跨文化交際課件

LanguageandCulture

1入境而問禁入國(guó)而問俗入門而問諱——《禮記曲禮上》BookofRites2CaseAnalysis1.A:Whycouldn’tCinderellabeagoodsoccerplayer?B:Shelosthershoe,sheranawayfromtheball,andhercoachwasapumpkin.2.A:Coffee,please.B:Whiteorblack?A:Uhjustwantsomecoffee.3.AChinese:Haveyouhadyourlunch?AnAmerican:No,Ihaven’t.ButIthinkIcanmanagetoarrivehomeforsupper.3LanguageNothingmoreclearlydistinguishesoneculturefromanotherthanitslanguage.

ArensbergandNiehoff

4Whatislanguage?Languageisawayofcommunicatingneededbyallpeoples.Itistheprincipalmeanswherebypeopleconductsociallives.5Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.6TherelationbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.Languageandcultureareinextricablyentwined.Languageisanimportantwaytotransmitculture.Languageisthecarrierofculturewhichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.7語言和文化密不可分.語言是文化的一部分，文化又無時(shí)無刻影響著語言.語言是文化的載體，又是文化的寫照 .語言文字當(dāng)中，處處都打有文化的烙印，語言活動(dòng)過程中，時(shí)時(shí)可覓見文化的蹤跡.8CultureBigCultureSmallCulture(exceptlanguage)OtherCulturalPhenomenaLanguageLanguageTherelationbetweenlanguageandculture91.Languageasareflectionofthesociety2008年度中國(guó)主流媒體十大流行語榜單及解讀綜合類十大流行語北京奧運(yùn)、金融危機(jī)、志愿者、汶川大地震、神七、三聚氰胺、改革開放30周年、降息、擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需、糧食安全

10metrosexual=metropolis+sexual

metrosexualNewly-coinedword:都市玉男/型男11MetrosexualMeetthemetrosexualHe'swelldressed,narcissisticandobsessedwithbutts.Butdon'tcallhimgay.ByMarkSimpson/story/ent/feature/2002/07/22/metrosexual/12Aladultissingle,assured,solventandsecureinhisnew-foundmasculinity.Agedbetween25andthirtysomething,theLadultworksmoderatelyhardatmiddlemanagement....HespendsalotongadgetsandDVDs,andenjoyspoker,onlinegamblingandevenflyfishing.Heironshisownshirtsandcancooksimplemeals.[Observer,1Jan.2006]最近在歐美大量出現(xiàn)Ladult這個(gè)詞彙，指20幾到30幾歲的青壯男性，由於坐擁社會(huì)資源，讓他們意識(shí)到自己有權(quán)利與義務(wù)更加關(guān)心這個(gè)社會(huì)(2006遠(yuǎn)東月刊)。Ladult=lad+adult都市新男性

13BritishandAmericanEnglish(differencesofsigns)US:Nodogsallowed.England:Weregretthatintheinterestofhygienedogsarenotallowedonthesepremises.US:Videocontrolled.England:Notice:Intheinterestofourregularcustomersthesepremisesarenowequippedwithcentralsecurityclosedcircuittelevision.142.Languagecanbeanexpressionofracialandethnicdiscrimination.Somewordshavemorethanonemeaningandcreatenegativeimages,suchas“blackhearted”or“ablackmarkonyourrecord.”Negativewordscanalsobecomeassociatedwithgroups,suchasreferringtoNativeAmericansas“savages.”15DutchDutchactDutchbargainDutchcourageDutchman’slandDutchtreatDutchuncleDutchcomfortIamDutched.I’maDutchmanif…[美俚]自殺酒席上作成的交易<俗>酒后之勇過分直率或嚴(yán)厲地批評(píng)或譴責(zé)別人的人各付己帳無濟(jì)于事的安慰socialprejudice海市蜃樓16OneEnglishmancanbeatthreeFrenchmen.TheItaliansarewisebeforethedeed,theGermansinthedeed,theFrenchafterthedeed.AnAmericanwillgotohellforabagofcoffee.Socialprejudice17Theuseoftheword“man”inwordslikechairmanandmankind.Useofthepronouns“he”and“she”affectsthinkingaboutgender.Forexample,nursesandsecretariesareusuallyreferredtoas“she.”3.Languagecanalsobeasourceofsexualdiscrimination18InChapterIIIinJaneAusten’snovel,“PrideandPrejudice”,Mrs

Bennet,excitedafterparticipatinginaparty,talkedtoherhusbandaboutMr.Bingleyasfollows:19

Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostdelightfulevening,

amostexcellentball.…Janewasso

admired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite

beautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!…[Mr.Darcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenough

todancewith.見《英語與社會(huì)》p.2320Inthischapter,JaneAustenhastakenadvantageoftheseintensifierstoindicatethatMrs

Bennetisshallow,superficial,andexaggerating.21SexisminEnglish:Thechickenmetaphortellsthewholestoryofawoman'slife.Inheryouth

sheisachick.Thenshemarriesandbeginsfeatheringhernest.Soonshebegins

feelingcoopedup,soshegoestohenpartieswhereshecackleswithherfriends.

