高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（18）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（18）PassageThirty--Five(CrypticColoring)

Crypticcoloringisbyfarthecommonestuseofcolorinthestruggleforexistence.Itisemployedforthepurposeofattack(aggressiveresemblanceoranticrypticcoloring)aswellasofdefense(protectiveresemblanceorprocrypticcoloring).Thefactthatthesamemethodconcealment,maybeusedbothforattackanddefensehasbeenwellexplainedbyT.Beltwhosuggestsasanillustrationtherapidityofmovementwhichisalsomadeuseofbybothpursuerandpursued,whichissimilarlyraisedtoamaximuminbothbythegradualdyingoutoftheslowestthroughaseriesofgenerations.Crypticcoloringiscommonlyassociatedwithotheraidsinthestruggleforlife.Thuswell-concealedmammalsandbirds,whendiscovered,willgenerallyendeavortoescapebyspeedandwilloftenattempttodefendthemselvesactively.Ontheotherhand,smallanimalswhichhavenomeansofactivedefense,suchaslarge,numbersofinsects,frequentlydependuponconcealmentalone.Protectiveresemblanceisfarcommoneramonganimalsthanaggressiveresemblance,incorrespondencewiththefactthatpredaceousformsareasarulemuchlargerandmuchlessnumerousthantheirprey.InthecaseofinsectivorousVertebrataandtheirpreysuchdifferencesexistinanexaggeratedform.Crypticcoloring,whetherusedfordefenseofattack,maybeeithergeneralorspecial.Ingeneralresemblancetheanimal,inconsequenceofitscoloring,producesthesameeffectasitsenvironment,buttheconditionsdonotrequireanyspecialadaptationofshapeandoutline.Generalresemblanceisespeciallycommonamongtheanimalinhabitingsomeuniformlycoloredexpanseoftheearth’ssurface,suchasanoceanoradesert.Intheformer,animalsofallshapesarefrequentlyprotectedbytheirtransparentbluecolor,onthelatter,equallydiverseformsaredefendedbytheirsandyappearance.Theeffectofauniformappearancemaybeproducedbyacombinationoftintsinstartlingcontrast.Thustheblackandwhitestripesofthezebrablendtogetheratalittledistance,and“theirproportionissuchasexactlytomatchthepaletintwhicharidgroundpossesseswhenseenbymoonlight.”Specialresemblanceisfarcommonerthangeneralandistheformwhichisusuallymetwithonthediversifiedsurfaceoftheearth,ontheshores,andinshallowwater,aswellasonthefloatingmassesofalgaeonthesurfaceoftheocean,suchastheSargassoSea.Intheseenvironmentsthecrypticcoloringofanimalsisusuallyaidedbyspecialmodificationsofshape,andbytheinstinctwhichleadsthemtoassumeparticularattitudes.Completestillnessandtheassumptionofacertainattitudeplayanessentialpartingeneralresemblanceonland;butinspecialresemblancetheattitudeisoftenhighlyspecialized,andperhapsmoreimportantthananyotherelementinthecomplexmethodbywhichconcealmentisaffected.Inspecialresemblancethecombinationofcoloring,shape,andattitudeissuchastoproduceamoreorlessexactresemblancetosomeoneoftheobjectsintheenvironment,suchasaleafoftwig,apatchoflichen,aflakeofbark.Inallcasestheresemblanceistosomeobjectwhichisofnointeresttotheenemyorpreyrespectively.Theanimalisnothiddenfromviewbybecomingindistinguishablefromitsbackgroundasinthecaseofgeneralresemblance,butitismistakenforsomewell-knownobject.Inseekingtheinterpretationofthesemostinterestingandelaborateadaptations,attemptshavebeenmadealongtwolines.Thefirstseekstoexplaintheeffectasaresultofthedirectinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividual(G.L.L.Buffon),orbytheinheritedeffectsofeffortsandtheuseanddisuseofparts(J.B.P.Lamarck).Thesecondbelievesthatnaturalselectionproducedtheresultandafterwardsmaintaineditbythesurvivalofthebestconcealedineachgeneration.Theformersuggestionbreaksdownwhenthecomplexnatureofnumerousspecialresemblancesisappreciated.Thusthearrangementofcolorsofmanykindsintoanappropriatepatternrequiresthecooperationofasuitableshapeandtherigidlyexactadoptionofacertainelaborateattitude.Thelatterisinstinctiveandthusdependsonthecentralnervoussystem.Thecrypticeffectisduetotheexactcooperationofallthesefactors;andinthepresentstateofscience,theonlypossibleholeofaninterpretationliesinthetheoryofnaturalselection,whichcanaccumulateanyandeveryvariationwhichtendstowardsurvival.Afewofthechieftypesofmethodsbywhichconcealmentiseffectedmaybebrieflydescribed.Thecolorsoflargenumbersofvertebrateanimalsaredarkestonthebackandbecomegraduallylighteronthesides,passingintowhiteonthebelly.AbbotH.Thayerhassuggestedthatthisgradationobliteratestheappearanceofsolidity,whichisduetoshadow.Thecolorharmony,whichisalsoessentialtoconcealment,isproducedbecausethebackisofthesametintastheenvironment(e.g.earth),bathedinthecoldblue-whiteofthesky,whilethebelly,beingcoldblue-whiteandbathedinshadowandyellowearthreflectionsproducesthesameeffects.ThismethodofneutralizingshadowforthepurposeofconcealmentbyincreasedlightnessoftintwasfirstsuggestedbyE.B.Poultoninthecaseofalarvaandapupa,buthedidnotappreciatethegreatimportanceoftheprinciple.Inananalogousmethodananimalinfrontofabackgroundofdarkshadowmayhavepartofitsbodyobliteratedbytheexistenceofadarktint,theremainderresembling,.,apartofaleaf.Thismethodofrenderinginvisibleanypartwhichwouldinterferewiththeresemblanceiswellknowninmimicry.1.Theblackandwhitestripesofthezebraaremostusefulform_______.A.hunters.

