英語八種時態(tài)講解及練習(xí)

初中語法專題（一）時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時一般現(xiàn)在時一、一般現(xiàn)在時：概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時間狀語：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSundays,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動詞；②行為動詞否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句：①把be動詞放于句首；②用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。什么情況下用？①表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。②表示主語通常的能力、興趣愛好、和性格特征。③表示客觀的事實(shí)或真理。④表示按照時刻表或已經(jīng)計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go,come,leave,arrive,begin,start,takeoff,stop,be等表示開始或移動意義的詞。）⑤在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。（主將從現(xiàn)）當(dāng)主語是第三人稱時，謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，加-s/es。除此之外都用動詞原形。動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則

規(guī)則例子一般在詞尾加-s，(清輔音后讀/s/，在濁輔音后讀/z/；在t后讀/ts/,在d后讀/dz/。)Play→playsleave→leavesswim→swims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的詞加-es，讀/iz/,如果動詞原形詞尾已有e,則只加-s。pass→passesfix→fixesteach→teacheswish→wishesdo→does以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，先變y為i,再加-es,讀/z/study→studiescarry→carriesfly→flies1.He______(be,am,is,are)ateacheratNo.2MiddleSchool.2.He______(have,has)classesintheafternoon.3.He______(get,gets)upathalfpastsixeverymorning.4.Healways_____(come,comes)toschoolontime.5.He______(study,studies)veryhardathislesson.6.Oneandtwo_____(be,is,are)three.7.Blueandyellow_____(make,makes)green.8.Theearth_____(move,moves)roundthesun.9.IwillgothereifI____(be,willbe,am,is,are)freetomorrow.10.IwillgotherewhenI_____(have,willhave,has)timetomorrow.11.Hewon’tcometothepartyunlesshe_____(be,willbe,am,is,are)invited.12.I’llwaithereuntilmymother____(come,comes,willcome)back.13.Pleasereturnthebooktothelibraryassoonasyou______(finish,finishes,willfinish)readingit.14.Onceyou_____(see,sees,willsee)him,youwillneverforgethim.一般過去時概念：過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。時間狀語：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動詞；②行為動詞否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句：①was或were放于句首；②用助動詞do的過去式did提問，同時還原行為動詞。謂語動詞使用過去式形式，加ed，分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，也可用“usedtodo”和“would+動詞原形”。構(gòu)成規(guī)則例子一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed，(在清輔音后讀/t/；在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/；在/t/,/d/后讀/id/。look→lookedplay→playedwork→worked結(jié)尾是e的動詞在末尾加-dlike→likedlive→livedhope→hoped末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-edplan→plannedstop→stoppeddrop→dropped結(jié)尾是“輔音字母＋y”的動詞，先變“y”為“i”再加-edstudy→studiedworry→worriedcry→cried1.He____(be,was,were,been)hereamomentago.2.They____(be,was,were,been)herejustnow.3.Thescientists_____(leave,leaves,leaved,left)forAmericayesterday.4.Lastweekwe______(visit,visited)theScienceMuseum.5.WhenIwasachild,Ioften____(play,played)football.6.Thestudentsranoutoftheclassroomassoonasthebell____(ring,rang,rung).現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時作謂語的動詞用來表示動作（情況）發(fā)生時間的各種形式稱為時態(tài)。1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作及行為。2.時間狀語：Now,atthistime,days,look.listen等時間狀語做標(biāo)志。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主語+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。6.用法：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示1)、現(xiàn)在（說話的瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作，強(qiáng)調(diào)“此時此刻”。E.g.Heisreading.Theyaretalkingnow.2)、當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。E.g.Theyareworkingthesedays.3)、某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，表預(yù)定的計劃或即將發(fā)生的動作。E.gIamcoming.現(xiàn)在分詞的變法有1)、一般在動詞詞尾加上-ing,E.g.jump2)、以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動詞，先去e，再加-ing.E.ghavewrite3)、.以重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的詞，它前面是單個元音字母時要先將詞尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加上-ing.E.g.sitput其句式變換都在be上做文章。1.I____(write,amwriting,iswriting,arewriting)aletternow.2.Look,it_____(begin,isbeginning,ambeginning,arebeginning)torain.3.They____(study,isstudying,amstudying,arestudying)medicineattheMedicalInstituteofChengdethesedays.24.He_____(teach,amteaching,isteaching,areteaching)anEnglishlessonatthistime.過去進(jìn)行時1.概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動作。2.時間狀語：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+was/were+doing+其他4.否定形式：主語+was/were+not+doing+其他5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個字母大寫）