Thenshehasherbrood,beginstohenpeckherhusband,andfinallyturnsintoanoldbiddy.http:///~jmatthew/articles/sexinEnglish.html224.Languageasareflectionofvalues23English:fairplay,privacyorindependence,individualism

AmericanEnglishvocabulary:

eg.self-absorbed,self-appointed,self-centered,self-confident,self-conscious,self-important,self-image,self-reliance,self-regard(關(guān)注自己，關(guān)注自身利益)24Theupperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaperThelowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff頭皮屑

,ill,settee長(zhǎng)沙發(fā)

,notepaper,glasses5.Languageasareflectionofsocialstatus25SpeakerA SpeakerB

Ididityesterday. Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit. Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit. Itwasherwhatsaidit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.26Culturally-loadedwordsAnimalwordsColorwordsTaboosandeuphemisms27

Chinese

English吹牛――talkhorse孺子牛――willinghorse牛飲――eat/drinklikeahorse健壯如牛――ashealthyasahorse老黃牛――worklikeahorse強(qiáng)按牛頭不喝水――Youcanleadahorsetotheriver,butyoucanneverexpecttoforceittodrink.AnimalWordsWhydifferent?28Chinese:麒麟送子English:avisitbythestork29Exercise:Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.drinklikeafishtreaduponeggs寧為雞頭，不為鳳尾。牛飲如履薄冰30Chinese:膽小如鼠狐假虎威甕中之鱉English:astimidasarabbit/chicken-heartedanassinalion’sskinlikearatinahole31Chinese:落湯雞母老虎（比丈夫強(qiáng)的妻子）English:likeadrenchedchicken;likeadrownedratgreymare32dog

漢族人眼中的“狗”：

走狗、狗仗人勢(shì)、狗腿子、狐朋狗友、狼心狗肺……loveme,lovemydogaluckdogtopdogolddogcleverdog西方人眼中的“dog”：1.勝利者；奪魁者2.主要人物33中國(guó)龍是一種祥獸

西方龍則是邪惡的代名詞

龍34AcollectionofAsianAmericanfeminists’articles(publishedin1997)THEASIANMYSTIQUE:DragonLadies,GeishaGirls,andOurFantasiesoftheExoticOrient(publishedin2005)（亞洲的奧秘：潑婦，藝伎，我們關(guān)于奇異東方的幻想，）35WhyarewomenofAsianoriginsooftendepictedinHollywoodandWesternliteratureassubmissive,sexuallyavailableGeishaordemureChinaDolls—ortheconverse,asDragonLadiesorDominatrix?……（http:///showevent.asp?eventid=4590）為什么好萊塢和西方的文學(xué)作品總是把亞洲婦女描寫成溫順的、隨時(shí)愿意奉獻(xiàn)肉體的藝伎，或矜持、美麗卻沒有頭腦的中國(guó)尤物，或者走向另一個(gè)極端，把亞洲婦女描繪成惡毒的女人（DragonLadies）或嗜好性虐待的女魔頭（Dominatrix）？……36《楊過與小龍女》“LittleDragonMaid”?LoongGirl小龍女包租婆《功夫》37Sheisarealdragon,you’dbetterkeepawayfromher.(她是兇狠的母夜叉,最好離她遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn))。38OwlInEnglish:aswiseasanowl象貓頭鷹一樣聰明

InChinese:貓頭鷹進(jìn)宅,好事不來bearInEnglish:Heisabearatmaths(他是個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)天才)InChinese:“瞧他那個(gè)熊樣兒”、“真熊”39。fishInChinese:

年年有余(魚)InEnglish:apoorfishaloosefishfishintheair可憐蟲生活放蕩的女人水中撈月40

EnglishShelley’sOdetothe

WestWind(西風(fēng)頌)

JohnMasefield/約翰·梅斯菲爾德

TheWestWind(《西風(fēng)頌》)

zephyr(thewestwind)EastWindAutomobileZephyrautomobileJohnMasefield(1878—1967)PercyByssheShelley

