英美文化基礎(chǔ)第一章TheCountry

ChapterITheCountry

ContentsPhysicalFeatures1Climate

2Nationalflag,anthem,emblem3Components

4Doyouknowtheanswerstothesefollowingquestions?HowmanypartscantheUKbedividedinto?Whatarethey?WhydopeopleinforeigncountriessometimesmakethemistakeoftalkingaboutEnglandwhentheymeantheUK?Haveyouevermadethesamemistake?WhatarethegeographicfeaturesoftheUK?DoyouknowanycitiesintheUK?WhatistheweatherlikeintheUK?DoyouknowthelocationofBritain?地理概況

Whenyouarereferringtothemeaningof“YingGuo”inEnglish,whichnamedoyouusemostoften?Britainb.TheUnitedKingdomc.GreatBritaind.TheU.K.e.Englandf.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandtheinformalnametheabbreviatednamethefullandofficialnameII.GeographicalFeatures英國(guó)的地理特征

1.GeographicalpositionofBritain:

英國(guó)的地理位置：

Britainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.ItliesintheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.

英國(guó)是一個(gè)島國(guó)。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。

ScotlandNorthernIreland

IrelandWalesEnglandLondonNorthSeaIrishSeaTheAtlanticOceanEnglishChannelLookatthemapoftheBritishIslesandgivethenamesofthefollowingplacesonthemap:ScotlandAdministrativedivisionsTheofficialtitleoftheUKistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.TheUKismadeupof:※GreatBritain(England,Scotland,andtheprincipalityofWales.)

※NorthernIreland(alsoknownasUlster)※NumeroussmallerislandsEnglandWalesScotlandNorthernIrelandNorthSeaEnglishChannelAtlanticOceanIrelandIsleofManIrishSeaDescribethelocationofthefollowingplacesonthemapNorthSeaAtlanticOceanEnglishChannelScotlandWalesEnglandNorthernIrelandScotlandEnglandseparatedkingdoms1283WalesconqueredbyEngland1536Wales

England

formedaunion1707Scotland

Wales

England

JoinedinFormedtheKingdomofGreatBritain1801Scotland

Wales

England

IrelandTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainAndIrelandHistoryoftheUK1922Scotland

Wales

England

NorthernIrelandTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainAndNorthernIrelandHistoryoftheUKChapterI

IV.Topography地貌14physiographic

provincesThePhysiographicalFeaturesoftheUK:VariedlandscapeFlatlandsinEnglandMountainsinScoltlandandWalesThenorthandwest---highlands.Theeastandsoutheast---lowlands

Geographicalfeatures

rivers

ThelongestriverinEngland:RiverSevern（220

miles，354

km)NEWSEVERNBRIDGE:thelongestbridgeintheUK,connectingWalesandEngland

TheSevernRiverIII.TheRiverThames:

“IftherewerenoThames,therewouldbenoLondon.”——thelifelineofLondon,flowsthroughLondonandgoesintotheEnglishChannel.

ThamesRiver（泰晤士河）isthesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain(336km).泰晤士河（ThamesRiver）是英國(guó)著名的“母親”河。全長(zhǎng)402公里，橫貫英國(guó)首都倫敦。注入北海。倫敦的主要建筑物大多分布在泰晤士河，如威斯敏斯特大教堂、具有文藝復(fù)興風(fēng)格的圣保羅大教堂、曾經(jīng)見證過英國(guó)歷史上黑暗時(shí)期的倫敦塔、橋面可以起降的倫敦塔橋等。theThamesRiver

泰晤士河

TheThamesRiverWestministerAbbeyalarge,mainlyGothic

church,inWestminster,LondonthetraditionalplaceofcoronationandburialsiteformonarchsofCommonwealthRealms

St.Paul’sCathedralTheTowerBridgeLoughNeagh（內(nèi)伊湖）isthelargestlakeinBritain,whichislocatedinNorthernIreland(396squarekilometers).LakeDistrictascenicspotinNorthWestEnglandApopularholidaydestinationbeingfamousforitslakesanditsmountainsitsassociationswiththeearly19thcenturypoetryandwritingsofWilliamWordsworth

andotherpoets.WilliamWordswortharomanticpoetappointedpoetlaureatein1843LivingintheLakedistrictafter1797（1770—1850）DoveCottagewasthehomeofWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850),oneoftheearliestandperhapsgreatest,oftheEnglishRomanticpoets.

WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)

THEDAFFODILS

“我孤獨(dú)地游蕩，像一朵白云，在山丘和谷地上飄蕩，忽然間我看見一群金色的水仙花迎春開放.....”——威廉.沃茲沃斯I

wandered

lonely

as

a

cloud

That

floats

on

high

o'er

vales

and

hills,1

When

all

at

once

I

saw

a

crowd,

A

host,

of

golden

daffodils;

Beside

the

lake,

beneath

the

trees,

Fluttering

and

dancing

in

the

breeze.

Continuous

as

the

stars

that

shine

And

twinkle

on

the

milky

way,

They

stretched

in

never-ending

line

Along

the

margin

of

a

bay:

Ten

thousand

saw

I

at

a

glance2

Tossing

their

heads

in

sprightly

dance.

The

waves

beside

them

danced,

but

they

Out-did

the

sparkling

waves

in

glee;

A

poet

could

not

but3

be

gay,

In

such

a

jocund

company!

I

gazed

--

and

gazed

--

but

little

thouTheLakeDistrictPastoralsceneinLakeDistrict

TendingsheepinCumbria

Climate氣候：屬溫帶海洋性氣候。英國(guó)因受北大西洋暖流影響，冬暖夏涼，四季寒暑變化不大。溫帶落葉闊葉林帶，終年溫和濕潤(rùn)。通常最高氣溫不超過32℃，最低氣溫不低于－10℃，平均氣溫1月4～7℃，7月13～17℃。年平均降水量約1000毫米。北部和西部山區(qū)的年降水量超過2000毫米，中部和東部則少于800毫米。每年二月至三月最為干燥，十月至來年一月最為濕潤(rùn)2、英國(guó)氣候IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureClimateFeaturesAtemperatemaritimeclimate:

Neitherverycoldnorveryhotalltheyearround

Threefeatures

Thereisoftenalotoffogorsmoginwinter.Therearemanymorerainydaysthansunnydays.Theweatherisquiteinstableandchangeable.

NextComponentsRegionsoftheUKEnglandWalesScotlandNorthernIrelandEnglandCapital(andlargestcity):London

Area:130423sqkmOfficiallanguages:EnglishPopulation2008:above50million(UK:about60million)

SymbolsofEnglandWhatimagesareassociatedwithEngland?

StGeorge'sFlag:

FlagofEngland

ThreeLionsEmblemPrincessDiana,England'sRose

白金漢宮：英國(guó)的王宮。1703年為白金漢公爵所建而得名。1863年始成為英國(guó)歷代君主的寢宮，集合辦公與居家功能于一身。

宮殿上方如果飄揚(yáng)著國(guó)旗，表示女王正住在宮中。

白金漢宮對(duì)外開放一、禁衛(wèi)軍的換崗儀式

白金漢宮的皇家衛(wèi)隊(duì)每年4-9月時(shí)上午11:30至12:00都會(huì)舉行的換崗儀式，其他月份每?jī)商?1:30舉行一次，在軍樂和口令聲中，作各種列隊(duì)表演，并舉行的舉槍互致敬禮，一派王室氣象，常常吸引路人和游客圍觀。二、白金漢宮在每年的8、9月間都對(duì)外開放，參觀者可以購(gòu)票游覽女王接待國(guó)賓舉行國(guó)宴的國(guó)事廳、舞廳、畫廊以及后花園等處。表情嚴(yán)肅、不動(dòng)聲色、總也逗不笑的禁衛(wèi)軍士兵

