

he

was

five

years

ago.他不是五年前那個(gè)頭腦簡單的人了。三、關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓補(bǔ)時(shí)。He

is

not

the

fool

(that)

you

thought

him.他并不像你想象的那樣傻。四、有兩個(gè)先行詞，而一個(gè)是人，另一個(gè)是物時(shí)。

He

spoke

largely

of

the

men

and

the

things

that

he

had

seen.

他主要講了他所見到的人和物。五、先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

He

is

the

bravest

man

that

I

have

ever

seen.他是我所見過的最勇敢的人。六、先行詞被all,

any,

no,

only,

same,

very等修飾時(shí)。

Ask

Tom

or

any

other

student

that

was

there.問問湯姆或是任何一位當(dāng)時(shí)在那兒的學(xué)生。He

is

the

very

boy

that

I

am

looking

for.他就是我在找的那個(gè)男孩。先行詞是人：不能用that先行詞是人時(shí)，在以下情況下，只能用who/whom，不用that。一、定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞被其他成分所分隔。He

was

a

man

who,

if

had

been

properly

supported,

would

have

worked

wonders.如果當(dāng)時(shí)給與適當(dāng)?shù)闹С?，他是一個(gè)本該創(chuàng)造出奇跡的人。二、當(dāng)先行詞是集體名詞被看作一群個(gè)體時(shí)。The

crew

who

were

all

asleep

forgot

to

hoist

the

lantern.熟睡的船員們?nèi)纪藪鞜?。注意：?dāng)先行詞是集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用which。先行詞是人：多用which一、當(dāng)先行詞指嬰幼兒、小孩時(shí)。He

made

a

face

to

the

child

which

was

in

the

mother's

arm.

他對(duì)抱在母親懷中的嬰兒做了個(gè)鬼臉。二、當(dāng)先行詞是集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí)。The

group

which

is

made

up

of

ten

members

is

responsible

for

this

decision.由10人組成的那個(gè)小組負(fù)責(zé)這項(xiàng)決定。注意：當(dāng)先行詞是集體名詞被看作一群個(gè)體時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用who。三、當(dāng)先行詞強(qiáng)調(diào)人物的身份（特征）、地位時(shí)。He

talked

like

a

foreigner

which/

that

he

hardly

was.

他說起話來像個(gè)外國人，而他根本就不是。四、當(dāng)先行詞強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的性格（特征）時(shí)。He

is

the

man

which/

that

he

was.

他還是象過去那個(gè)老樣子。Bonny

is

quite

different

from

the

girl

which/

that

I

thought

her

to

be.

邦妮完全不是我曾認(rèn)為的那種女孩。五、當(dāng)先行詞強(qiáng)調(diào)人的品德（特征）時(shí)。He

is

a

gentleman

which/

that

his

little

brother

isn't.

他很有紳士風(fēng)度，他弟弟卻沒有。狀語從句

在句子中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語從句：

When

Susan

goes

to

town,

she

will

visit

her

grandma.蘇珊每次進(jìn)程，總要去看望她奶奶。地點(diǎn)狀語從句：

I

will

go

where

I

am

needed.哪里需要我，我就到哪里去。方式狀語從句：

I

have

changed

it

as

you

suggest.我已經(jīng)按照你的建議作了改變。原因狀語從句：

Mary

didn’t

go

shopping

because

I

advised

her

not

to.瑪麗沒有去購物，因?yàn)槲覄袼灰?。目的狀語從句：

They

worked

hard

in

order

that

they

might

succeed.他們努力工作，以便能夠獲得成功。結(jié)果狀語從句：

Waste

must

be

treated

so

that

it

does

not

become

a

danger

to

life.廢物必須進(jìn)行處理，這樣它才不會(huì)成為危害生命的東西。條件狀語從句：

If

he

works

hard,

he

will

surely

succeed.如果努力工作，他肯定會(huì)成功。讓步狀語從句：

Though

we

are

all

different,

we

need

never

be

separate.比較狀語從句：I

was

happier

than

I

had

ever

been

in

my

life.這是我一生中最快樂的時(shí)光。時(shí)間狀語從句：after時(shí)間狀語從句由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：after,

as,

before,

once,

since,

till,

until,

when,

whenever,

while,

as

soon

asLet's

wait

till

the

rain

stops.