B.nocturnalpredatorsC.lionsandtigers.

D.insectivorousVertrbrata2.Aggressiveresemblanceoccurswhen_______.A.apredaceousattitudeisassumed.B.specialresemblanceisutilized.C.ananimalreliesonspeed.D.ananimalblendsinwithitsbackground.3.Specialresemblancediffersfromgeneralresemblanceinthattheanimalrelieson_______.A.itsabilitytofrightenitsadversary.

B.speed.C.itsabilitytoassumeanattitude.

D.mistakenidentify4.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheidesofthispassageis_______.A.CrypticcolorationforProtection.

B.HowAnimalsSurvive.C.TheusesofMimicryinNature.

D.ResemblancesofAnimals.5.

Ofthefollowingwhichistheleastcommon?A.protectiveresemblance.

B.Generalresemblance.C.Aggressiveresemblance.

D.Specialresemblance.Vocabulary1.

cryptic

隱藏的，保護的

crypticcoloring

保護色，隱藏色2.

predaceous

食肉的，捕食其他動物的。3.

vertebrate

脊椎動物門4.

tint

色澤，色彩5.

zebra

斑馬6.

Sargasso

果本馬尾藻7.

twig

嫩枝8.

lichen

地衣9.

flake

一片10.

gradation

等級，層次，分等11.

obliterate

涂抹，擦去，使消失12.

larva

幼蟲，幼體13.

pupa

蛹14.

mimicry

模仿，擬態(tài)15.

nocturnal

夜間發(fā)生的，夜出的16.

insectivorous

食蟲的17.

procryptic

有保護色的，保護性的

難句譯注1.