猩紅的制服、金色的樂器、黑色的熊皮帽，好一派皇家氣派白金漢宮前的觀光客大本鐘

坐落于泰晤士河畔，議會(huì)大廈東側(cè)高95米的鐘樓上，鐘樓四面的圓形鐘盤，直徑為6.7米，是倫敦的傳統(tǒng)地標(biāo)。鐘重13.5噸，鐘盤直徑7米，時(shí)針和分針長(zhǎng)度分別為2.75米和4.27米，鐘擺重305公斤。大本鐘從1859年就為倫敦城報(bào)時(shí)，根據(jù)格林尼治時(shí)間每隔一小時(shí)敲響一次，至今將近一個(gè)半世紀(jì)，盡管這期間大本鐘曾兩度裂開而重鑄?，F(xiàn)在大本鐘的鐘聲仍然清晰、動(dòng)聽。每個(gè)鐘面的底座上刻著拉丁文的題詞，“上帝啊，請(qǐng)保佑我們的女王維多利亞一世的安全。”威斯敏斯特教堂（西敏寺）英國(guó)王室大大小小各種重大事件都會(huì)在威斯敏斯特大教堂內(nèi)舉行，不管是登基儀式還是盛大的王室婚禮，就連王室成員的墓葬之處也是這里。威廉王子大婚在西敏寺伊麗莎白二世加冕照加冕寶座自公元1308年愛得華一世在此處加冕登基之后，歷代的英國(guó)君王都使用同一把加冕寶座。寶座下面原有一塊被稱為“命運(yùn)之石”的加冕石，據(jù)說原產(chǎn)于圣地，是《舊約》里提到的雅各夢(mèng)見天梯的枕頭，誰得到這塊石頭誰就將統(tǒng)治世界。除了王室成員，英國(guó)許多領(lǐng)域的偉大人物也埋葬在此。英國(guó)人因此把威斯敏斯特教堂稱為“榮譽(yù)的寶塔尖”，認(rèn)為死后能在這里占據(jù)一席之地，是至高無上的光榮。

他們或被埋葬在教堂內(nèi)，或者在此樹立紀(jì)念碑。這里一些著名政治家、科學(xué)家、軍事家、文學(xué)家的墓地，其中有丘吉爾、牛頓、達(dá)爾文、狄更斯、布朗寧等。牛頓之墓圣保羅大教堂

圣保羅大教堂是世界著名的宗教圣地，世界第五大教堂，英國(guó)第一大教堂，以其壯觀的圓形屋頂而聞名，它模仿羅馬的圣彼得大教堂，是英國(guó)古典主義建筑的代表。格林威治天文臺(tái)（位于倫敦東南，泰晤士河畔）ThetowerofLondon倫敦塔倫敦塔的歷史已近千年，它的作用卻不斷地在變化：城堡、王宮、寶庫、火藥庫、鑄幣廠、監(jiān)獄、動(dòng)物園直到現(xiàn)在倫敦觀光區(qū)。

倫敦塔橋倫敦塔橋是從英國(guó)倫敦泰晤士河口算起的第一座橋（泰晤士河上共建橋15座），也是倫敦的象征，有“倫敦正門”之稱。

橋身分為上、下兩層，上層(橋面高于高潮水位約42米)為寬闊的懸空人行道，兩側(cè)裝有玻璃窗，行人從橋上通過，可以飽覽泰晤士河兩岸的美麗風(fēng)光；下層可供車輛通行。

橋塔內(nèi)設(shè)樓梯上下，內(nèi)設(shè)博物館、展覽廳、商店、酒吧等。登塔遠(yuǎn)眺，可盡情欣賞泰晤士河上下游十里風(fēng)光。

巨石陣在英國(guó)倫敦西南100多千米的索爾茲伯里平原上。巨石呈環(huán)形屹立在綠色的曠野間，這就是英倫三島最著名、最神秘的史前遺跡—巨石陣。約建于公元前4000-2000年，屬新石器時(shí)代末期至青銅時(shí)代。巨石陣最不可思議的是石陣中心的巨石，這些巨石最高的有8米，平均重量近30噸。ScotlandGeographyArea:78

772

km2(30

414

miles2),

roughly30%oftheareaoftheUKClimate:temperateandverychangeable,butrarelyextremePopulation:5.1million,12%ofthepopulationCapital:EdinburghcultureGeographyThegeographyofScotlandishighlyvaried,fromrurallowlandstobarrenuplands,andfromlargecitiestouninhabitedislands.Scotlandisdividedinto:theHighlandsthecentrallowlandstheSouthernUplands.BackEdinburghthecapitalcityofScotlandeconomiccenterofScotlandatouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninU.K.aculturalcity，holdinganinternationalfestivalofmusicandtheartseveryyear

ThenewcityofEdinburghEdiburghcastleThesymbolofEdiburghsituatedonamoundofvolcanicrockoneofScotland'soldestcastles,unequalledinthewholeoftheBritishIslesaremarkablefortress,thehistoricalinterestofandformerroyalresidence,visitedannuallybyapproximatelyonemillionpeopleNovisittoEdinburghiscompletewithoutavisittoEdinburghCastle