其句式變化仍然要在be上做文章。過去進(jìn)行時常與過去某一特定時間的狀語連用，如lastnight,atthattime,atnoonyesterday,lastSunday等。也有時沒有時間狀語，要通過上下文的暗示來確定用過去進(jìn)行時。1.I_____(cook,cooked,wascooking,werecooking)breakfastwhenyouarrived.2.What____you_____(do,did,was...doing,were…doing)atthistimeyesterdayevening?3.We_____(have,arehaving,had,werehaving)dinnerwhenthedoorbellrang.4.While/When/Aswe____(have,had,arehaving,werehaving)dinner,thedoorbellrang.一般將來時構(gòu)成:①will,shall+動詞原形，其中shall只用于第一人稱。②begoingto+動詞原形，表示主觀打算，按計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事情。③beto+動詞原形，表示客觀安排④beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上要做某事，正要做某事。⑤某些動詞，可用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表將來，如come,go,arrive,leave。⑥在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。⑦一般現(xiàn)在時可表示按時間表發(fā)生的將來的動作(限start,begin,arrive,end,close,leave---等表示開始或移動意義的詞)時間狀語：Tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year…),soon,inafewminutes,by…,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.否定形式：主語+am/is/arenotgoingtodo；主語+will/shallnotdo+其他一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。e.g.Shewillbebackinthreedays.Shewillnotbebackinthreedays.WillShebebackinthreedays?Theyaregoingtocleantheirclassroom.Theyarenotgoingtocleantheirclassroom.Aretheygoingtocleantheirclassroom?1_____you____adoctorwhenyougrowup?AWill;goingtobeBAre;goingtobeCAre;/DWill;be2Idon’tknowifhisuncle_____.Ithinkhe_____ifitdoesn’train.Awillcome;comesBwillcome;willcomeCcomes;comesDcomes;willcome3Hewillbeback_____afewminutes.AwithBforConDin4Whattime_____wemeetatthegatetomorrow?AwillBshallCdoDare5Hewillhaveaholidayassoonashe_____theworknextweek.AfinishesBdoesn’tfinishCwillfinishDwon’tfinish6There_____someshowersthisafternoon.AwillbeBwillhaveCisgoingtobeDaregoingtohave7It____mybrother’sbirthdaytomorrow.She_____aparty.Aisgoingtobe;willhaveBwillbe;ishavingCwillbe;isgoingtohaveDwillhave;isgoingtobe8LiMingis10yearsoldnow,nextyearhe_____11.AisBisgoingtobeCwillbeDwilltobe過去將來時構(gòu)成：（would+動詞原形，或?qū)頃r的其它過去構(gòu)成形式wasgoingtodo……）表示以過去某一時間為參照，在過去看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。在賓語從句及間接引語中，時態(tài)呼應(yīng)，經(jīng)常會用到過去將來時。如Ithoughtitwasgoingtobefun.時間狀語：---soon/thenextday---that-clause(名詞性從句或上下文中---)1.ItoldmyfriendthatI____(should/wouldarrive,shall/willarrive)soon.2.Theylookedatthosecloudsoverthesky.It____(isgoingtorain,wasgoingtorain).3.Theysaidthatthey____(aretomeet,weretomeet)atthegatethenextday.4.We_____(areabouttogo,wereabouttogo)outwhenitstartedtorain.現(xiàn)在完成時1.概念：表示發(fā)生在過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結(jié)束也有可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來，并對現(xiàn)在造成一定的影響或結(jié)果。常與since+過去時（間）,for+一段時間連用。表示與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去的動作。2.時間狀語：yet,already,just,never,ever,sofar,bynow,since+時間點(diǎn)，for+時間段，recently,lately,inthepastfewyears,etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+have/has+p.p（過去分詞）+其他4.否定形式：主語+have/has+not+p.p（過去分詞）+其他5.一般疑問句：have/has+主語+p.p（過去分詞）+其他?非延續(xù)性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞

非延續(xù)性動詞在時間上沒有延續(xù)性，常見的有come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start,

buy,join,die,buy,find,stop,become,open,borrow,lend,appear,close,fall,finish,sell,lose,kill等，這些動詞不能和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。但是，非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，可與for/since等時間狀語連用。

有些同學(xué)錯誤地認(rèn)為這類非延續(xù)性動詞不能用于完成時態(tài)中。其實(shí)，錯誤的本質(zhì)在于非延續(xù)性動詞與時間段的錯誤搭配，與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)無關(guān)。

延續(xù)性語境中的非延續(xù)性動詞的使用

在具體的語言環(huán)境中，往往會出現(xiàn)非延續(xù)性動詞與時間段相連用的情況。由于受漢語影響，往往錯誤地直譯為：

Hehasfallenasleepforanhour.他睡了一小時了。（×）

Hisfatherhasdiedforthreeyears.他父親去世三年了。（×）

當(dāng)出現(xiàn)這種情況時，我們往往采取以下解決方法：

（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀態(tài)動詞。所謂狀態(tài)動詞就是指這一動作發(fā)生后接下來所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)。如：

Hehasbeenasleepforanhour.（fallasleep,“入睡”為短暫動作，但beasleep“睡著”則為狀態(tài)動詞，可延續(xù)。）

Hisfatherhasbeendeadforthreeyears.（die為短暫動詞，“死”后的狀態(tài)可用“bedead”這種系表結(jié)構(gòu)來描述，可延續(xù)。）