…therapidityofmovementwhichisalsomadeuseofbybothpursuerandpursued,whichissimilarlyraisedtoamaximuminbothbythegradualdyingoutoftheslowestthroughaseriesofgenerations.[參考譯文]

追捕動物和被追的動物也利用快速的動作。這種快速的運動同樣是通過幾代更迭，逐漸消除了慢速，而發(fā)展到快速頂峰。resemblanceisfarcommoneramonganimalsthanaggressiveresemblance,incorrespondencewiththefactthatpredaceousformsareasarulemuchlargerandmuchlessnumerousthantheirprey.[參考譯文]

保護性模仿遠(yuǎn)比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，這是和下述的情況相配合的：食肉的（形式）動物，按慣律總是比他們捕食的對象要大而且多得多。3.Theeffectofauniformappearancemaybeproducedbyacombinationoftintsinstartlingcontrast.[參考譯文]

在驚人的對比中，色澤的綜合可能產(chǎn)生外形一致的效果。4.…theirproportionissuchasexactlytomatchthepaletintwhicharidgroundpossesseswhenseenbymoonlight.[參考譯文]

（這里指斑馬的黑白條）比例正好和在月光下觀看貧瘠土地所具有的蒼白色澤相吻合。5.Intheseenvironmentsthecrypticcoloringofanimalsisusuallyaidedbyspecialmodificationsofshape,andbytheinstinctwhichleadsthemtoassumeparticularattitudes.[參考譯文]

在這些環(huán)境中，動物的保護色常常得到特定的形狀變化和本能的協(xié)作，這種本能會使動物采取特定的姿勢。6.Completestillnessandtheassumptionofacertainattitudeplayanessentialpartingeneralresemblanceonland;butinspecialresemblancetheattitudeisoftenhighlyspecialized…[參考譯文]絕對靜態(tài)和采取一般姿勢在陸地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在專門模仿中，姿勢常常是高度專門化的。7.Thusthearrangementofcolorsofmanykindsintoanappropriatepatternrequiresthecooperationofasuitableshapeandtherigidlyexactadoptionofacertainelaborateattitude.[參考譯文]

因此許多類顏色排列成恰當(dāng)?shù)哪Ｊ?形式，要求把合適的外形和嚴(yán)格的采用一定的精心設(shè)計的姿勢相結(jié)合。8.Thecrypticeffectisduetotheexactcooperationofallthesefactors;andinthepresentstateofscience,theonlypossibleholeofaninterpretationliesinthetheoryofnaturalselection,whichcanaccumulateanyandeveryvariationwhichtendstowardsurvival.[參考譯文]

保護效果是由于所以這些因素確切合作而形成。根據(jù)目前科學(xué)水平，唯一的解釋（此種現(xiàn)象）就是自然選擇理論，它可以累積要生存的各種變異/變種。寫作方法與文章大意文章以一般到具體的協(xié)作和分類方式寫作，第一段點出生物界生存競爭中最常用的一種顏色是保護色，保護色可分為兩類：進(jìn)犯（進(jìn)攻）型和防衛(wèi)型。一般是防御性保護色多于進(jìn)攻型。而兩種類型都可歸納為一般性模仿和專門（特定）模仿。居?。ⅲ┰趩我簧珴傻牡胤降膭游铮绾Ｑ蠡蛏衬?，常采用模仿性保護色——如透明的綠色，土色等，而特定的動物則棲息在多樣性的地方，如海岸，淺水，海洋表面等。特定模仿還需要有改變形狀姿勢之協(xié)作，使其看起來像客觀環(huán)境中的某物，某種身份mistakenidentify.第二段涉及有關(guān)模仿性的解釋的探索，結(jié)果為二。一種觀點是環(huán)境直接影響的結(jié)果。第二種是自然選擇的結(jié)果。當(dāng)人們理解了許多特定模仿的復(fù)雜特性時，第一種解釋就不能成立了。這說明保護效果是一切因素——合適的外形和某種精心設(shè)計的姿勢等——合作而成。按現(xiàn)在科學(xué)水平來解釋，只能歸之“自然選擇”理論，然后是用具體例子來證實。答案詳解1.B.夜間活動的食肉動物。見難句譯注4，斑馬的黑白相間顏色的比例正好和月光下所見的貧瘠土地的蒼白的色澤相吻合。當(dāng)然能保護斑馬夜間免遭這些食肉動物的襲擊。A.捕獲者。