珀西·比希·雪萊（1792-1822）

41ColortermsMr.Brownisaverywhiteman.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.布朗先生是一位忠實(shí)可靠的人。那天他臉色不好，近來感到悶悶不樂。我見到他時(shí)，他顯得心事重重。我希望他早點(diǎn)振作起來。42Westerncountrybloody(eg.aredbattle)RudeIrritableModernmeaning:universallove(博愛的fromthefilm“red”)China

Loyal(忠貞,e.g一顆紅心）SuccessfulPopular(受歡迎，受重視，eg.紅人）Lucky(吉利,e.g.紅白事）red43red

redletterday“紀(jì)念日”“喜慶的日子”redfigure，redink(赤字)inthered（虧損）redbalance（赤字差額）redtape繁文縟節(jié)44black

blackmoney（黑錢）blackmarket（黑市交易或黑市）ablackletterday不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天blackox不幸blackfigure，intheblack都表示“盈利”、“賺錢”表示“嚴(yán)重的，不受歡迎的，不吉利的、罪惡的、不合適的、不合法的、憤怒的”等45“黑色”黑心人theverycruelpeople黑幫thereactionaryorganizationsgatheredsecretly多表示貶意如“陰暗的、非法的、秘密的、壞的、狠毒的等46BlackinChinese

黑眼鏡sunglasses黑貨smuggledgoods黑心腸evilmind黑話cant黑體字boldfacetype黑咕隆咚pitch-dark黑死病theplague黑更半夜inthedeadofnight

47Black:thecolorofnightorcoalWesterncountryEvil(e.g..blackmail)UnluckyVS.whitemeaningunluckinessinChineseHopeless(e.g..thingwasbeginningtolookprettyblackforus)ChinaRighteous(e.g..黑臉的包公鐵面無私）Thesameaswesterncountry–evil(黑社會(huì)）Secret(e.g..黑話）48Translationofblack1.blacktea紅茶(而不譯為黑茶)漢語中的“紅茶”譯成英語是“blacktea”，字面上意為“黑茶”，這是因?yàn)闈h語針對(duì)茶水的顏色而言，故稱其為“紅”，而英語的著眼點(diǎn)則放在茶葉的顏色上，故稱其為“黑”。2.blackandblue青一塊紫一塊(而不是青一塊黑一塊)49Youlookbluetoday.What‘swrongwithyou?你今天看起來悶悶不樂，出了什么事？“憂郁，傷感，沮喪”

ablueMonday(倒霉的星期一)inabluemood(情緒低沉)bluemoon;onceinabluemoon“罕見之至，極不可能”"千載難逢blue50blueheisarealblueblood.（他是真正的貴族。）blue-eyedboys“受到管理當(dāng)局寵愛和特別照顧的職工”bluebook（藍(lán)皮書）blue-skymarket（露天市場(chǎng)），blue-collarworkers（從事體力勞動(dòng)的工人）51Blue:thecolorofskyWesterncountrySad(eg.gettheblues;blues—aslowsadstyleofmusicthatcamefromthesouthernUS)Obscene(mentionedabove,bluebook)Noble,highlyprivileged(e.g.blue-blooded=belongingtoaroyalornoble)Modernmeaning:freedom(fromthefilm“blue”)ChinaSinister(陰險(xiǎn)，京劇臉譜中的藍(lán)色代表陰險(xiǎn)）52“黃袍加身”;“黃袍”;“黃榜”;“黃門”有“崇高”、“尊嚴(yán)”和“權(quán)力”的象征意義

“黃花閨女”、“黃毛丫頭”黃色53YellowinChinese黃瓜cucumber黃鱔finlesseel黃土高原loessplateau黃蜂wasp黃花閨女a(chǎn)virgin黃道吉日luckyday黃豆soybean黃毛丫頭asillylittlegirl黃牛ox黃昏dusk54yellowYouareyellow!yellowboyTurnyellowYellowpages表示“卑鄙”、“怯懦”、“猜忌”等55Green:lightblueWesterncountryJealous(e.g.greeneyesVS.紅眼inChinese)Inexperienced(e.g.greenhand),lackinsocialexperience(e.g.賈寶玉isagreenboyinthetranslationof“thedreamofredmansion”)Unripe(不成熟）China

Dynamic(生機(jī)勃勃）Acuckoldhusband(綠帽子）56greenagreenhand(生手，易上當(dāng)受騙的人)，greengoods(新鮮貨)，agreenman(新來水手)，agreenoldage(老當(dāng)益壯)等等。green-eyed“嫉妒”、“眼紅”Youareexpectingtoomuchofhim.Heisstillgreen,youknow.（你對(duì)他要求過高，他還沒經(jīng)驗(yàn)嘛。）greenback“美鈔”greenpower“金錢的力量”或“財(cái)團(tuán)”57Yellow:thecolorofbutter,gold,etc.WesterncountryCowardly,timid(膽怯的，eg.Yellow–bellied=notbrave)OriginatefromtheoffensivewayofdescribingtheskincolorofpeoplefrompartsofAsia.China

Obscene(淫穢，色情，庸俗，eg.黃色書籍，vs.bluebookinEnglish）Royal(黃色是帝王的顏色）Failure(計(jì)劃不能實(shí)現(xiàn)，eg.這事黃了。）58browntobedonebrown被欺騙，被烤BrownBaggers學(xué)習(xí)用功的學(xué)生brownstoners貴族氣派的人59WhiteUniversalconnotations:

purityandinnocence60“White”inChinese白班dayshift白鷺egret白內(nèi)障cataract白癡idiot白開水plainboiledwater白血病leukemia白眼supercilious白手起家tostartfromscratch

61WhiteSnowWhite,whiteChristmas,awhitesoultheWhiteHouseHehaswhitehands.whitehand有“pure”(純潔)、或“unstained”(清白)之意。whitewar指沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，常指“經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”。whiteelephant（昂貴卻派不上用場(chǎng)的物體或物主不需要但又無法處置之物）whitegoods表示純潔、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、輕輕的、政治上反動(dòng)等

awhiteflag62白色“白手”“白手起家”startfromscratch;buildupfromnothing白眼thetiredlook白丁verycommonpeople表示清楚、明白、陳述、純凈、無代價(jià)的、無效的、政治上反動(dòng)的等63White:thecolorofsnowWesterncountryFair,pure(inthewedding)Lucky(eg.awhiteday)ConservativeModernmeaning:equal,fromthefilm“white”ChinaUnlucky(葬禮，白事）Crafty(奸詐的，eg.白臉的曹操）Vain(eg.沒效果，白費(fèi)力氣）不付出代價(jià)而享受（eg.吃白食，小白臉）64Purple:themixedcolorofredandblueWesterncountryRoyal(e.g..borntothepurple=bornintoahighsocialclass)Flashyandwithoutsubstance(華而不實(shí)的，e.g..apurplepassage)ChinaPropitious(祥瑞，e.g..紫氣沖天）65紫氣東來《關(guān)令尹內(nèi)傳》DifferentmeaningsarecontainedinthesamecolorfordifferentnationalitiesCase66Grey:themixedcolorofblackandwhiteWesterncountryExperienced(e.g.greyhand老手）Boring(e.g.agreybook)Gloomy(e.g.greyprospects)Reliable,expensive(灰色是西方消費(fèi)者聯(lián)想到貴重的，質(zhì)量可靠的商品）China

alsothemeaning–gloomy,depressed(e.g.灰心喪氣，心灰意懶）Cheap,unqualified(灰色使消費(fèi)者聯(lián)想到廉價(jià)貨，水貨）67Pink:paleredWesterncountryHealthy(e.g..Inthepink=ingoodshape)Mostlyreferredtofemale(e.g..Pinkjobs:女性的職業(yè)）China

RelatedwiththecolorofpeachRomantic(e.g.桃花運(yùn)）68Scarlet:thebrilliantredcolorWesterncountryNotpure,withoutchastity,obscene(e.g.TheScarletLetter“紅字”isaboutadultery;scarletwoman—awomanwhohassexualrelationshipswithmanymen)Criminal(e.g.themurdererhuddledonthecrimsoncarpetinascarletpoor罪犯在深紅色的地毯上蜷成一團(tuán)，像是一汪剛剛流淌出來的鮮血）ChinaThesamemeaningasred:passionate熱情，潑辣（e.g.王熙鳳總穿深紅色的衣服，以顯示其潑辣的性格）69Taboosandeuphemism

禁忌語與委婉語

Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.70Talkingaboutsexualintercourseandcertainpartsofthebodyistabooinbothcultures.Eg.makeloveTohavesexwith71

Four-letterwordsarestillconsideredimproperinmostconversation,especiallyinmixedcompany.eg.Fucktits,shitJesusChristHolyMarySonofabitchbitch

Damn!Damnit!Hell!72委婉語的類別1)傳統(tǒng)委婉語

生,老,病,死性裸拉撒decease,expire,breatheone’slast,fallasleepelderly,goldenager,matureinone’sbirthdaysuit73breezer

makeanoisesmellofgunpowderdroparose(出去放屁)callofthenaturenature’scallcanIaddsomepowder?emptydumpgototh