術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯的特征

CharacteristicsofTerms確切性accuracy(概念的本質(zhì)特征)單一性monosemy（一詞一譯）系統(tǒng)性systematization（術(shù)語(yǔ)在系統(tǒng)的層次結(jié)構(gòu)中）語(yǔ)言正確性linguisticallycorrect（構(gòu)詞規(guī)則）簡(jiǎn)潔性conciseness（簡(jiǎn)明易記）理?yè)?jù)性motivation（做到顧名思義）穩(wěn)定性stability（盡量不改動(dòng)）能產(chǎn)性productivity（舊術(shù)語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生新術(shù)語(yǔ)）Accuracy確切性

漢語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)“碼頭”對(duì)應(yīng)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)有wharf,quay,dock,terminal,portPCTplanstoopenanewcontainerterminalonthePort’sEastWharf.

Apassengerterminalconsistsoftheterminalbuildingandthequay.

港區(qū)內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁吸煙。

鐵路通向各個(gè)港區(qū)。

輪船緩緩駛?cè)敫蹍^(qū)。

TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsAccuracy確切性

漢語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)“碼頭”對(duì)應(yīng)英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ)有wharf,quay,dock,terminal,portPCTplanstoopenanewcontainerterminalonthePort’sEastWharf.PCT計(jì)劃在該港區(qū)的東港區(qū)設(shè)置一個(gè)新的集裝箱碼頭。Apassengerterminalconsistsoftheterminalbuildingandthequay.客運(yùn)碼頭由候船大樓和前沿碼頭組成。港區(qū)內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁吸煙。Smokingisforbiddenonthepremisesoftheport.鐵路通向各個(gè)港區(qū)。Therailwaylineconnectsalltheterminalsoftheport.輪船緩緩駛?cè)敫蹍^(qū)。Theshipstreamsslowlyintotheharbour.TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsAccuracy確切性“獨(dú)立學(xué)院”IndependentCollegeIndependentInstituteIndependentSchoolIndependentSub-collegePrivatecollegeinpublicuniversitySubordinateCollegeSecond-classCollegeJointly-runInstituteSeparatedCollege…TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

US

Butitisinthe“independent”or“private”sectorofhighereducationwherediversityofeducationalphilosophies,programs,andtraditionsisgreatest.Some600smallercollegesanduniversitiesmakeupthissectorandincludemanyoftheUnitedStates’mostvenerableinstitutions.(Ekman2005)

BritainTherearemanydifferenttypesofstateschoolaswellasindependentschools.Tohelpyoumakeachoiceforyourchild,thispageprovidessomeinformationoneachtypeofschoolandtheiradmissionprocedures.(Directgov)TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsMonosemy單一性

(同一個(gè)概念只用同一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來表達(dá)。錢三強(qiáng)，1989)nowcasting：“現(xiàn)時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)”、“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)預(yù)報(bào)”、“即日預(yù)報(bào)”、“短時(shí)預(yù)報(bào)”、“臨近預(yù)報(bào)”現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一翻譯為“臨近預(yù)報(bào)”overlandflow:(地理學(xué))“坡面水流”、“坡面漫流”、“陸面水流”、“地面徑流現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一翻譯為“坡面流”creditstanding：資信狀況不能用position來代替standing資信不能說成誠(chéng)信standbycredit：備用信用證不能用spare來代替standby備用不能說成零用listedcompany：上市公司list在英語(yǔ)中解釋“清單”、“記人名單”、“列于表上”金融術(shù)語(yǔ)：“上市的”probability：在數(shù)學(xué)中定名為“概率”,而在物理學(xué)及其他學(xué)科中,為“幾率”或“或然率”現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)一按其主學(xué)科數(shù)學(xué)定名為“概率”TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsMonosemy單一性

理工學(xué)院，科技大學(xué)，工業(yè)大學(xué)，工程學(xué)院香港理工學(xué)院香港城市理工學(xué)院香港理工大學(xué)澳門理工學(xué)院北京工業(yè)大學(xué)西北工業(yè)大學(xué)武漢工業(yè)學(xué)院江蘇工業(yè)學(xué)院

TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsMonosemy單一性(同一個(gè)概念只用同一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來表達(dá)。錢三強(qiáng)，1989)理工學(xué)院，科技大學(xué)，工業(yè)大學(xué)，工程學(xué)院香港理工學(xué)院HongKongPolytechnic香港城市理工學(xué)院CityPolytechnicofHongKong香港理工大學(xué)TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity澳門理工學(xué)院MacaoPolytechnicInstitute北京工業(yè)大學(xué)BeijingPolytechnicUniversity西北工業(yè)大學(xué)NorthwestPolytechnicUniversity武漢工業(yè)學(xué)院WuhanPolytechnicUniversity江蘇工業(yè)學(xué)院JiangsuPolytechnicUniversity深圳職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院ShenzhenPolytechnic河南職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院HenanPolytechnicTermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsMonosemy單一性(同一個(gè)概念只用同一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來表達(dá)。錢三強(qiáng)，1989)理工學(xué)院，科技大學(xué)，工業(yè)大學(xué)，工程學(xué)院沈陽(yáng)理工學(xué)院ShenyangLigongUniversity四川理工學(xué)院SicuanUniversityofScienceandEngineering南京理工大學(xué)NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology武漢理工大學(xué)WuhanUniversityofTechnology西安理工大學(xué)Xi’anUniversityofTechnology浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)WuhanUniversityofTechnology合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)HefeiUniversityofTechnologyTermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsMonosemy單一性(同一個(gè)概念只用同一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)來表達(dá)。錢三強(qiáng)，1989)理工學(xué)院，科技大學(xué)，工業(yè)大學(xué)，工程學(xué)院中南工學(xué)院CentualSouthInstituteofTechnology貴州工學(xué)院GuizhouInstituteofTechnology屯門工業(yè)學(xué)院TuenMunTechnicalInstitute

沙田工業(yè)學(xué)院ShaTinTechnicalInstitute

葵涌工業(yè)學(xué)院KwaiChungTechnicalInstitute西安職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院Xi’anVocationalandTechnicalInstitute

TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms術(shù)語(yǔ)的對(duì)義性antonomy對(duì)義性antonomy詞語(yǔ)的對(duì)義性是指詞語(yǔ)的意義互相矛盾、互相對(duì)立或互相關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)所表示的概念在邏輯上是一種矛盾或關(guān)聯(lián)。supply／demand供給／需求shortage／surplus短缺／盈余wageceiling／wagefloor最高工資限額／最低工資限額inflation／deflation通貨膨脹／通貨緊縮assets／liabilities資產(chǎn)／負(fù)債bearmarket／bullmarket熊市／牛市fiscalpolicy／monetarypolicy財(cái)政政策／貨幣政策capitalmarket／moneymarket資本市場(chǎng)／貨幣市場(chǎng)spottransaction／forwardtransaction即期交易／遠(yuǎn)期交易preferredshares／ordinaryshares優(yōu)先股／普通股currentaccount／capitalaccount經(jīng)常帳戶／資本帳戶

TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms系統(tǒng)性systematization

highway/expressway/freeway:高速公路Highway公路expressway快速路freeway高速公路Transaction：depositmoney，drawmoney，settleanaccountacceptstocks，exchangeforeigncurrencyLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性配料：面粉、薯粉、玉米淀粉、棕櫚油、調(diào)味料、白砂糖、鮮蝦粉TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性

配料：面粉、薯粉、玉米淀粉、棕櫚油、調(diào)味料、白砂糖、鮮蝦粉Ingredients:wheatflour,potatostarch,cornstarch,palmoil,seasonings,sugar,shrimppowder.TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)1.N1制造/產(chǎn)生N2（區(qū)別同一核心詞的不同概念）Steelband帶鋼Rubberband橡皮筋I(lǐng)ronbar鑄鐵型材Oilfilm油膜Sawdust鋸末屑TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)2.N2制造/產(chǎn)生N1（區(qū)別同一核心詞的不同概念）Steelmill軋鋼廠Papermill造紙廠Rubbertree橡膠樹Teargas催淚瓦斯TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)3.N1驅(qū)動(dòng)N2（限定詞是核心詞動(dòng)力來源）Airdrill風(fēng)鉆Batterycar電池汽車Oilcontrol油壓控制器Springgovernor彈簧調(diào)速器TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)4.N1含N2(限定詞包含核心詞)Bedpost床架Motordrive電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置Oscillatorplate振蕩片Tableleg桌子腳TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)5.N1是N2(限定詞是核心詞的子類)Tapemeasure卷尺Blinkerlight閃光燈Resistorelement電阻元件Chocktherapy電療Fighterbomber戰(zhàn)斗轟炸機(jī)Speedratio速率TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)6.N1用N2(限定詞規(guī)定核心詞的用途)Blockswitch閉塞開關(guān)Officetime辦公時(shí)間Saftyvalve安全閥Oilway油路Computerlanguage計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)7.N1變成N2(限定詞與核心詞不可分割)Snowflake雪花Codeword電碼字Dustheap垃圾堆TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)8.Adj.+N1=N2(限定詞限定核心詞沒有的屬性)Darkroom暗室Fixedpoint定點(diǎn)Semi-finishedproduct半成品Squarecoil矩形線圈Floatingpoint浮點(diǎn)TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsLinguisticallycorrect語(yǔ)言的正確性語(yǔ)義分析semanticanalysis(無(wú)動(dòng)詞合成詞9種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系)9.N2像N1

