《個體理性與集體理性沖突與協(xié)調(diào)（英文版）》

個體理性與集體理性沖突與協(xié)調(diào)ContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u24811Part1：Individualrationalityandcollectiverationality Part1：Individualrationalityandcollectiverationality1.1RationalAsforthedefinitionofrationality,economistMarshall(1964)thought:"ifaparticipantmaximizesitsutilityunderthegiveninformation,heisrational“AmartyaSen(1998),thewinneroftheNobelPrizeineconomicsin1998,saidthattherearetwomeaningsof"rationality"inEconomics:oneisthatindividualspursuethe"maximization"ofthevalueofacertaintool;Thesecondisthatthereisnocontradictioninthelogicofindividualdecision-makingprocess.InanotewrittenbymathematicianNash(2000)(whowontheNobelPrizeineconomicsforhisresearchonGameTheory)inFebruary1950,heclearlypointedoutthatthe"utilityfunction"commonlyusedbyeconomistsanditstheory"needtobecorrected",andproposedtounderstand"rationality"as"rationalityasinternalconsistency".Takingthemaximizationofindividualself-interestasthefundamentalpurposeiscalledindividualrationality.Inreality,decision-makersdonotalwaystakethemaximizationofindividualself-interestasthedecision-makingbehavior.Atleastinlocalproblems,takingcollective(Group)interestsasthegoalandpursuingthemaximizationofcollectiveinterestsiscalledcollectiverationality.Ingeneral,althoughthemaximizationofcollectiveinterestsisnotthefundamentalgoal,ifweallowtheexistenceof"bindingagreements"inthechoice,sothatpeoplecangeteffectivecompensationwhentheychoosetomaximizecollectiveinterestsratherthanindividualinterests,thenthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalitycanbeovercome,Thismakescollectiverationaldecision-makingandbehaviorpossible.AsWuYifeng(1995)said,"youhavetocooperatewithotherswhilecompeting."Whenjointlycreatingamarket,theperformanceofcommercialoperationiscooperation,andwhenmarketdistributioniscarriedout,theperformanceofcommercialoperationiscompetition.Inotherwords,commercialoperationisacomplexofwarandpeace,butitisnotTolstoy'sendlesscycleofwarandpeace.Cooperativecompetitionisnotagameoflifeanddeath,Buttopromotecommonbenefitorwin-wingame.Complementarityisatypicalexampleofcooperationandcompetition,suchastherelationshipbetweencomputersoftwareandhardware,thecomplementarityofaserviceorproduct,suchasautomobileandautomobileinsurance,commercialhousingandloan,TVFestivalandTVnewspaper,etc.1.2IndividualrationalityMarcocia(2017)saidinhisresearchthatinordertoexist,peoplemustplan,calculateandfindthesourceofontologicalsecurityandvalue.Thisisthebasicbehaviorgoalofindividualrationality.Itisusuallysummarizedintothreeaspects:utility,securityandfreedom.Economicsmainlystudiestheproblemofutility.Peopleneedgoodsandservicesnotinitself,butinitsfunctionofmeetingpeople'ssurvivalneeds.Therefore,whathumanbeingscanproduceandconsumecanonlybeutility.Moreover,aslongashumanbeingsexist,thepursuitofthisutilitywillexistaccordingly.Theprocessofindividualsurvivalisaprocessofconstantlypursuingutilitysatisfaction.Therefore,itwillalwaysmaximizepersonalinterestsasthegoalofaction.Suchbehavioristheso-calledindividualrationality.1.3CollectiverationalityHaurieAanddelfourMC(1976)andothersbelievethatcollectiverationalityisabehaviorofpursuingutilitybasedongroupinterests.Itsgoalishighefficiency,internalstabilityandfairnessamongmembers.Thecollectivealwaysmakessystematiceffortstomeettheindividualutility.Thissystematiceffortincludestheproductionandallocationofutility.Efficiencyisthesymbolofthiseffortlevel.Bramss(1975)believesthatimprovingtheefficiencyofpeople'sactivitiesthroughproductionandallocation,thatis,obtainingasmuchutilityaspossibleatthelowestpossiblecost,isthebasicbehaviorofcollectiverationality.Thestabilityofthecollectiveisthekeytotheexistenceofthecollective.Coordinatingtheinterestrelationsamongthemembersofthecollectiveisthecoreconditiontoensurethestabilityofthecollective,sofairnessisparticularlyimportant.Foracollective,efficiencyandfairnessareindispensable.Thepursuitofefficiencymaximizationandfairnessamongmembershasnaturallybecomethemanifestationofcollectiverationality.1.4TherootofthecontradictionbetweenthetwoKudinova(2020)believesthatbothindividualandcollectivearehumanexistenceforms,andbothindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityarehumanrationality.However,thereisalwaysacontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityinreality.Individualrationalitymustbebasedoncollectiverationality,buttheacquisitionorprotectionofcollectiverationalitymaybeatthecostofindividualirrationality;Collectiverationalitymustbebasedonindividualrationality,butindividualrationalbehaviormaynotguaranteethecollectiverationalstate.HorodeckaAandvoznaly(2020)showthatindividualrationalityisalwayslimitedduetoincompleteinformationheldbyindividuals,resultingintheneglectofsomelong-termandpublicinterestsindecision-making.Thefamous"prisoner'sdilemma"game,"publiclandtragedy",adverseselectiontheoryandimpossibilitytheoremareimportantevidenceofthedeviationbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality.Infact,thebasicrootofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityliesintheconflictbetweenindividualinterests.Collectiveinterestsandcollectiverationalityarejusttheinstitutionalizedandorganizedexpressionoftheoppositionandconflictofindividualinterests.Asearlyas1776,theBritisheconomistAdamSmith(1776)putforwardthehypothesisof"economicman"inhislandmarkmasterpieceonthewealthofnations,whichisalsothefirstbasichypothesisofmoderneconomics.InSmith'sview,personalinterestisthestartingpointforpeopletoengageineconomicactivities;Thepeoplewhoengageineconomicactivitiesfromself-interestarethe"economicpeople"assumedbySmith.Theypursuethemaximizationoftheirowninterests.Therefore,consumerspursueutilitymaximization,producerspursueprofitmaximization,factorownerspursueincomemaximization,andgovernmentofficialspursuevotemaximization.Itistheindividualsinthecollectivewhoconstantlypursuethemaximizationoftheirowninterests,whichoftenleadstothecontradictionbetweenindividualandcollectiveinterests.Part2：Correlationmodel2.1Prisoner'sdilemmaTheprisoner'sdilemmawasputforwardbytuk(1950).Althoughitissimple,itreflectsthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality.Atthesametime,italsorevealstheinternalcontradictionofindividualrationalityitself.Thebehaviorstartingfromindividualinterestsmaynotreallyrealizethebestinterestsofindividuals,andevengetquitepoorresults.Rationalanalysisineconomicscanwellreflectmanyeconomicphenomenaandprovidemanystrategiesinanalyzingeconomicproblemsandimprovingeconomicefficiency.2.2PublictragedySimilarly,thereisapublictragedy.ThetragedyofpubliclandwasputforwardbyAmericanbiologistHarding(1968),whichhasarouseddiscussioninvariousfields.Hesaidthatimagineapastureopentoallherdsmen.Thedominantstrategyofeachherdsmanistoherdasmanycattleaspossible.Becausethecostofbuyingcalvesislessthantheincomewhenthecattlearesoldwhentheygrowup.However,wheneveryherdsmanmakessuchthinkingandstrategicchoices,thepasturewillbeovergrazedanddeserted.Thisisatragedyofcollectiveaction.Hardingsaidthatpopulation,pollutionandarmsraceallhavethesamestructure.Harding'stragedyhereisinthesenseofancientGreece.HeborrowedWhitehead'swordsthattragedyisnotmisfortune,buttheruthlessnessofthedevelopmentofthings.Thatis,humanbeingsknowthistragedy,buttheycan'tgetridoftheinevitabilityofitsdevelopment.Publictragedyissuchatragedy-everyonecanknowtheinevitabilityoftragedyinadvance,becausethisinevitabilityistheresultofeveryone'srationalbehavior,buteveryonewillnotrestricthisstrategicchoiceduetohisownrationality,sotragedyisinevitable.AKirman(2013)believesthattheprisoner'sDilemmaandthetragedyofpubliclandreflectthecollectiveunreasonablesexualbehaviorproducedbyindividualrationalbehavior,reflectingtheconflictbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality.However,whenhumansocietyreallywantstoproduceatragedysuchaspublictragedy,people'svaluesandcorrespondingsocialsystemwillautomaticallyproduceamethodtoovercomethetragedy.Therefore,tragedyisnotinevitable.Theindividualrationalityinprisoner'sDilemmaandpublictragedyistherationalitywithoutanyvalueconstraints,whichisfarfromtheactualsituation.Part3：IndividualrationalappealandcollectiverationalappealThestateofhumanexistenceisfirstofallthestateofneed.Thecorrectunderstandingofneedisthebasicappealofhumanrationality.Thedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityarefirstreflectedinthedifferencesandcontradictionsbetweenthesetwobasicdemands.Inordertoexist,peoplemustplan,calculateandplacetheirownsurvivalonthesourceofontologicalsecurityandvalue.Thisisthebasicdemandofindividualrationality.Wecansummarizethebasicdemandsofindividualrationalityintothreeaspects:utility,securityandfreedom.3.1IndividualrationalappealSchofieldn(1980)believesthatutilityisrelativetoscarcity.Whenpeopleappearinastateofscarcity,theyshouldfirstmeetthematerialneedsoffood,clothing,housingandtransportation.Naturecannotactivelymeetourneeds,whichpresentsascarcestateforpeople.Ineconomics,peoplehavelongunderstoodscarcityasthelackofrealobjects.Infact,people'sneedformaterialmeansoflifedoesnotlieinitself,butinthefunctionofmaterialmeansoflife-theutilityofmeetingpeople'ssurvivalneeds.Therefore,"whathumanbeingscanproduceandconsumecanonlybeutility",andthecarrierofthisutilitymaybematerial,energyorinformation.Thisutilitycannotbesolvedonceandforall.Aslongashumanbeingsexist,thepursuitofthisutilitywillexist-thesatisfactionofutilityalsoproducespeople'sneedforneweffects-althoughthewaysandcarriersofutilitysatisfactionmaybedifferent.Therefore,satisfyingutilityisthebasicpurposeofpeople'spracticalactivities,andthepursuitofthisbasicpurposemustberegardedasanimportantaspectofrationalappeal.WalderaG(1994)believesthatsafetyisanavoidanceofloss.Thisevasionisabiologicalreactionofseekingadvantagesandavoidingdisadvantages,whichoccursnaturallyatfirst,andthenbecomesarationalreflectiveconsciousnessandability.Itincludesavoidingthedangeroflossoflifeandproperty(theutilityobtainedthroughproductionandallocationiscalledproperty)-sincethebirthofmoderncapitalism,individualsecurityismoreexpressedasthesanctityofpersonalproperty.Marxoncepointedout,"safetyisthehighestsocialconceptofcivilsocietyandtheconceptofpolice;Accordingtothisconcept,thewholesocietyexistsonlytoensurethattheperson,rightsandpropertyofeachofitsmembersarenotinfringed."Thethreattoindividualsecuritymaybenotonlythedisasterfromnature,butalsothekillingandplunderingwithinhumanbeings!Securityisthebasicguaranteeforhumanexistenceandcontinuedexistence.ADenis(1996)believesthatthethirdaspectofindividualrationalityisfreedom.Initsmostnaturalsense,freedomisthatpeoplecandoornotdoanythingaccordingtotheirwishes;Inreality,freedomisastateofovercomingandmakinguseofallrelations(manandnature,manandsociety,manandhimself);Inessence,freedomistheunifiedstateofpeople'sactivitiesinaccordancewiththepurposeandrules.Indeed,"lifeisprecious,loveismoreexpensive,ifitisfreedom,bothcanbethrownaway."Freedomisnotonlythehigherappealofindividualsonthebasisofexistence,butalsothehighestappealofindividuals.3.2CollectiverationalappealTheneedsthatthecollectivemustmeetforexistenceanddevelopmentarethebasicdemandsofcollectiverationality.Thebasicdemandsofcollectiverationalityareefficiency,stabilityandfairness.Б.О.