CastlesinEdiburghBack3、蘇格蘭風(fēng)情高爾夫、風(fēng)笛、格子呢裙和威士忌，是蘇格蘭文化的重要元素。高爾夫的發(fā)源地蘇格蘭被公認(rèn)為高爾夫的故鄉(xiāng)，其高爾夫運(yùn)動(dòng)的歷史和文化可以追溯到600多年前。世界上沒有任何其他地方有如此厚重的傳統(tǒng)。蘇格蘭有540多個(gè)球場(chǎng)，所有球場(chǎng)都提供獨(dú)一無二的多種挑戰(zhàn)。

傳統(tǒng)服裝：一套蘇格蘭民族服裝包括：一條長(zhǎng)度及膝的方格呢裙，一件色調(diào)與之相配的背心和一件花呢夾克，一雙長(zhǎng)筒針織厚襪。裙子用皮質(zhì)寬腰帶系牢，下面懸掛一個(gè)大腰包，掛在花格子呢裙子前面的正中央，有時(shí)肩上還斜披一條花格呢毯，用卡子在左肩處卡住。如泣如訴的風(fēng)笛

蘇格蘭威士忌(ScotchWhiskey)

是一種只在蘇格蘭地區(qū)生產(chǎn)制造的威士忌。如今，威士忌已迎來了在全世界經(jīng)銷500多年的歷史。全世界再?zèng)]有其他國(guó)家能像蘇格蘭一般，與威士忌密不可分，也沒有像蘇格蘭那么多的威士忌釀酒廠。Backthehighestpeak,BenNevis,1

344

m(4

409

ft).BenNevisfromBanavievillage

BenNevisinWinter

NorthernIrelandNorthernIrelandSmallestnationintheUK(only1.5millionpeople）MostlyRuralOftencalled“Ulster”CapitalCity：BelfastLeastwealthyofallUKnationsCityHall市政大廳Giant’sCauseway:巨人之路Giant’sCauseway:

isanareaofabout40,000interlocking（相連的）

basaltcolumns（玄武巖柱）,theresultofanancientvolcaniceruption.ItislocatedonthenortheastcoastofNorthernIreland.

Giant'sCausewayduringsunsetGiant’scauseway(3)2023/2/4103TheGiant'sBoot.WalesGeography:mainlyofmountainsArea:20779km2Population:2.99.1millionClimate:temperate,maritime

climate;oneofthewettestregionsinEuropeCapital:CardiffThereddragonThesceneryofWales

StGilesChurch

StGilesChurch

翻譯:圣吉爾斯教堂Old

StoneCastlesTouristAttractions遠(yuǎn)處的Snowdon

2.TheNationalFlag:

UnionJack—isthenameofBritishnationalflag.Thecolorblueisthebackgroundanditselementarycolor.Thecrossesrefertotheunityofthisnationbymeansofreligion.

ChapterI

EnglandScotlandIrelandNationalflag

EnglandScotlandIrelandTheNationalFlagofEngland(theflagofSt.George)

StGeorge'sDay

(23April):thenationaldayofEnglandInterestingFacts:●DespitethefactthatSt.GeorgehasbeenthepatronsaintofEnglandsincethe14thcentury,onlyoneinfivepeopleknowthatSt.George’sDayfallson23April.●MorethanaquarterofpeoplelivinginEnglanddonotevenknowwhotheirpatronsaintis!●Shakespearewasbornon23April1564andhediedonthesamedayin1616.TheNationalFlagofScotland(theflagofSt.Andrew)

adiagonalwhitecrossform(calledasaltire)onabluefield

+﹢WhentheredcrossofEnglandwasputontotheflagofScotland,awhiteborderwasaddedaroundtheredcrossforreasonsofheraldry（紋章學(xué)）.(Therulesofheraldrydemandedthattwocoloursmustnevertoucheachother.)TheNationalFlagof

(thecrossofSt.Patrick)

﹢●On1January1801,IrelandwasunitedwithGreatBritain……●"counterchanging“●themosthonourablepositionandthesecondmosthonourableposition●TheSt.Patrick'sCrossremainsintheflageventhoughtodayonlyNorthernIrelandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.

TheflagsofthePatr