咱們等到雨停再說吧。Once

the

train

is

moving,

there's

no

way

to

stop

it.火車一旦開動(dòng)就沒辦法讓它停下來。They

were

scolded

whenever

they

were

late

for

school.每次他們上學(xué)遲到都挨罵。時(shí)間狀語從句：themoment

有一些表示時(shí)間的名詞短語也可用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句：

the

minute,

the

moment,

every

time,

the

first

timeThe

moment

he

reached

the

country,

he

started

his

search.他一到達(dá)這個(gè)國家，就開始他的探尋工作Every

time

I

saw

the

straw

hat,

it

reminded

me

of

the

tour

I

made

years

before.

每當(dāng)我看到那頂草帽，它就使我想起幾年前的那次旅游。I

thought

her

nice

and

honest

the

first

time

I

met

her.

我第一次見到她就覺得她誠實(shí)而友善。時(shí)間狀語從句：directly

有一些表示時(shí)間的副詞也可用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句：

Directly

the

master

came

in,

everyone

was

quet.

校長一進(jìn)來，

大家就安靜下來。The

young

lady

rushed

into

the

room

immediately

she

heard

the

noise.

那位年輕女士一聽到響聲就沖進(jìn)房間。時(shí)間狀語從句：as的用法

一.

某事一發(fā)生，另一事立即發(fā)生As

the

sun

rose

the

frog

dispersed.太陽一出來霧就消散。They

strolled

into

the

garden

as

the

music

ceased.音樂聲一停，他們就走進(jìn)花園。二.

在某事發(fā)生的過程中另一事發(fā)生I

heard

the

murmur

of

their

voices

as

I

crossed

the

hall.我走過大廳的時(shí)候聽到他們?cè)卩止臼裁础＃▋蓚€(gè)動(dòng)作都是一般時(shí)態(tài)）Just

as

he

was

speaking

there

was

a

loud

explosion.正當(dāng)他在說話的時(shí)候，一聲巨響。（從句用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）三.

兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生He

smiled

as

he

passed.他路過的時(shí)候笑了一下。（兩個(gè)都是短暫動(dòng)作）As

she

sang,

the

tears

ran

down

her

cheeks.她一邊唱歌，眼淚一邊從臉頰淌下。

Helen

heard

the

story

as

she

washed.海倫一邊洗衣服一邊聽故事。He

saw

that

she

was

smiling

as

she

read.他看到她一邊看著書一邊笑。（兩個(gè)都是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作）We

get

wiser

as

we

get

older.我們隨著年齡的增長而變得聰明起來。（隨著時(shí)間的變化而變化）時(shí)間狀語從句：when的用法

以when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，既可用短暫性動(dòng)作也可用延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。I

bought

the

car

when

I

received

my

first

salary.（短暫性動(dòng)作）我是在領(lǐng)第一筆薪水的時(shí)候買的車。Don’t

get

excited

when

you

talk.（延續(xù)性動(dòng)作）說話的時(shí)候不要激動(dòng)。when容易與時(shí)間狀語從句混淆的例子

請(qǐng)注意：此項(xiàng)中when引導(dǎo)的都不是時(shí)間狀語從句。She

had

just

finished

dressing

when

her

guests

came

in.她剛剛穿戴完畢，這時(shí)她的客人進(jìn)來了。這里的when不是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞。所以它引導(dǎo)的是并列句。象這類問題有以下主要特征：1.

when

后面的分句動(dòng)詞必須是瞬間動(dòng)詞，用于表示突然性：We

were

about

to

start

when

it

began

to

rain.正當(dāng)我們要出發(fā)的時(shí)候，突然下雨了。

2.

when

前面的分句是過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：He

was

still

smiling

when

the

door

opened

and

his

wife

came

in.他正笑著，突然門開了，他的妻子走了進(jìn)來。

3.

when

前面的分句含有be

about

to,

be

on

the

point

of:He

was

on

the

point

of

leaving

when

someone

knocked

at

the

door.他正要出發(fā)的時(shí)候，突然有人敲門。

4.

when

前面的分句采用過去完成時(shí)或是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：We

had

just

fallen

asleep

when

the

telephone

rang.我們剛剛?cè)胨蝗浑娫掆徛曧懥?。The

plane

had

been

planting

seed

for

nearly

a

month

when

it

began

to

rain.飛機(jī)播種了近一個(gè)月，這時(shí)天才下雨。時(shí)間狀語從句：while的用法以while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。They

arrived

while

I

was

sunbathing.當(dāng)我正在進(jìn)行日光浴時(shí)，他們來了。We

must

strike

while

the

iron

is

hot.我們必須趁熱打鐵。While

the

discussion

was

still

going

on,

Mr

Zhang

came

in.當(dāng)討論還在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，張先生進(jìn)來了。原因狀語從句because,

as,

since,

用來引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。for雖然也是表示原因，但是它不是從屬連詞，而是并列連詞。1.

because

表示最強(qiáng)的因果關(guān)系，表達(dá)聽話者未知的原因，because引導(dǎo)的從句通常放在后面，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可放在前面。because引導(dǎo)的從句可以用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。He

got

the

job

because

he

was

the

best

candidate.他得到那份工作，因?yàn)樗亲罴讶诉x。

Just

I

didn’t

complain,

they

thought

I

was

satisfied.就因?yàn)槲覜]有發(fā)牢騷，他們以為我很滿意?！癢hy

can’t

I

go?”

”Because

you

are

too

young.”為什么我不能去？因?yàn)槟隳昙o(jì)太小。

2.

as

所表示的原因通常是聽話者已經(jīng)知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。

As

all

the

seats

were

full,

he

stood

up.由于所有的座位都滿了，他只好站著。Perhaps

she’ll

need

some

help,

especially

as

she’s

been

ill.她可能需要幫助，尤其是因?yàn)樗恢庇胁　?/p>

3.since所表示的原因通常也是聽話者已經(jīng)知道的。同樣since也不能用來回答Why引起的特殊疑問句。Since

you

are

going,

I

will

go

too.既然你要去，我也去吧。

4.

for

從語法分析的角度來說，它不是引導(dǎo)狀語從句，而是構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。

for

通常用于書面語，它通常不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對(duì)前面的分句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。for-分句通常放在句末，for

之前有逗號(hào)。He

laughed

little,

for

he

was

a

sad

man.他很少發(fā)笑，因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)多愁的人。She

was

clearly

upset,

for

her

eyes

were

filled

with

tears.她顯然心煩意亂，因?yàn)樗劭衾镲柡瑴I水。地點(diǎn)狀語從句

地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由where，wherever引導(dǎo)。Where

he

made

mistakes,

he

admitted

these

willingly.他在什么地方做錯(cuò)了事，他都樂于承認(rèn)這些錯(cuò)誤。Put

it

where

we

can

see

it.把它放在我們能看得見的地方。Wherever

there

is

injustice,

we’ll

try

to

help.凡有不公正的地方，我們都會(huì)盡力幫助。Let’s

go

wherever

this

path

will

take

us.

我們就順著這條小路走，走到哪兒就算哪兒。表語從句

在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句。表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。What

the

police

want

to

know

is

when

you

entered

the

room.警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間。as

if,

as

though,

because也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句。

She

seems

as

if

she

had

done

a

great

thing.她看起來好像做了一件大事。It

is

because

you

eat

too

much.那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔?。虛擬語氣：表語從句主語是idea,

notion,

proposal,

suggestion,

request等名詞時(shí),作表語從句的動(dòng)詞為原形動(dòng)詞或should+原形動(dòng)詞。My

suggestion

is

that

we

(should)

go

and

help

him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該去幫助他。Our

only

request

is

that

this

should

be

settled

as

soon

as

possible.我們唯一的請(qǐng)求就是盡快解決這個(gè)問題。同位語從句

同位語從句：whetherwhether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用whether作為引導(dǎo)詞。He

hasn’t

made

the

decision

whether

he

will

go

there.他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。I

have

small

doubt

whether

he

is

suitable

for

the

job.他是否適合這件工作我有點(diǎn)懷疑。同位語從句：that有些名詞的后面可以接that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句：We

