初中英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-動(dòng)詞不定式

一對(duì)一個(gè)性化講義本次授課內(nèi)容授課標(biāo)題非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一一動(dòng)詞不定式學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)掌握動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)及作目的狀語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)及一些相關(guān)句型的運(yùn)用本次課課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容一、動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成及句法功能.動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成不定式的基本形式為：to+動(dòng)詞原形。有時(shí)可以不用to,這里的to是不定式符號(hào)，本身沒(méi)有意義，動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是“not（+to）+動(dòng)詞原形”。動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。.動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能（1）不定式作主語(yǔ)用作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式通常表示一種具體的、特定的行為，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。當(dāng)作主語(yǔ)的不定式（短語(yǔ)）較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)置于句末。例：TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不容易ItisimportantforstudentstolearnEnglishwell.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)對(duì)學(xué)生們來(lái)說(shuō)是重要的。 1 （2）不定式作賓語(yǔ)有些及物動(dòng)詞后用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的這類及物動(dòng)詞有：begin、choose、continue>decide>expect、fail、forget、hate、help、hope、learn、manage>mean、need、offer、plan、prefer、pretend、promise>refUse、try、wait、want、wish、determine>dare、attempt、afford、agree、start、like。例：Shepromisedtocomeatnineo,clock.她答應(yīng)九點(diǎn)來(lái)的。如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)后置。例：Ifounditimportanttogetupearlyinthemorning.我發(fā)現(xiàn)早上早起很重要。（3）不定式作定語(yǔ)①不定式有時(shí)起形容詞的作用，修飾名詞、代詞，在句中作定語(yǔ)。不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的位置是在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。例：Hewasthefirsttocometotheclassroom.他是第一個(gè)來(lái)到教室的人。②若不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，或不定式修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。例：Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.那個(gè)女孩沒(méi)有什么好擔(dān)心的。③不定式修飾something、anything>nothing時(shí)，放在它們的后面，如果something、anything>nothing有形容詞修飾，詞序是“something/anything/nothing+形容詞+不定式”。例：Ihadsomethingcoldtodrink.我喝冷飲了。（4）不定式作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式可以踉在連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容、目的等。動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)通?？梢愿髡Z(yǔ)進(jìn)行位置互換。例： 2 Mydreamistobe.becomeafamousscientist.我的夢(mèng)想是成為一名著名的科學(xué)家。（5）不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的踉帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的（短語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞persuade、allow、order、teach、ask、want、invite、forbid、wish、encourage>tell、warn、advise、expect、wouldlike例：Motherasksmenottoplaycomputergamesbeforefinishingmyhomework.在我寫完作業(yè)前媽媽不讓我玩電腦游戲。（6）不定式作狀語(yǔ)①作目的狀語(yǔ)常用結(jié)構(gòu)：onlytodo（僅僅為了），inordertodo，soastodo。例：Heranfastsoastocatchthefirstbus.他跑得很快，為的是趕上第一班車。②作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常用結(jié)構(gòu)：so...asto，too...to...，enough...to...，onlytodo例：Iawokeonlytofindmyluggagegone.我醒來(lái)后發(fā)現(xiàn)我的行李不見(jiàn)了。③作原因狀語(yǔ)例：I,monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考試及格了，我非常高興。（7）不定式用作獨(dú)立成分不定式用作獨(dú)立成分，往往是用作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)。Tobehonest,itwasoneoftheworstbooksI,veeverread.說(shuō)實(shí)話，那是我讀過(guò)最差的書之一。拓展：常用作獨(dú)立成分的不定式短語(yǔ)：tobefrank坦率地說(shuō)、tobehonest老實(shí)說(shuō)、tobeginwith首先、tostartwith首先、totellyou 3 thetruth說(shuō)實(shí)話二、使用動(dòng)詞不定式的主要句型.不定式的否定式（1）不定式的否定式為：not+不定式例：Theteachertoldusnottoreadthebook.老師告訴我們不要讀那本書。（2）比較不定式的否定式和否定句的區(qū)別例：Ididn,taskhimtoopenthedoor.我沒(méi)讓他把門打開(kāi)。Iaskedhimnottoopenthedoor.我讓他別把門打開(kāi)。.