C.獅子和老虎。

D.食蟲的脊椎動物2.A.在裝成捕食其他動物的姿勢時。B.應(yīng)該專門模仿。

C.動物依賴速度。

D.動物和背景混在一起。3.D.搞錯/認(rèn)錯了動物（身份）（mistakenidentify認(rèn)錯了人之義）。見第一段最后一句話，它不像一般模仿那樣，通過動物和背景難以辨別從而從視覺中隱藏起來，它是被誤認(rèn)為某種著名動物。A.用以嚇走它的對手（敵人）的能力。

B.速度。

C.采用某種姿勢的能力。4.C.自然界模擬的運動。文章一開始就點命保護色迄今為止生存斗爭中最常用的一種顏色，常用于進(jìn)攻和防衛(wèi)。保護色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，見難句譯注1。然后講到保護色分類，一般（普通）和特殊（專門）模擬/模仿。第二段解釋或說明模擬適應(yīng)性。第一種解釋為環(huán)境使然/影響。第二種認(rèn)為是自然界選擇之結(jié)果。A.為了保衛(wèi)的保護色。

B.動物是如何存活下來。

D.動物之模仿性。5.

C.進(jìn)攻性（侵犯性）模仿。見難句譯注2。A.保護色模仿。

B.一般性模仿。

D.專項模仿。PassageThirty--Six(Pageants)Pageantsareusuallyconceivedonafairlylargescale,oftenundertheauspicesofsomelocalorcivicauthorityoratanyrateinconnectionwithlocalgroupsofsomekind.Thissometimesmeansthatthereisanallocationoffundsavailableforthepurposeofmountingtheproduction,thoughunfortunatelythiswillusuallybefoundtobeonthemeagersideandmuchingenuitywillhavetobeusedtostretchitsothatallperformerscanbeadequatelyclothed.Mostpageantshaveahistoricalflavourastheyusuallycomeaboutthroughthecelebrationoftheanniversaryofsomeeventofhistoricimportance,orthelifeordeathofsomelocalworthy.Researchamongarchivesandbooksinthepubliclibrarywillprobablyproveveryusefulandproducesomeworkableideaswhichwillgivetheproductionanespeciallylocalflavour.Fromthefirsteconomywillhavetobepracticedbecausethereareusuallyagreatnumberofpeopletodress.Leadingcharacterscanbeconsideredindividuallyinthesamewayaswhendesigningforaplay;butthemainbodyoftheperformerswillneedtobeplannedingroupsandthemassedeffectmustbealwaysborneinmind.Manypageantstakeplaceindaylightintheopenair.Thisisanentirelydifferentproblemfromdesigningcostumeswhicharegoingtobelookedatunderartificiallighting;foronething,scenesviewedinthedaylightaresubjecttomanymoredistractions.Nolongeriseverythingaroundcutoutbythesurroundingdarkness,butinsteaditisveryeasytobeawareofdisturbingmovementintheaudienceofbehindtheperformers.Verytheatricallyconceivedclothesdonotalwayslooktheirbestwhenseeninadaylightsettingoftrees,verdantlawnsandoldivy-coveredwalls;thesamegoesforcostumesbeingworninfrontofthemellowcolorsofstatelyhomes.Thelocationneedstobestudiedandthenadecisioncanbemadeastowhatkindsofcolorsandtextureswillharmonizebestwiththesurroundingsandconditionsandthentocarrythisoutasfaraspossibleonthefundsavailable.Ifmoneyisavailabletodresstheperformerswithoutrecoursetotheirownhelpintheprovisionofitems,itisbesttoarrangeforallthecuttingandpinningtogetherofthecostumestobedonebyoneortwoexperiencedpeoplethantobegivenouttothegroupsandindividualsforcompletion.Whenthereislittleornomoneyatall,thegarmentsneedtobereducedtothebasicnecessities.Cloaksandshawlsbecomeinvaluable,sheetsandlargebathtowelsandbathsheetsareadmirablefordraping.Unwantedcurtainsandbedspreadscanbecuttomaketunics,robesandskirts.Theseareparticularlyvaluableiftheyareofheavyfabricssuchasvelvetorchenille.Colorsshouldbemassedtogethersothattherearecontrastinggroupsofdarkandlight,thiswillbefoundtohelpthevisualresultsubstantially.Crowdsofpeoplegatheredtogetherinajumbleofcolorswillbegroundtolookquitepurposelessandwilllackdramaticimpact.Theuseofnumbersofidenticalhead-dresses,howeversimplymade,isalwayseffectivewhenworkingwithgroups.Ifthesearemadeofcardboardandpaintedboldlythecostcanbealmostnegligible.Helmets,hatsandplumeswillallmakequiteashowevenifthecostumesareonlyblandestorsheetscleverlydraped.Thesamecanbesaidoftheuseofbanners,shieldsandpoleswithstiffpennantsandgarlands—anythingwhichwillhelptohaveaunifyingeffect.Anykindofeye-catchingdevicewillalwaysgowithaflourishandaddexcitementtothescenes.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.Pageants.

