火災(zāi)報警器中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

外文文獻(xiàn)原稿和譯文原稿Multiplesingle-chipmicrocomputerapproachtofiredetectionandmonitoringsystemA.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MScIndexingterm:Hazards,Design,PlantconditionmonitoringAbstract:Acompletesystemforfiredetectionandalarmmonitoringhasbeenproposedforcomplexplants.Thesystemusesmultiplesinglechiparchitectureattachedtoapartyline.Thecontrolalgorithmisbasedonatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking,thusthecomplexityisdistributed.Acompletecircuitdiagramisgivenforthelocalandthecentralstationwithrequirementsforthesoftwarestructure.Thedesigniskeptingeneralformsuchthatitcanbeadaptedtoamultitudeofplantconfigurations.Itisparticularlyshownhownewdevelopmentsintechnology,especiallyCMOSsinglechipdevices,areincorporatedinthesystemdesigntoreducethecomplexityoftheoverallhardware,e.g.bydecomposingthesystemsuchthatlowerlevelsofhierarchyareabletohavesomeautonomyindecisionmaking,andthusamorecomplexdecisionissolvedinasimpledistributedmethod.1DetectionandalarmdevicesAbasicfiredetectionsystemconsistsoftwoparts,detectionandannunciation.Anautomaticdetectiondevice,suchasaheat,smokeorflamedetector,ultravioletorinfrareddetectorsorflameflicker,isbasedondetectingthebyproductofacombustion.Smokedetectors,ofbothionizationandopticaltypes,arethemostcommonlyuseddetectordevices.WhenatypicaldetectorofthistypeentersthealarmstateitscurrentconsumptionincreasesfromthepAtothemArange(say,fromamere15pAinthedormantmodeto60mA)intheactivemode.Inmanydetectorsthedetectoroutputvoltageiswelldefinedundervariousoperatingconditions,suchasthosegiveninTable1.Themoresensitivethedetector,themoresusceptibleitistofalsealarms.Inordertocontrolthedetectorprecisely,eitherofthefollowingmethodsisused:acoincidencetechniquecanbebuiltintothedetector,orafilteringtechniquesuchthatalogiccircuitbecomesactiveonlyifxalarmsaredetectedwithinatimeperiodT.Thedetectiontechniquedependsgreatlyonthelocationandplantbeingprotected;smokedetectorsareusedforsleepingareas,infraredorultravioletradiationareusedwhenflammableliquidsarebeinghandled,heatdetectorsareusedforfiresuppressionorextinguishingsystems.Ingeneral,lifeandpropertyprotectionhavedifferentapproaches.Alarmdevices,apartfromtheusualaudibleorvisiblealarms,mayincorporatesolidstatesoundreproductionandemergencyvoicecommunicationorprintersthatrecordtime,date,locationandotherinformationrequiredbythestandardcodeofpracticeforfireprotectionforcomplexplants.Heaviside[4]hasanexcellentreviewofalltypesofdetectorsandextinguishersystems.1.1ControlphilosophyanddivisionoflabourOurcontrolphilosophyisimplementedhierarchically.Threelevelsofsystemhierarchyareimplemented,withtwolevelsofdecisionmaking.Thereisnocommunicationbetweenequipmentonthesamelevel.Interactionbetweenlevelsoccursbyupwardstransferofinformationregardingthestatusofthesubsystemsanddownwardstransferofcommands.ThisisshowninFig.1whereatlevel1isthecentralstationmicrocomputerandistheultimatedecisionmaker(whennotinmanualmode).Atlevel2arethelocalcontrollers,whichresideinthelocalstations.Atlevel3aretheactualdetectorsandactuators.Amanualmodeofoperationisprovidedatalllevels.Informationregardingthestatusofalldetectorsistransmittedonaperareabasistothelocalcontrollers.Theirinformationiscondensedandtransmittedupwardtothecentralmicrocomputer.Transferofstatusisalwaysunidirectionalandupwards.Transferofcommandsisalwaysunidirectionalanddownwards,withexpansionatthelocalcontrollevel.Thisapproachpreservesthestrictrulesofthehierarchyforexactmonitoringdetectionandalarmsystemsassociatedwithhighriskplants.Theclassificationofthetwolayersofcontrolsisbaseduponlayersofdecisionmaking,withrespecttothefactsthat(a)Whenthedecisiontimecomes,themakingandimplementationofadecisioncannotbepostponed(b)Thedecisionshaveuncertainty(c)Itwillisolatelocaldecisions(e.g.locallywemighthaveanalarmalthoughtheremaybeafaultwiththesystem)2GeneralhardwareI:Fig.2depictsourdesigninthesimplestofforms.Thesystemusesanopenpartylineapproachwithfourconductorcablesgoinginaloopsharedbyalltheremotedevicesandthecontrolpanel.Thisapproachissimpleinconceptandiseconomicallyfeasible.However,onemajordisadvantageisthedependencyonasinglecableforpowerandsignaling.Incaseswherereliabilityisofextremeimportance,twooreventhreecablestakingdifferentroutesthroughoutthesystemmaybeconnectedinparallel.Fig.3givesthedrivercircuitryrequiredtoderiveanexpandablebus.Thisdesigntakesadvantageofrecentadvancesinthesinglechipmicrocomputertechnologytoreducetheinterfacebetweenthecentralstationandthelocalstations.2.1CentralcontroltaskAcentralunitprovidesacentralizedpointtomonitorandcontrolthesystemactivities.Inthesystemtobedescribedthecentralcontrolunitservesafivefoldpurpose.(i)Itreceivesinformationfromthelocalstationsandoperatesthealarmsandotheroutputdevices.(ii)Itnotifiestheoperatorincaseofsystemmalfunction.(iii)Itprovidesanoverallsystemcontrolmanualandautomatic.(iu)Itprovidesasystemtestpointoflocalstationsanditself.(u)Itprovidesacentralpointforobservation,learningandadaptation.2.2LocalstationsThelocalstationscantakelocaldecisionsregardingrecognitionofarisksituation,andactindependentlyonlocalaffairs.Inthistechniquewedependon‘load-typecoordination’,e.g.thelowerlevelunitsrecognizetheexistenceofotherdecisionunitsonthesamelevel;thecentralorthetoplevelprovidesthelowerunitswithamodeloftherelationshipbetweenitsactionandtheresponseofthesystem.Itisevidentthatapowerfulmachineisrequiredatthisstagesothatalltherequiredfunctionscanbeimplemented.Theavailabilityofthenewgenerationofmicrochipsmakesthisarchitectureafeasiblesolution.Asinglechipmicrocomputerwaschosenoverdiscretedigitalandanaloguedevicestointerfacetothefielddevicesandtothecentralmicrocomputer.Thisisthemainreasonthatpreviouslythisapproachwasnotfeasible.Inselectingthemicrocomputerforthelocalstations,thecriterionwastherequirementforachipwhichcontainsthemostintegrationoftheanalogueanddigitalportsrequiredfortheinterfaceandtheutilizationofCMOStechnologyowingtoremotenessofthelocalstations.ThechoicewastheMotorola68HC11A4,forthefollowingreasons:(a)ItisCMOStechnology;thisreducespowerconsumption.(b)IthasaUARTonboard;thisfacilitatesserialcommunication.(e)Ithasana/dconverteronboard;thiseliminatesanexternalA/D.(d)Ithas4KofROM,256bytesofRAM,512bytesofEERROMwith401/0linesanda16bittimer;thissatisfiedallourmemoryand1/0requirementsatthelocalstationside.3SystemimplementationThelocalstation:Fig.3istheblockdiagramofthecircuitusedtoutilizetheMC68HCllA4asaremotefiredetectingcircuitwhileFig.4illustratesthesamecircuitinanexpandedform.Itcanbeseenthatthesinglemicrocontrollercanbeusedtomonitormorethanonedetector,thusreducingsystemcost.Thelooppowersupply,whichisusuallybetween28and26V,isfurtherregulatedbya5V100mAmonolithiclowpowervoltageregulatortosupplypowertothemicrocontroller.Theonboardoscillator,coupledwithanexternalcrystalof2.4576MHz,suppliesthemicrocontrollerwithitstimingsignalwhichisdividedinternallybyfourtoyieldaprocessorfrequencyof614.4kHz,whichisanevenmultipleoftheRS232[7]baudrategenerator.InthisSectiontheterm‘supervisedinputoroutput’willbeusedtomeanthatthefunctioninquestionismonitoredforopen-andshort-circuitconditionsinadditiontoitsothernormalfunctions.MoreinformationcanbefoundinReference9.4Mainloop5ConclusionThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofalargescalefiredetectionandalarmsystemusingmulti-singlechipmicrocomputers.Thearchitectureusedisatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking.ThisarchitectureismadepossiblebythenewCMOSmicrocontrollerswhichrepresentahighpackingdensityatalowpowerconsumptionyetarepowerfulindataprocessingandthusindecisionmaking.Eachlocalstationcouldmakeanautonomousdecisionifthehigherlevelofhierarchyallowsittodoso.Ithasbeentriedtokeepthesystemdesigningeneralformatsoitcanbeadaptedtovaryingsituations.Aprototypeofthedescribedsystemhasbeenbuiltandtested[10].ThecontrolpartofthecentralstationisimplementedwithadevelopmentcardbasedonMC68000microprocessor(MEX68KECB,byMotorola),whichhasabuilt-inmonitorcalledTutor.Theapplicationprogramsweredevelopedusingthefeaturesprovidedbythismonitor.Thelocalstations’controllersweredesignedusingtheMC68705R3,single-chipmicrocontroller.7References1‘Fireprotectionguidelinesfornuclearpowerplants’,USNRCRegulatoryGuide1.1202BAGCHI,C.N.:‘Amulti-leveldistributedmicroprocessorsystemforanuclearpowerplantfireprotectionsystemcontrols,monitoring,andcommunication’,IEEETrans.,19823PUCILL,P.M.:‘Firehazardprotection,detectionandmonitoringsystems’,Sea.Con,2,ProceedingsofSymposiumonADVinoffshoreandterminalmeasurementandcontrolsystems,Brighton,England,March1979,pp.353-3634HEAVISID,L.:‘Offshorefireandexplosiondetectionandfixedfire’.OffshoreTechnologicalConference,12thAnnualProceedings,Houston,5CELLENTANI,E.N.,andHUMPHREY,W.Y.:‘Coordinateddetection/communicationapproachtofireprotection’,Specify:Eng.,6‘MotorolaMicroprocessorsDataManual’(MotorolaSemiconductorProducts,Austin,7ElectronicIndustriesAssociation:‘Interfacebetweendataterminalequipmentanddatacommunicationequipmentemployingserialbinarydatainterchange’(EIAStandardRS-232,Washington,DC,1969)8MESAROVIC,M.D.,MACKO,D.,TAKAHARA,Y.:‘Theoryofhierarchicalmultilevelsystems’(AcademicPress,1970)9KASSEM,M.:‘Firealarmsystems’,MSc.thesis,Dept.ofElec.&Comp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,198510LIE,P.,andKOTAMARTI,U.:‘Thedesignofafirealarmsystemusingmicroprocessors’,C481Project,Dept.ofElec.andComp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,1986譯文基于單片機(jī)的火災(zāi)探測和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)A.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MSc關(guān)鍵詞：危險，設(shè)計，設(shè)備狀態(tài)監(jiān)測摘要：火災(zāi)探測及報警監(jiān)控已成為一個復(fù)雜而完整的體系。該系統(tǒng)采用多個單芯片架構(gòu)到一條主線上。該控制算法是基于兩級決策層次，因此分配了復(fù)雜性。一個完整的電路原理圖，給出了主、分控制器所需的軟件的結(jié)構(gòu)要求。設(shè)計延續(xù)一般形式，這樣可以適應(yīng)于多種系統(tǒng)的配置。尤其顯示出新的技術(shù)發(fā)展，特別是CMOS單芯片器件，在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計中的使用，以減少整體硬件的復(fù)雜性，例如，通過分解系統(tǒng)，這樣的層次較低水平的控制器能夠有一些決策自主權(quán)，用簡單的分布式的方法解決了復(fù)雜的決策。1、檢測和報警裝置一個基本的火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)由兩部分組成，檢測和報警。自動檢測設(shè)備有比如熱，煙霧或火焰檢測器，紫外線或紅外線探測器或火焰閃爍，是基于檢測一個燃燒的副產(chǎn)品。