came

to

the

decision

that

we

must

act

at

once.我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動(dòng)。He

made

a

proposal

that

the

meeting

be

postpone.他提議會(huì)議延期。

There

was

little

hope

that

he

would

survive.他幸存的希望很小。在非正式語體中that可以省略。以下名詞常用于以上句型：advice,

announcement,

argument,

belief,

claim,

conclusion,decision,

evidence,

explanation,

fact,

feeling,

hope,

idea,

impression,

information,knowledge,

message,

news,

opinion,

order,

probability,

promise,

proposal,remark,

reply,

report,

saying,

statement,

suggestion,

thought,

treat,

warning,

wish,

word同位語從句：what

what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用what作為引導(dǎo)詞I

have

no

idea

what

he

is

doing

now.我不知道他現(xiàn)在在干什么。同位語從句：howhow可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，而定語從句不能用how作為引導(dǎo)詞It’s

a

question

how

he

did

it.那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。同位語從句：who等

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句The

question

who

should

do

the

work

requires

consideration.誰該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問題需要考慮。She

raised

the

question

where

we

could

get

the

fund.她提出這個(gè)問題：我們到哪兒去搞這筆資金。同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別（1）同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系；而定語從句是用來修飾先行詞，是從屬的關(guān)系。（2）that在同位語從句中沒有詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成分；而在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等句子成分。（3）whether,

what,

how可以用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句；而它們不能用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。（4）從詞義角度看問題

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句是保持原來疑問詞的含義；它們用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不具有疑問詞的含義。

從搭配角度看問題

who,

whom,

which,

when,

where,

why用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)，如：先行詞是“人”，引導(dǎo)詞用“who”等，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句是先行詞通常是“question,

idea,

doubt等”。限制性與非限制性從句

一、限制性定語從句是對(duì)先行詞加以修飾或限制的，就整個(gè)句子的完整性來講，它是不可或缺的。

He

is

the

man

whom

I

saw

in

the

park

yesterday二、非限制性定語從句是對(duì)先行詞或整個(gè)主句加以補(bǔ)充說明，就整個(gè)句子的完整性來講，它并不是必不可少的。She

is

very

fond

of

speaking

English,

which

indeed

she

speaks

well.限定性關(guān)系從句

這類從句修飾前面的名詞，使其有別于其他同類名詞。這類從句對(duì)清楚了解所修飾名詞的特征是必不可少的：Themanwhotoldmethisrefusedtogivemehisname．告訴我這件事的那個(gè)人拒不說出他的姓名。whotoldmethis是關(guān)系從句。如果省略，句中所提到的那個(gè)人是誰就不清楚了。要注意，在被修飾的名詞和限定性關(guān)系從句之間不加逗號(hào)。限定性關(guān)系從句常常跟在the+名詞之后，但也可以用于a／an+名詞、不加the的復(fù)數(shù)名詞、代詞all，none，anybody，somebody等以及those之后。a／an+名詞、不帶the的復(fù)數(shù)名詞及somebody／someone／some－thing之后的從句有時(shí)只是間接地限定這些名詞／代詞。在這種情況下名詞／代詞常常是動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語：Imetsomeonewhosaidheknewyou．我碰到了說自己認(rèn)識(shí)你的一個(gè)人。Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewith…這本書是關(guān)于一個(gè)女孩，她愛上了……有時(shí)這些從句由一個(gè)詞或短語將它們與名詞／代詞分開：There’samanherewhowants…這兒有個(gè)男人，他想要……Isawsomethinginthepaperwhichwouldinterestyou．我在報(bào)上看到了一些你會(huì)感興趣的東西。但是，通常關(guān)系從句應(yīng)該緊跟在它們修飾的名詞或代詞之后：Thenoisethathemadewokeeverybodyup．他弄出的響聲把大家都吵醒了。ShewasannoyedbysomethingthatIhadsaid．她為我說的某句話而不高興。用于限定性關(guān)系從句的關(guān)系代詞

