高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練答案解析5

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（2）PassageThree(DropoutsforPh.D.s)

EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehaveplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated‘becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthedegree.AttritionatthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.’

“Theresultsofourresearch”Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions.”Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialties.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.‘swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.’sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.1.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat_______.A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus.B.thefropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy.C.thePh.D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropout.D.Thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers.2.Researchhasshownthat_______.A.DropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D.’sinfinancialattainment.B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies.C.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsout.D.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree.3.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D._______.A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout.B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate.C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.D.programs.D.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities.4.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat_______.A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropouts.D.Ph.D.’sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions.canbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin________.A.salaryforPh.D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.salaryfordropoutstoohigh.D.1000positions.Vocabularydropout

輟學(xué)者，中途退學(xué)well-rounded

全面的attrition

縮/減員，磨損drain

枯竭bracket

一類人，（尤指按收入分類的）階層laggingbehindotherfields

落后于其它領(lǐng)域glum

陰郁的難句譯注EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.【參考譯文】教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)的高比率；這對迫切需要博士生的國家是一個人才方面的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】sent過去分詞，修飾questionnaires。Who定語從句修飾students。【參考譯文】這份全面調(diào)查報告是以22000份調(diào)查表分送給以前在24所大學(xué)就讀的博士生為基礎(chǔ)的。這份全面調(diào)查報告似乎說明過去許多擔(dān)心害怕是沒有根據(jù)的。AttritionatthePh.D.leverisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】被動句。Tocapacity滿額，全力?！緟⒖甲g文】博士水平的人員的縮減被認(rèn)為是寶貴的教授時間的浪費和已經(jīng)被使用到極限的大學(xué)資源的枯竭。Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】thefact的同位語that從句中的where是定語從句，修飾academicfields?！緟⒖甲g文】這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領(lǐng)域。寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇論及“博士生輟學(xué)”的文章。采用對比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)達(dá)50％的問題。而調(diào)查報告證明，只有31％。輟學(xué)造成不良后果，有人建議中途退學(xué)者回爐再念博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。答案詳解.許多教育工作者感到應(yīng)采取步驟讓輟學(xué)者回校學(xué)習(xí)，特別是有些學(xué)科。這在第三段最后一句話：“有些人建議高級專家和大學(xué)教師短缺現(xiàn)象可以通過勸說輟學(xué)者返回校園完成博士學(xué)位來減少?！盉.輟學(xué)者應(yīng)回到稍第幾的學(xué)校去完成學(xué)業(yè)。

C.有博士學(xué)位的人一般比輟學(xué)者具有較好的適應(yīng)性。D.高輟學(xué)率主要原因在于教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵。這三項文內(nèi)沒有提。.約三分之一開始就讀博士學(xué)位的人沒有完成學(xué)業(yè)取得學(xué)位。第二段第一句：“輟學(xué)率為31％。大多數(shù)情況下，輟學(xué)人不能完成博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)，就去從事生產(chǎn)性工作”。A.輟學(xué)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入比博士生低許多。這是錯的。見倒數(shù)第二段：“作為輟學(xué)者干得真不錯的證明，統(tǒng)計圖表說明2％人文學(xué)科的輟學(xué)者年收入為20000多沒勁，沒有一個同樣背景的博士生達(dá)到這個數(shù)字。7000至15000美元年收入水平為博士生的78％，輟學(xué)者僅為50％?！盉.在博士學(xué)習(xí)中刺激因素較小。C.博士預(yù)備生如果中途退學(xué)很可能改變其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域。.博士生應(yīng)達(dá)到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示：“約75％的退學(xué)者說，他們決定退學(xué)并不是處于學(xué)術(shù)的原因，而處于學(xué)術(shù)原因的退學(xué)者提出：難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這里看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。A.它是退學(xué)最頻繁的原因。B.

它對理科博士生比文科博士應(yīng)考生更難。D.它在大學(xué)中的難度并沒有不同。.讀完這篇文章，人們不會有這種結(jié)論。這在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我們研究的結(jié)果并不支持這些一件（包括返回校園之意見）：⑴缺乏動力是退學(xué)的主要原因。⑵大多數(shù)退學(xué)者在博士課程上已經(jīng)達(dá)到和他們的能力水平和專業(yè)水平相一致的水平。⑶大多數(shù)退學(xué)者現(xiàn)在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動機(jī)相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25％的退學(xué)生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作?！盉.博士生退學(xué)者，大體而論，并不具備得到學(xué)位所需要的一切。C.學(xué)院和大學(xué)雇傭了許多退學(xué)生。D.博士生在非學(xué)術(shù)崗位上沒有掙到他們應(yīng)得的錢。B.、C.兩項文內(nèi)沒提。D.不對，參見難句譯注4。.博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯注和難句譯注4。B.學(xué)術(shù)要求太高。這只是某些因?qū)W術(shù)原因輟學(xué)者之強(qiáng)調(diào)點。C.輟學(xué)者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。見第二題D項注釋。D.職位低。文內(nèi)沒有提。 PassageFour(StricterTrafficLawcanPreventAccidents)

Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbefore,everydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofmen,womenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.

Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheel,hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindasteering-wheel.Theyswear,theyareill-manneredandaggressive,willfulastwo-years-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrations,disappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.

Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytragic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistic,tobeconvenientlyforgotten.

Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodriving,thelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomethethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglaws(wheretheyexist)shouldbemadmuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.Governmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturers,ashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastosevereiftitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afterall,theworldisforhumanbeings,notmotor-cars.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.Trafficaccidentsaremainlycausedbymotorists.B.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledeachyear.C.Thelawsofsomecountriesaboutdrivingaretoolax.D.Onlystrictertrafficlawscanpreventaccidents.2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsocietytowardmotorists?A.Societysmilesonthemotorists.B.Hugecarparksarebuiltinthecitiesandtowns.C.Victimsofaccidentsarenothing.D.Societycondonestheirrudedriving.3.Whydoestheauthorsay:’hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality?’A.Drivingcanshowhisrealself.B.Drivingcanshowtheotherpartofhispersonality.C.Drivingcanbringouthischaracter.D.Hiscarembodieshistemper.4.WhichofthefollowingsisNOTmentionedasawayagainsttrafficaccidents?A.Buildmorehighways.B.Stricterdrivingtests.C.Testdriverseverythreeyears.D.raiseagelimitandlaydownsafetyspecifications.5.Theattitudeoftheauthoris________.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingD.militantVocabulary

使免疫，使免除

oflife=lifeexpectancy

平均壽命=against

對頂，反對

傷害

任性的，固執(zhí)的

寬厚的，仁慈的

寬容

褻瀆，玷污

法規(guī)，規(guī)定，慣例

嚴(yán)格的，緊急的，迫切的

演出，成品，這里是指

難句譯注Manversusthe