Соколов（2014)believesthatthecollectiveshouldalwaysmakesystematiceffortstomeetindividualutility.Thissystematiceffortincludesutilityproductionandutilityallocation,andefficiencyisthesymbolofthiseffortlevel.Generallyspeaking,theproductivityofacertaincollectiveismarkedbyproductivity.Productionefficiencymainlymeasuresman'sabilitytotransformnature.However,efficiencyisalsoreflectedinpeople'sallocationofactivityresourcesandutility,whichismainlytheproblemofpeople'srelationship.InEconomics(ofcourse,westerneconomicstradition),efficiencyisevenunderstoodasallocationefficiency,thatis,"theutilizationstateofeconomicresourcesinwhicheconomicorganizationsmakepeople'sneedsmeetasmuchaspossibleundertheconstraintsofestablishedinvestmentandtechnology."Theefficiencyofallocationisobviouslyapositivecorrelationwithproductionefficiency.Itisthebasicdemandofcollectiverationalitytostrivetoimprovetheefficiencyofpeople'sactivitiesthroughproductionandallocation,thatis,toobtainasmuchutilityaspossibleataslittlecostaspossible.LixR(2005)showedinhisresearchthatstabilityisoneofthebasicdemandsofcollectiverationality,whichcorrespondstothebasicdemandsofindividualrationalityforsecurity.Inacertainsense,stabilityiscollectivesecurityandpeace.Collectivestabilityisalwaysthreatenedfromthreeaspects:oneisnaturaldisastersandcrises(thecauseofsuchdisastersorcrisesmaylieinmankinditself,suchasthenaturalenvironmentcrisiscurrentlyfacedbymankind).Itmayleadtothedisintegrationorevencollapseofthecollective.Second,aggressionfromexternalcollectives.Inquitealonghistoricalperiod,thecontradictionofinterestsbetweencollectivesisfinallymanifestedasarealisticconflict.Whentheconflictexceedsacertaindegree,itwillinevitablythreatenthesustainablestabilityofoneormoreofthem;Third,theintensificationofcontradictionsandconflictsininternalrelations.Thisisthemostdirectandinternalaspectofthethreattostability.Infact,threatsfromotheraspectscanonlyworkthroughthisaspect.Itcanbeseenthatifacollectivelosesstability,theexistenceofthecollectiveitselfbecomesaproblem.JinLan,li,WangZ(2010)andothersbelievethatfairnessisaconceptofproportionality,whichisinthesamesequencewiththeconceptsofequality,justiceandjustice.Thereasonwhyfairnessisthebasicdemandofcollectiverationalityisthatitrepresentsthepursuitofcollectivevaluerationality(efficiencyismainlythepursuitofinstrumentalrationality).Italwaysstrivestoensurethatindividualsinthecollectivecanenjoytherightsandfreedomsprovidedbyconditionsequally.Ititselfincludesproceduralfairnessandresultfairness.Ofcourse,asacollectiverationaldemand,fairnessisalsoendowedwiththenatureofinstrumentalrationality,whichismainlyreflectedincontemporarywesterneconomics.Startingfromtheconceptofefficiency.Intheresearchofwesterneconomics,itisapureefficiencyeconomicsatthebeginning,becausetheybelievethatinthemarketeconomy,aslongasthepursuitofefficiency,the"invisiblehand"willautomaticallyguidepeopleintoaharmoniousandfairsociety.Theeconomiccrisisofcapitalismbrokethisdream.Keynes(1935)begantonoticethatsocialequityandstabilityareaprobleminitself.Inparticular,efficiencyandfairnessseemtohavebecomeapairofeternalcontradictionsthatcannotbeboth:Society"isalittlemoreequalityatthecostofefficiency,oralittlemoreefficiencyatthecostofequality."Theissueofefficiencyandfairnesshasbecomethe"biggestsocio-economicchoice".EvenwithinWesternliberalism,viewsaretitfortat.Friedman,aliberalineconomics,believesthatfreedomisefficient,andoneofthemeaningsofliberalphilosophyis"thebeliefthatitmeansinequalitybetweenpeople".Inefficiencyandjustice,hegivesprioritytoefficiency.Rawls(1988),apoliticalliberal,believesthat"justiceistheprimaryvalueofthesocialsystem",andthisjusticeis"justiceasfairness",thatis,"allsocialvalues-thebasisoffreedomandopportunity,incomeandwealth,andself-esteem-shouldbeequallydistributed,exceptthatanunequaldistributionofoneorallvaluesisineveryone'sinterests."Obviously,hepreferredfairness.Okunemphasizesmaintainingatensionandcompromiseinefficiencyandfairness,andiscommittedto"injectingsomerationalityintoequalityandhumanityintoefficiency"and"promotingequalityinanefficienteconomy".Thisconclusionisquitecorrect.Itshowsthatforacollective,efficiencyandfairnessareindispensablerationaldemands.Part4：ThemanifestationofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityBothindividualandcollectivearehumanexistenceforms,andindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalitycanonlybehumanrationality.However,thereisalwaysacontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityinreality.Denisa(2014)believesthattherearetwomaincontradictionsorinconsistenciesbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality:(1)individualrationalitymustbebasedoncollectiverationality,buttheacquisitionorprotectionofcollectiverationalitymaybeatthecostofindividualirrationality（2)Collectiverationalitymustbebasedonindividualrationality,butindividualrationalbehaviormaynotguaranteethecollectiverationalstate.Inthehistoryofmankind,thesetwosituationsexist,buttheemphasisofdifferenttimesisdifferent.Inthesloganofthemodernbourgeoisrevolution,"rationality"isnaturallyconsistentwithindividualrightsandfreedoms.Whattheywanttoestablishisthepriorityofindividualrationality,andindividualrationalitywillinevitablyleadtothestateofcollectiverationality.TullbergJ(2006)believesthatindividualrationalitymaynotguaranteetherealizationofcollectiverationality,whichisthemainmanifestationofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityinourera.Ineconomics,twoveryfamouscasesoftencitedreflectthissituation,thatis,theso-called"prisoner'sdilemma"and"tragedyofthecommons".Bothcasesarebasedonthehypothesisofeconomicman.Althoughthehypothesisofeconomicmanitselfisdebatableandneedstobeexplained,itdoesnotaffectthepracticalsignificanceofthecase.Inthestageof"humanindependencebasedonmaterialdependence"-theeraofmarketeconomy,wecanoftenexperiencesuch"difficulties"and"tragedies":allkindsoftransactionsthatare"blind"oreven"profitattheexpenseofothers"areactuallytheresultof"rational"calculationofindividuals(orlocalsmallgroups).Therefore,"prisoner'sdilemma"and"tragedyofthecommons"dodeeplyandvividlyillustratethecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality.Inwesterncapitalistcountries,thisispreciselytheexpressionoftheirbasiccontradictions.VanBuren(1912),thefounderofwesterninstitutionaleconomics,pointedoutthattherearetwosystemsinhumanlife:productiontechnologysystemandprivatepropertysystem.Incapitalistsociety,thesetwosystemsaremanifestedas"modernindustrialsystem"and"enterprisemanagement".Allthedisadvantagesofcapitalistsocietyarerootedintheoppositionofthesetwosystems.Galbraith(1942),aleftistscholarinNewInstitutionalEconomics,believesthattheeconomyofmoderncapitalismisabinarysystem,thatis,aplanningsystemcomposedofafewlargeenterprisesandamarketsystemcomposedofcountlesssmallenterprisesandindividualproducers.Thecontradictionofthedualsystemistherootoftheillsofcapitalism.DanielBell(1989)pointedoutfromtheperspectiveofthewholesocietythat"thecapitalistcontradictionoriginatesfromthefracturebetweentheorganizationalformrequiredbytheeconomicfieldandtheselfrealizationnormadvertisedbymodernculture",thatis,thecontradictionbetweenthecollectiverationalityrequiredbythesocializedscaleofeconomicdevelopmentandtheindividualisticspiritinherentincapitalistculture.Itcanbeseenthatbourgeoisscholarshavealsorecognizedthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityincapitalistsociety,especiallyincapitalistproduction.Ofcourse,itwasMarxwhoreallypointedouttheessenceofthiscontradiction.Marx(1956)believedthatthecontradictionofcapitalisminproductionisthecontradictionbetweentheorganizationofasingleenterprise(individualrationality)andthedisorganizationofthewholesociety(collectiveirrationality);Thecontradictionbetweensocializedmassproduction(requiringcollectiverationality)andprivateownershipofmeansofproduction(onlyindividualrationality).Althoughatthepresentstageofhumandevelopment,thecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityismainlymanifestedintheproblemthatindividualrationalitymaynotguaranteecollectiverationality,fromanotherperspective,thereisalsotheproblemthatcollectiverationalitycostsindividualirrationality.Therationalorderformedsincemoderntimestakesinstrumentalrationalityastheorientation(ofcourse,one-sidedrationality),humanrelationshavebeenmaterialized,individualneedshavebecomethedesireofproductionbymechanismssuchasmedia,peoplehavebecomeone-waypeople,andhavelosttheabilityofcriticismandreflection.Inthisway,thewhole(Society)collectivereliesontheubiquitousbureaucracytomaintainastableorder,whiletheindividualisactuallyina"cage"andisnotreallyfree.Theguaranteeofcollectiverationalityisatthecostofindividualirrationalstate(alienation).Part5：TherootofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityWhereistherootofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationality?Accordingtothetraditionalexplanation,thiscontradictionisrootedintheweaknessofhumannature,thatis,humannatureisselfish-peopleonlyconsidertheirownvitalinterests,notthepublicinterestsandlong-terminterests.Aristotleoncesaid:thethingssharedbythemostpeoplegettheleastcare.Everyoneonlythinksoftheirowninterestsandhardlyconsidersthepublicinterest.The"rogue"theoryofhumannatureinTimolaysahumanfoundationforlawasacoerciveforce.Ineconomics,itismoreobviousthatself-interestisthemostbasicassumptionofhumannature,andthebuildingofeconomicsisbasedonthiscornerstone.MiltonFriedman(1999)believesthatself-interestpeoplealwaystryto"freeride"tosharepublicgoods(suchaspasturesinthe"tragedyofthecommons")withoutpayingcostsortakingactionstorealizetheircommonorcollectiveinterests.Infact,thereisnofundamentallyunchangedhumannature.Humanselfishnessistheproductofcertainsocialandcollectiverelations.Therefore,usinghumanselfishnesstoexplainthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityiseffectiveundersomeconditions,butitdoesnothavethecharacteristicsofuniversality.Moreover,ifhumannatureisassumedtobeconstantandhumanplasticityisdenied,alleffortstosolvethecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalitymustberegardedasmandatory,whichisalsocontrarytohumannature(thecriticismoftheso-calledsystemalienationinContemporaryWesternsocietyalsoincludesthisreason).Thismakestheproblemintoaparadox.Thesecondexplanationisthelimitationofhumancognitiveability,thatis,thelimitationofindividualrationality.InArthuro(1999)Ken'sview,thelimitationofindividualrationalityiscalledthestateof"incompleteinformation",thatis,individualsdonothavecompleteinformationabouttheobjectstheyneedtograsp,whichleadstotheneglectofsomelong-termandpublicinterestsindecision-making.Ontheonehand,ifthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityisattributedtothelimitationofhumancognition,itmeansthatthiscontradictioncanneverbesolved,becausethelimitationofhumancognitionalwaysexists;Ontheotherhand,rationalityfromtheperspectiveofknowledgeandinformationisonlyoneaspectofrationality,whichistheaspectoftechnicalrationality.Completerationalityalsoincludesvaluerationality,whichcansurpassthelimitationofcognitiverationality.Therefore,thethirdexplanationoftherootcauseofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityisthelackofvaluerationalidentity.Hauriea(1974)believesthatthebehaviorofindividualrationalityinrealityisalwaysaffectedbyvaluerationalityfactorssuchashabitandmorality.Generallyspeaking,thesevaluerationalityfactorsconstitutethecommonvaluesofcollectiveexistence,whichisconducivetotheformationofsocialcooperationandcollectiverationality.However,inthestageofmaterialdependence,thescaleofutilityandtechnology,thatis,thescaleofmaterial,coverseverything.Technicalrationalityhasbecometheonlyrationality.Thereisalackofvaluerationalityidentityasacommonvalueamongpeople.Therefore,whenmakingdecisions,peopleoftenonlythinkofmaterialfactors,ignoreothers,donottrustothers,andtaketheattitudeofseizingratherthancooperation.Infact,themostprimitiveandbasicrootofthecontradictionbetweenindividualrationalityandcollectiverationalityliesin