詞形變化如下：指人的限定性關(guān)系從句

A主格用who或that，通常用who：Themanwhorobbedyouhasbeenarrested．搶劫你的那個(gè)人已經(jīng)被逮捕了。Thegirlswhoserveintheshoparetheowner’sdaughters．在店里接待顧客的那幾個(gè)女孩都是店老板的女兒。Onlythosewhohadbookedinadvancewereallowedin．只有那些預(yù)先訂票的人可以進(jìn)去。Wouldanyonewhosawtheaccidentpleasegetintouchwiththepolice？凡親眼看見發(fā)生事故的人請(qǐng)與警方聯(lián)系。但是在all，everyone，everybody，noone，nobody和those后面，也可用that替代who：Everyonewho／thatknewhimlikedhim．認(rèn)得他的人都喜歡他。Nobodywho／thatwatchedthematchwilleverforgetit．看了這場比賽的人都不會(huì)忘記它。B動(dòng)詞的賓語用whom，who或that。指人的關(guān)系代詞的賓格形式是whom，但這被認(rèn)為是十分正規(guī)的說法。在口語中經(jīng)常使用who和that來代替whom（that比who更常用）；更加普遍的是索性把賓格關(guān)系代詞省略：ThemanwhomIsawtoldmetocomebacktoday．我見到的那個(gè)人叫我今天返回?；颍篢hemanwhoIsaw…ThemanthatIsaw…ThemanIsaw…（省略關(guān)系代詞）Thegirlswhomheemploysarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay．他雇用的那些女孩子們老是抱怨薪水太低?；颍篢hegirlswhoheemploys…Thegirlsthatheemploys…Thegirlsheemploys…（省略關(guān)系代詞）C介詞的賓語用whom或that。在正規(guī)的英語中介詞通常位于關(guān)系代詞之前，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞必須使用whom這一形式：themantowhomIspoke我跟說話的那個(gè)人而在非正式的口語中經(jīng)常把介詞置于句末。這時(shí)用that來代替whom，但更加普遍的是索性省略關(guān)系代詞：themanwho／whomIspoketothemanthatIspoketothemanIspoketo同樣：ThemanfromwhomIboughtittoldmetooilit．賣給我這件東西的那個(gè)人囑咐我給它上點(diǎn)油。或：Themanwho／thatIboughtitfrom…ThemanIboughtitfrom…ThefriendwithwhomIwastravellingspokeFrench．和我一起旅行的那個(gè)朋友講法語?；颍篢hefriendwho／thatIwastravellingwith…ThefriendIwastravellingwith…D所有格關(guān)系代詞的所有格只有whose這一種形式：Peoplewhoserentshavebeenraisedcanappeal．那些被增加了租金的人可以上訴。Thefilmisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim．這部電影是關(guān)于一個(gè)被自己妻子出賣的間諜的故事。指物的限定性關(guān)系從句

A主語用which或that，而which較正式：Thisisthepicturewhich／thatcansedsuchasensation．這就是那部轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的電影。Thestairswhich／thatleadtothecellarareratherslippery．通向地窖的樓梯相當(dāng)滑。B動(dòng)詞的賓語用which，that或干脆省略關(guān)系代詞：Thecarwhich／thatIhiredbrokedown．或：我租用的那輛小汽車拋錨了。ThecarIhired…一般在all，everything，little，much，none，no，由no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞及形容詞的最高級(jí)形式之后很少使用which，而常用that。如果這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞是動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)也可省略：Alltheapplesthatfallareeatenbythepigs．掉在地上的蘋果都讓豬吃了。Thisisthebesthotel（that）Iknow．這是我所知道的最好的飯店。C介詞的賓語規(guī)范的結(jié)構(gòu)是介詞+which，但通常都把介詞移到從句的末尾，用關(guān)系代詞which，that或干脆省去關(guān)系代詞：TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip．我腳下的梯子開始向下滑動(dòng)?；颍篢heladderwhich／thatIwasstandingonbegantoslip．TheladderIwasstandingonbegantoslip．D所有格可以用whose+從句這種結(jié)構(gòu)，但通常是用with+短語這種結(jié)構(gòu)來代替它：ahousewhosewallsweremadeofglass用玻璃做墻的房子ahousewithglasswalls（譯文同上）E關(guān)系副詞用when，where，why。注意：when可以代替用于指時(shí)間的in／onwhich：theyearwhen（＝inwhich）hewasborn他出生的那一年thedaywhen（=onwhich）theyarrived他們到達(dá)的那一天where可以代替用于指地點(diǎn)的in／atwhich：thehotel／where（=in／atwhich）theywerestaying他們當(dāng)時(shí)住的旅店why可代替forwhich：Thereasonwhyherefusedis…他拒絕的理由是……when，where和why有這種用法時(shí)叫做關(guān)系副詞。非限定性關(guān)系從句

A非限定性關(guān)系從句位于確定的名詞之后。因此它對(duì)這類名詞不作限定性描述，僅對(duì)該詞作進(jìn)一步說明作為補(bǔ)充而已。它不同于限定性關(guān)系從句，在句中并非必不可少，即使省略也不會(huì)引起意義上的混亂。它不同于限定性關(guān)系從句之處還在于它與被說明的名詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開。非限定性關(guān)系從句中的關(guān)系代詞絕對(duì)不能省略。這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)正規(guī)，在書面語中用得比口語中多。B用于非限定性關(guān)系從句中的關(guān)系代詞：指人的非限定性關(guān)系從句

A主語只能用who。注意逗號(hào)：Myneighbour，whoisverypessimistic，saystherewillbenoapplesthisyear．我的鄰居極為悲觀，他說今年蘋果將不會(huì)有收成。Peter，whohadbeendrivingallday，suggestedstoppingatthenexttown．彼得開了整整一天車，他建議在下一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)停留。這一類緊接在句子的主語之后的從句主要見于書面英語。在口語里常常這么說：Myneighbourisverypessimisticandsays…我的鄰居很悲觀，并說……Peterhadbeendrivingallday，so／andhesuggested…彼得開了整整一天車，因此他建議……但位于句中較后部分的從句，即在主要?jiǎng)釉~的賓語之后的從句，在口語中是相當(dāng)普遍的：I’veinvitedAnn，wholivesinthenextflat．我已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)了安，她就住在隔壁的套房里。從句跟在介詞+名詞之后也較為普遍：IpassedthelettertoPeter，whowassittingbesideme．我把信遞給了彼得，他就坐在我旁邊。B動(dòng)詞的賓語用whom，who。這類賓格代詞在句中不能省略。盡管有時(shí)在日?？谡Z中用who作賓格關(guān)系代詞，但正確的形式應(yīng)是whom：Peter，whomeveryonesuspected，turnedouttobeinnocent．彼得，大家都懷疑他，結(jié)果證明是無罪的。如上所示，在這個(gè)位置的非限定性關(guān)系從句在口語中是不常用的。通常很可能這么說：EveryonesuspectedPeter，butheturnedouttobeinnocent．大家都懷疑彼得，但結(jié)果證明他是無罪的。但在口語中常見到非限定性關(guān)系從句出現(xiàn)在句中較后的位置，即在主要?jiǎng)釉~的賓語之后或介詞+名詞之后：ShewantedTom，whomsheliked，asapartner；butshegotJack，whomshedidn’tlike.她想要她所喜歡的湯姆作為伴侶，可是卻得到了她所不喜歡的杰克。Sheintroducedmetoherhusband，whomIhadn’tmetbefore．她把我介紹給她丈夫，我以前沒見過他。C介詞的賓語用whom。這個(gè)代詞在句中不能省略，介詞常常位于它之前：MrJones，forwhomIwasworking，wasverygenerousaboutovertimepayments．瓊斯先生，我當(dāng)時(shí)給干活的那位，常是很慷慨地付給加班加點(diǎn)的報(bào)酬。然而把介詞移到從句之后也是可以的。這在口語中是非常普遍的，此時(shí)who往往取代whom：MrJones，who/whomIwasworkingfor，…如果從句中含有一個(gè)表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的短語，該短語要留在從句之末：Peter，withwhomIplayedtennisonSundays，wasfitterthanme．彼得，星期天我常跟打網(wǎng)球的那位，身體比我健康。這個(gè)句子可改為：Peter，who/whomIplayedtenniswithonSundays，wasfitterthanme．D所有格用whose。Ann，whosechildrenareatschoolallday，istryingtogetajob．安的孩子們整天都在學(xué)校，所以她在想辦法找份工作。ThisisGeorge，whoseclassyouwillbetaking這一位是喬治，你就要接他的課。在口語中，很可能這么說：Ann’schildrenareatschoolallday，soshe…ThisisGeorge．Youwillbetakinghisclass．

指物的非限定性關(guān)系從句

A主格用which，這里不用that：Thatblock，Whichcost￡5milliontobuild，hasbeenemptyfofyears．那個(gè)街區(qū)，就是花費(fèi)了500萬英鎊建起來的那個(gè)，已經(jīng)空置了多年了。The8