常見的這種動詞的轉(zhuǎn)化有以下幾類：

gothere—bethere,comeback—beback,borrow—keep,buy/catch—have,arrive—bein,begin—beon,open—beopen,close—beclosed,die—bedead,leave—beawayfrom,getup—beup,fallasleep—beasleep,become—be,join—bein/amemberof,receive—have,catch/getacold—haveacold,getmarried—bemarried，come→bein，finish→beover，leaver→beawayhave（has）been和have（has）gone的區(qū)別

havebeentoaplace意思是“到過、去過”，表示曾到過某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒；havegonetoaplace表示“去了”，已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已經(jīng)到那兒了。

Youhave_____atallyoungman.AgrownBgrownintoCgrownusDgrownup2.Hehas____thewatchforayear.AbuyBboughtChaveDhad3.Hasyourbrother_____thedog?AkeptinBfedCfedonDkepton4.I_____thisbookfortwoweeks,Ihavetoreturnitnow.AborrowedBhaveborrowedCkeptDhavekept5.Haveyouever_____totheGreatWall?It'sverybeautiful.AgoneBbeenCwentDgo6.Herbrother_____thePartysince1978.AjoinedBhasjoinedChasbeeninDwasin7.TheGreens_____manyplacesofinterestsincetheycametoChina.AwillvisitBvisitedChavevisitedDvisit8I'msorry,I____yourname.AhadforgottenBforgotChaveforgottenDforgotten9Thebookshop_____foreightyears.AhasbeenopenBhasbeenopenedChasopenedDhasopen10Wehave

allthepapersoweneedtobuysome.AusedupBmadeofCfilledwithDhuntedfor11TheflowerI____grownup.AplantedhasBplantedhaveChasplantedDhaveplanted巧解現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)題技巧1:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時中的“段時間”。(1)現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經(jīng)開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),多和表示一段時間的狀語連用:for+一段時間;since+點(diǎn)時間(since作連詞后接從句時,該從句要用一般過去時)。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)也用在含有during/in/overthelastyears或inrecentyears等的句子中。趁熱打鐵1.TheOrientalPearlTVTower_______tensofthousandsofvisitorssince1995.attracted

B.attracts

C.hasattracted

D.willattract

2.—Howlong_______you_____here?

—Forabouttwoyearssofar.

have,studied

B.did,live

C.do,stay

D.were,swimming3.—Howisyourfather?I__himforalongtime.

—Heisfine,butbusy.don’tsee

B.hadn’tseenC.didn’tsee

D.haven’tseen4.Meimeihasreceivedseverallettersfromherhometownsinceshe_______tothecity.

A.came

B.comes

C.hascome

D.willcome

技巧2:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時的副詞標(biāo)志或句型。(1)在做時態(tài)題時,注意觀察句中是否有常用于現(xiàn)在完成時的副詞:yet,already,never,lately,recently,ever,just,before,(ever)since等。(2)句型:Ithasbeen+段時間+since+過去時.也可以表示為:Itis+段時間+since+過去時.

趁熱打鐵—Whatareyougoingtodothisweekend?

—I_______yet.

haven’tdecided

B.won’tdecideC.havedecided

D.didn’tdecide2.Mymother_______thewindowsalready,sotheroomlooksmuchbrighter.hascleaned

B.hadcleanedC.iscleaning

D.willclean3.It____tenyearssincewelast_____inBeijing.was,met

B.hasbeen,met

C.was,meet

D.is,meet4.—Howlonghastheweatherbeenlikethis?

—_______.

Untillastnight

B.EversincelastnightC.Twodaysago

D.Twodayslater技巧3:把握havebeento與havegoneto的區(qū)別。

havebeento曾經(jīng)去過某處(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那個地方,強(qiáng)調(diào)以前的經(jīng)歷)havegoneto去了某處(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語已經(jīng)離開說話者所在的地方,現(xiàn)在還沒有回來)

趁熱打鐵1.—IsthatJackspeaking?

—Sorry,heisn’tinrightnow.He_______thecinemawithhisaunt.hasbeento

B.hasgonetoC.havebeento

D.havegoneto2.—Hello,mayIspeaktoyourfather,please?

—Sorry,myfather_______toShanghai.Hewenttherethismorning.A.goes

B.hasgone

C.hasbeen

D.go3.—Howmanytimes_______you_______toBeijingthisyear?

—Threetimes.have,been

B.had,beenC.have,gone

D.hadgone技巧4:分清延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞是指那些動作可以持續(xù)的動詞。如:have,keep,study,live,teach等。非延續(xù)性動詞是指那些動作瞬間完成的動詞。如:begin,buy,borrow,lend等。做題時,要注意句中是否有段時間,如果有則用延續(xù)性動詞。趁熱打鐵1.—Oh,Mrs.King,yourdresslooksnice.Isitnew?

—No,I_______itsincetwoyearsago.

had

B.bought

C.havehad

D.havebought2.Tom_______theCDplayerfortwoweeks.haslent

B.hasborrowedC.hasbought

D.hashad3.—Howlonghastheforeigner_______here?

—Hehas_______hereforseveralhours.

arrived;come

B.come;gotC.stayed;been

D.left;beenaway4.Thefilm_______forhalfanhour.hasbeg