(限定詞把核心詞與其他物體做比擬)Butterflynut蝶形螺母Butterflyvalve蝶形閥Catifish鯰魚U-steel槽鋼V-belt三角皮帶TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Conciseness簡(jiǎn)潔性radiodetectionandranging無(wú)線電探測(cè)與定位→

radar音譯為雷達(dá)longrangeandtacticalnavigationsystem遠(yuǎn)程戰(zhàn)術(shù)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)→LORTAN音譯定名為羅坦系統(tǒng)CompactDoscRead-OnlyMemory只讀光盤存儲(chǔ)器→CD-ROM:只讀光盤BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy牛海綿狀腦病→瘋牛病BeginnerAll-PurposeSymbolicInstructionCode初學(xué)者通用符號(hào)→BASIC語(yǔ)言

TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Conciseness簡(jiǎn)潔性

Withinthesubsequentyears,hundredsofclonesfromhalfadozenofspecieshavebeenbornfromthisremarkableassistedreproductivetechnique.此后幾年中，數(shù)以百計(jì)的克隆動(dòng)物都是通過該項(xiàng)神奇的人工生殖技術(shù)繁殖出來的。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Conciseness簡(jiǎn)潔性

Withinthesubsequentyears,hundredsofclonesfromhalfadozenofspecieshavebeenbornfromthisremarkableassistedreproductivetechnique.此后幾年中，數(shù)以百計(jì)的克隆動(dòng)物都是通過該項(xiàng)神奇的助育技術(shù)繁殖出來的。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Motivation理?yè)?jù)性（顧名思義）

Alzheimer’sdisease:阿爾茨海默病VS老年癡呆癥Kaschin-Beckdisease:卡欣-貝克VS大骨節(jié)病

TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Motivation理?yè)?jù)性TheRedCrosshasbegunmajorcloningprojectrelatingtotheproductionoftransgenicpigsfororgandonors.紅十字會(huì)已經(jīng)開始一項(xiàng)重大的克隆工程，該工程與培育用于器官捐獻(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因豬有關(guān)。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Motivation理?yè)?jù)性TheRedCrosshasbegunmajorcloningprojectrelatingtotheproductionoftransgenicpigsfororgandonors.紅十字會(huì)已經(jīng)開始一項(xiàng)重大的克隆工程，該工程與培育用于器官供體的轉(zhuǎn)基因豬有關(guān)。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Stability穩(wěn)定性（國(guó)際六大檢索系統(tǒng)要求信息技術(shù)標(biāo)引標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化）

atom:原子物質(zhì)最小的不能分割的單元，后證明atom也可以分割，術(shù)語(yǔ)依舊。robot：“機(jī)器人”不準(zhǔn)確,其本質(zhì)不是“人”而是“機(jī)器”,應(yīng)譯為“擬人機(jī)”或“智能機(jī)”科技名詞還是應(yīng)該向科學(xué)性靠攏,這是一個(gè)基本原則。遇約定俗成,可在定名時(shí)采取變通，舊術(shù)語(yǔ)向新術(shù)語(yǔ)過渡。menu：計(jì)算機(jī)術(shù)語(yǔ)已約定俗成為“菜單”,但“選單”更為科學(xué)。公布規(guī)范術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí),確定為“選單”,“菜單”不推薦使用等到社會(huì)承認(rèn)“選單”后,再?gòu)U止“菜單”的使用。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Stability穩(wěn)定性

Lackoffusion—alsocalledincompletefusion,istheresultoffailuretoproperlyfusethebasemetalwiththefillermetal.Althoughallpetroleumiscomposedofnumberofhydrocarbons,theyarepresentinvaryingproportionineachdepositandthepropertiesofeachdeposithavetobeevaluated.TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Stability穩(wěn)定性Lackoffusion—alsocalledincompletefusion,istheresultoffailuretoproperlyfusethebasemetalwiththefillermetal.