疑問(wèn)詞+不定式不定式可以和疑問(wèn)代詞who，what，which及疑問(wèn)副詞when，how，where連用構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。例：Thequestioniswhentostart.問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始。.too...to...和enoughto...（1）“too+adj./adv.+todosth”意為“太......（以至于）不能......”。例：It,snevertoooldtolearn.活到老學(xué)到老。此句型還可以是：too..forsb./sth.todosth.Theboxistooheavyformetocarry.這個(gè)箱子對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)太重了，我搬不動(dòng)。此句型也可以是：so…that+主語(yǔ)+can,t/couldn'tHewastootiredtomoveon.=Hewassotiredthathecouldn,tmoveon.他太累了，不能繼續(xù)走了。（2）“adj./adv.+enoughtodosth”意為“足夠 能做 ”。例：Thegirlisoldenoughtogotoschool.這個(gè)女孩已到上學(xué)的年齡了。此句型也可轉(zhuǎn)換為so...that+主語(yǔ)+can句型。Thegirlissooldthatshecangotoschool..Itbe+adj.of/forsb.+todosth.（1）forsb.句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如easy、difficult、hard、important、possible、interesting?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為Todosth.+be+adj.+todosth.例：ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishwell.=TolearnEnglishwellwashardforhim.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)太難了。（2）ofsb.句型一般用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good、kind、nice、clever、foolish、right、wrong、careful?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為sb.+be+adj.+todosth.例：It,skindofyoutosayso.=Youarekindtosayso.你能這樣說(shuō)真好。.其他句式1）It,sone,sturntodosth.輪到某人做某事了。2）Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.某人花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事。3）It,stimetodosth.=It，stimeforsth.是該 的時(shí)候了。4）sb.+be+adj.+todosth.某人因 而 。）find/think/feelit+adj.+todosth.發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/感到做某事是 的。三、動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的省略.使役動(dòng)詞后省略to的情況在let，make，have等使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須省略to。例：Shealwaysmakesmelaugh.她總是讓我大笑。.感官動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須省略to例： 5 Iwatchedhergetintothecar.我看著她上了車。.動(dòng)詞help后省略to的情況在動(dòng)詞help后用作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以不帶to。例：CanIhelp（to）carrythisheavybox？我可以幫忙搬這個(gè)重箱子嗎？.why（not）...后省略to的情況why（not）...之后的不定式不能帶to。例：Whynotasktheteacher？為什么不問(wèn)問(wèn)老師？.跟在表示“除.....之外”意義的but，except之后的動(dòng)詞不定式，若but，except之前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的任何形式，通常省略動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to。例：Hismothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.他媽媽除了等著醫(yī)生到來(lái)之外別無(wú)他法。提示：后跟省略to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一“感"feel二“聽(tīng)"hear，listento三“讓”make，let，have四“看"watch，notice，see，lookat“半”幫助help（可省略，亦可不省略）當(dāng)堂練習(xí).——Couldyouteachmehowcakes?---Sorry,Idon'tknow.AmakeBmakingCtomakeDmade2.Ourteachertolduscarefullyinclass.AlistenBtolistenClistenedDlistens 6 4.——Whatdoyouexpectfromyourhardwork?---Nothing,Ijustwanttotrymybest.AgetBgotCgettingDtoget.Thedoctorwarnedusmorefruitandvegetablesinsteadofmeat.AtoeatingBtoeatCeatDeating.Myparentsalwaystellmemorevegetablesandfruit.AeatBeatingCeatsDtoeat.Mycousinwillcomeheretomorrow.Iexpecthim.AtoseeBseeCseeingDsaw.Thegirlexpectedallherclassmatestoherparty.A.comeB.tocomeC.coming D.came.Let'sanoise;someoneissleeping.AnotmakeBnomakingCnottomake.Westopped,buttherewasnotanysound.A.tolistenB.listensC.listenD.listening.---Ithinkyoushouldstopnoise.---Sorry.Iwon'tdothatagainA.tomakesomuchB.makingsomuchC.tomakesomanyD.makingsomany11.---Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforbreakfast?---Iusedtodumplings,butthesedaysI,musedtobreadandmilk.Aeat:haveBeat:havingCeating:haveDeating:having.VivianrefusesherchildrentotheweekendtrainingcentreforextraclassesAtosendBsendingCsentDsends.Afterlongyearsofwar,manypeopleinSyriaarehomeless.IthinkitimportantpeacefulworldA.buildB.notbuildC.tobuildD.nottobuild.LarryhopeshisEnglish,sohekeepspracticingiteveryday.toimproveB.improvingC.improvedD.nottoimprove15.SometimesyouhavetostoptoomuchandjustgowhereyourhearttakesyouA.thinkB.tothinkC.thoughtD.thinking本次課課后練習(xí).theseedsandtheywillgrow.A.WaterTowaterC.WateringD.WateredA.WaterThepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbutworkforyoungpeople.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.providedHearrivedattheofficeearly,agoodexampletotheothers.A.setB.tosetC.tobesetD.havingsetPleasemakemyexcuseattomorrow,smeeting一I,vegottoomuchwork.A.todotocomeB.doingcomingC.todocomingD.todocomingWelookedeverywhereforthekeys,buttheyarenowhereA.tofindB.tohavefoundC.tobefoundD.beingfoundAfterdescribingtheplannedimprovements,shewentonhowmuchtheywouldcost.A.toexplainB.explainingC.tobeexplainingD.havingexplainedTotesteggs,theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey,rebad,iftheysinkthey,regood.A.putB.puttingC.toputD.tobeputtingPleaseremembertheplantswhileI,maway.A.wateringB.tobewateringC.towaterD.beingwateringwine,firstyoumustpressthegrapes.A.MakingB.TomakeC.TobemakingD.MakeI'veneverbeensopoorabletoaffordameal.A.astobenotB.notastobeC.asnottobeD.astonotbeIdon,tknowwhethertostayinteachingoranotherjob.A.tryinggettingB.totrytogetC.tryingtogetD.trygetI,llhavetochangemyclothesbeforeIgoout-Idon,twantlikethis.A.toseeB.tobeseeingC.tobeseenD.beingseenInfact,shewasthefirstwomantosuchapost.A.toelectB.tobeelectingC.tohaveelectedD.tohavebeenelectedI,dlikeovertheAlpsandlookingdownatthemountains.A.flyingB.beingflyingC.tobeflyingD.beflyingI,mlearningacake.Canyouexplainone?A.tomake,tomakeB.howtomake,tomakeC.tolearn,howtomakeD.making,makingWhomwouldyouratherwithyou,JimorJack?A.havegoB.havetogo C.havegoneD.hastogoThehusbandadvisedtothesouth,buthiswifeadvisedhimuptheidea.A.moving,givingB.tomove,togiveC.moving,togiveD.tomove,giving“Wouldyouliketocomeforawalkwithme?”'Tdprefer,thankyou.”A.nottoB.tonotC.notD.can,tIwouldmendyourradio,butIdon,tknow.A.howB.toC.howtoD.tohow“Ihaven,theardfromHenryforalongtime.”“Whatdoyousupposetohim?”A.washappeningB.tohappenC.hashappenedD.hadhappenedWhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson.A.tosendB.forsendingitC.tosendittoD.forsendingitto“Doyouknowthegirlinred?”“Sheseemsmeatlastmonth,sparty.ButI,mnotsure.A.tointroduceto B.tobeintroducedtoC.beingintroducedtoD.tohavebeenintroducedtoWeallagreedforanotherday,butJimdisagreedA.towait,todosoB.to亞@讓,不填C.waiting,doingsoD.waiting,不填Hemadeuphismindtodevotehislifepollutionhappily.A.toprevent,toliveB.toprevent,fromlivingC.topreventing,toliveD.topreventing,fromlivingIwishI,dbeenthere-Iwouldlikeherfacewhenhishusbandcamein.A.toseeB.tohaveseenC.seeingD.havingseenWehavetworooms,butIcan'tdecide.A.tolive,tochoosewhichone B.lived,choosewhichoneC.tolivein,whichonetochoose D.live,whichoneHe,llusewhathehasheranewdress.A.boughtB.tobuy C.buying D.beenbought-Mum,canIhavesomething?-Oh,dear.Youcanonlydrinksomewater.Thereisinthekitchen.A.todrink;nothingelse B.drinking;somethingelseC.toeat;somethingelse D.eating;nothingelse-moreabouttomorrow,sweather,call121. -OK,Iwill.Thankyou.A.Know B.KnowingC.ToknowD.KnownPleasedon,tforgettheroomwhileIamawayinBeijing.A.clean B.tocleanC.cleanedD.cleaningWemustdoeverythingwecanwastewaterfromrunningintorivers.A.keep B.kept C.tokeepD.keepingThewomanmadehissonfinallyaftershetoldhimsomejokes.A.laughedB.tolaughC.laughD.laughingMumknowsmakeabananamilkshake. 9 A.howA.howB.whattoC.howtoMoreandmoreyoungpeoplearetryingtodosomethingtheold.A.servedB.toserveC.serve D.serves-Shallwegoshopping? -Sorry,Ihavelotsofhomework.A.do B.todo C.doing D.doesTheteacheraskedBenadifficultquestioninclass.A.answer B.answering C.toanswer D.answered-Haveyoumadeupyourmindthesickkids? -Bysingingsongs.A.whattotell B.howtocheerupC.whentohelp D.wheretolookafterDon,tyouthinkimportanttoprotectourearth?A.that B.how C.it D.thisShewassupposedinhospital,butpeoplefoundherintheoffice.A.