B.Costumesonthestage.C.Costumesforpageants.

D.

Howtoarrangeapageant.2.Itcanbeinferredthatthemostimportantfactorincostumedesignis_______.A.money.

B.color.

C.harmony

D.texture3.Whywillmuchingenuityhavetoberequiredincostumedesign?A.Becausepageantstakeplaceindaylightintheopenair.B.Becausedifferentcharactersrequiredifferentcostumes.C.Becausethecolorsandtexturesmustbeinharmonywiththesetting.D.Becauseanallocationofthefundsavailableisusuallyrathersmall.4.Whydomostpageantshaveahistoricalflavour?A.Becausemostpageantstakeplaceforcelebration.B.Manypageantstakeplaceforamusement.C.Alotofpageantstakeplaceforreligion.D.Becausepageantsusuallytakeplaceforcompetition.Vocabulary1.

conceive

設(shè)想，想象

tobeconceived

設(shè)想好的，構(gòu)思好的2.

undertheauspicesof在……的主辦下3.

meager

貧乏的，不足的4.

mount

登上，制作，上演5.

flavour

風(fēng)味，風(fēng)格，情趣6.

archive(s)

檔案（館）7.

distraction

使人分心的事8.

ivy

常春藤9.

mellow

柔和的10.

recourse(to)

依賴，求助于

11.

drape

覆蓋，披上12.

invaluable

無價的，非常貴重的13.

tunic

（古時）長達(dá)膝蓋的外衣，穿在盔甲上的戰(zhàn)袍14.

chenille

繩絨絨（織品）15.

jumble

混亂，搞亂16.

pennant

細(xì)長三角旗17.

garland

花環(huán)，花冠難句譯注1.Thissometimesmeansthatthereisanallocationoffundsavailableforthepurposeofmountingtheproduction,thoughunfortunatelythiswillusuallybefoundtobeonthemeagersideandmuchingenuitywillhavetobeusedtostretchitsothatallperformerscanbeadequatelyclothed.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]

復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。That是主句的賓語從句，從句后再有從句。[參考譯文]

這種情況，有時就表示有一個可用于演出目的資金配額。遺憾的是配額一般都少而不足，就得動用非常之才能細(xì)細(xì)的使用金額，使所有的演員都能穿上合適的戲裝。2.Mostpageantshaveahistoricalflavourastheyusuallycomeaboutthroughthecelebrationoftheanniversaryofsomeeventofhistoricimportance,orthelifeordeathofsomelocalworthy.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]

主從句[參考譯文]

大多數(shù)露天演出都帶有歷史情調(diào)，因為這些戲一般是通過慶祝某個重大的歷史事件，或慶祝當(dāng)?shù)啬硞€值得紀(jì)念的人誕辰或逝世周年而產(chǎn)生的。3.

Thisisanentirelydifferentproblemfromdesigningcostumeswhicharegoingtobelookedatunderartificiallighting;foronething,scenesviewedinthedaylightaresubjecttomanymoredistractions.Nolongeriseverythingaroundcutoutbythesurroundingdarkness,butinsteaditisveryeasytobeawareofdisturbingmovementintheaudienceofbehindtheperformers.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]

復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：主句thisis后有定語從句，which修飾costumes。從句中又套從句。[參考譯文]

這和人為燈光下看的設(shè)計服裝完全不一樣。首先，白天看到幕景易于受許多因素影響