缺少熔合—也稱不完全熔合，是基礎(chǔ)金屬與填充金屬?zèng)]有適當(dāng)?shù)厝酆系慕Y(jié)果。Althoughallpetroleumiscomposedofnumberofhydrocarbons,theyarepresentinvaryingproportionineachdepositandthepropertiesofeachdeposithavetobeevaluated.雖然石油主要由各種碳?xì)浠衔锝M成，但是這些碳?xì)浠衔镆圆煌谋壤嬖谟诟鞯V床中，因此必須對(duì)個(gè)礦床的特點(diǎn)做出評(píng)價(jià)。TermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

Stability穩(wěn)定性Lackoffusion—alsocalledincompletefusion,istheresultoffailuretoproperlyfusethebasemetalwiththefillermetal.

未熔合—也稱不完全熔合，是基礎(chǔ)金屬與填充金屬?zèng)]有適當(dāng)?shù)厝酆系慕Y(jié)果。Althoughallpetroleumiscomposedofnumberofhydrocarbons,theyarepresentinvaryingproportionineachdepositandthepropertiesofeachdeposithavetobeevaluated.雖然石油主要由各種碳?xì)浠衔锝M成，但是這些碳?xì)浠衔镆圆煌谋壤嬖谟诟饔蛯又校虼吮仨殞?duì)個(gè)油層的特點(diǎn)做出評(píng)價(jià)。TermsandTerminology:CharacteristicsoftermsTermsandTerminology:Characteristicsofterms

productivity能產(chǎn)性（舊術(shù)語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生新術(shù)語(yǔ)）gene基因

→genemap基因圖譜genome基因組genetic基因的genetics基因?qū)Wconveyor傳送裝置→conveyorbelt傳送帶sensor傳感器→strainsensor應(yīng)變式傳感器virtualreality虛擬實(shí)境→virtualinstrument虛擬儀器科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯原則概念準(zhǔn)確語(yǔ)義對(duì)等經(jīng)濟(jì)原則科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯原則：概念準(zhǔn)確

Velocitychangesifeitherthespeedorthedirectionchanges.WeherebyrequestyoutoissueaLetterofGuaranteeasbidbondinaccordancewiththecolumnshownbelow.

Thecorporatecharterauthorizesthecorporationtoissueandallsellsharesofstock,ortransfertheownership,toenablethecorporationtoraisemoney.

科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯原則：概念準(zhǔn)確

Velocitychangesifeitherthespeedorthedirectionchanges.如果（物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的）速率和方向有一個(gè)發(fā)生變化，則（物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的）運(yùn)動(dòng)速度也隨之發(fā)生變化。WeherebyrequestyoutoissueaLetterofGuaranteeasbidbondinaccordancewiththecolumnshownbelow.

盡管“bond”有“票據(jù)”、“債券”之意,和bid連在一起意為投標(biāo)保單.譯：我們要求按照下面所示項(xiàng)目開一份保函作為投標(biāo)保單。Thecorporatecharterauthorizesthecorporationtoissueandsellsharesofstock,ortransfertheownership,toenablethecorporationtoraisemoney.這里的“corporatecharter”是“公司章程”，而不是“營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照”。譯：公司章程授權(quán)公司發(fā)行和銷售股票，轉(zhuǎn)讓公司所有權(quán)，以便為公司籌措資金。

科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯原則語(yǔ)義對(duì)等semanticequivalence科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯原則：經(jīng)濟(jì)原則

ConsumerPriceIndex:CPI消費(fèi)者價(jià)格指數(shù)GrossDomesticProduct:GDP一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的全部商品和服務(wù)總價(jià)值ChinaCentralTelevision:CCTV中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái)WorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織高考狀元