煙霧探測器都電離和光類型，是最常用的檢測設(shè)備。當(dāng)這種類型的典型探測器進(jìn)入報警狀態(tài)產(chǎn)生的電流信號會從PA變成MA（比如，從單純的15pA在休眠模式下為60毫安）在主動模式。在許多探測器的檢測器輸出電壓明確在各種運(yùn)行條件，例如見表1。越是敏感的檢測器，它更容易受到虛假警報。為了控制探測器的精確，可使用下列方法：過濾技術(shù)，這樣的邏輯電路成為活躍僅當(dāng)x警報的時間內(nèi)檢測周期T。檢測技術(shù)在很大程度上取決于地點(diǎn)和植物受到保護(hù)，煙霧探測器是睡覺的地方，紅外線和紫外線輻射探測器，檢測易燃液體燃燒，熱探測器用于滅火和滅火系統(tǒng)。一般來說，生命和財產(chǎn)保護(hù)有不同的做法。報警裝置，從通常的聲響或視覺報警外，還可以采用固態(tài)的聲音再現(xiàn)和緊急話音通信或打印機(jī)，記錄時間，日期，地點(diǎn)和其他資料。1.1控制理念和分工我們的理念是實(shí)施控制等級。三個層次的系統(tǒng)級的實(shí)施，兩個級別的決策。之間沒有設(shè)備，在同一層次的溝通。交互各級之間發(fā)生了向上的信息傳輸有關(guān)的子系統(tǒng)和向下狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移的命令。這是圖所示。1，其中第1級是中央控制站，是微機(jī)最終（在不手動模式）決策者。第2級是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂破?，建立在?dāng)?shù)氐恼?。?級是實(shí)際檢測器和驅(qū)動器。在各級提供手操作模式。所有探測器的數(shù)據(jù)和分處理器是當(dāng)?shù)乜刂频幕A(chǔ)。他們將信息濃縮，并轉(zhuǎn)交中央處理器。信息傳遞的地位始終是單向及以上。命令傳輸是單向的總是向下，并在擴(kuò)大局部控制的水平。這種方法保留了層次的準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測檢測和嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則高風(fēng)險的核電站警報系統(tǒng)。兩個控制層的分類是基于決策層。（一）在屆時的決定，提出和決定的執(zhí)行情況不能再拖延（二）決定的不確定性（三）將隔離當(dāng)?shù)氐臎Q定（例如，我們可能會在當(dāng)?shù)貓缶?，但有可能有故障系統(tǒng)）2、硬件圖.2描繪了我們的設(shè)計最簡單的形式。這個系統(tǒng)采用四個導(dǎo)體開放的路線，在所有遠(yuǎn)程共享一個循環(huán)電纜設(shè)備和控制面板。這種方法簡單，經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行。但是，一個主要缺點(diǎn)是對一個單一的電力和信號電纜的依賴。在重要環(huán)境下，可靠性是極其重要的。固可采用兩個甚至三個電纜采取不同的線路連接，可并行連接。圖.3是驅(qū)動電路必須得一個擴(kuò)展總線。采用這種設(shè)計在單片機(jī)技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展優(yōu)勢減少與中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。2.1中央控制任務(wù)中央站點(diǎn)提供了一個集中點(diǎn)，以監(jiān)測和控制系統(tǒng)的活動。在該系統(tǒng)介紹了中央控制單元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警鐘及其他輸出設(shè)備。（二）它提示在系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時的操作。（三）它提供了一個全面系統(tǒng)的手動和自動控制。（四），它提供了中央和分站的系統(tǒng)測試點(diǎn)。（五）它提供了一個中心點(diǎn)觀察，學(xué)習(xí)和適應(yīng)。2.2分控制站分控制站的決定可以控制處理當(dāng)?shù)氐男畔?。這種技術(shù)我們就依靠負(fù)載型協(xié)調(diào)下級單位，承認(rèn)在同一水平上的其他決定單位的存在;中央或高層提供了一個較低的單位模型之間的行動和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)的關(guān)系。很明顯，一個強(qiáng)大的機(jī)器，需要在這個階段，使所有需要的功能得到有效執(zhí)行。該芯片的新一代供應(yīng)使得該體系結(jié)構(gòu)的解決變得可行。單片機(jī)被選中了離散的數(shù)字和模擬設(shè)備接口，到外地設(shè)備和中央微機(jī)。這是最主要的原因，以前這種做法是不可行的。該芯片的選擇的，包含要求的模擬和數(shù)字接口所需的端口和CMOS技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，由于地處偏僻的分控制站最一體化。這個選擇是摩托羅拉68HC11A4，理由如下：（1）它是CMOS技術(shù)，這可減少電力消耗。（2）它有一個UART，這有利于串行通信。（3）它有一個A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器上，這消除了外部A/D轉(zhuǎn)換（4）它有一個4K的ROM，256K內(nèi)存，512KEERROM字節(jié)40個I/O端口的線路和一個16位定時器;符合分控制站所有的內(nèi)存和1/0的要求。3、系統(tǒng)實(shí)施分控制站：圖.3是用于一個遠(yuǎn)程火災(zāi)報警MC68HCllA4電路框圖檢測電路：圖.4這是前一個電路的擴(kuò)展形式?？梢钥闯鰡纹瑱C(jī)可用于監(jiān)控多個探測器，從而降低了系統(tǒng)成本。回路電源，通常在26到28V之間，通常五伏一百毫安單片低功耗電壓調(diào)節(jié)器供電的微控制器。板載振蕩器，是一個2.4576MHz的外部晶體結(jié)合，提供時間信號，它被分為4個內(nèi)部收益率為614.4千赫，這是一個更多的RS232[7]波特率發(fā)生器的處理器頻率微控制器。4、主循環(huán)5、結(jié)論本文描述了一個大規(guī)模的火災(zāi)探測及報警系統(tǒng)，使用多的發(fā)展，單芯片微型計算機(jī)。該架構(gòu)是采用兩個層次的決策層次。這種架構(gòu)是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在數(shù)據(jù)處理功能強(qiáng)大的高堆積密度和決策。每個地方控制站可以自主作出的決定如果上級機(jī)構(gòu)，允許它這樣做。一般格式化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，因此它可以適應(yīng)不同的情況。所描述的系統(tǒng)原型已經(jīng)建成并測試[10]。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC68000微處理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托羅拉），它有一個內(nèi)置的顯示器稱為導(dǎo)師。該應(yīng)用程序都是使