分詞結(jié)構(gòu)(全)語言難點

分詞結(jié)構(gòu)I.非限定性動詞的比較.比較不定式和名詞性的動詞-ing形式作賓語1）有些動詞即可帶名詞性的動詞-ing,也可帶不定式作賓語，但所表達的意思不同。a.在forget,remember,regret等動詞后面，-ing形式表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作，不定式表示要發(fā)生的動作。Hehasforgottenmeetingherlastyear.（他忘了去年曾經(jīng)見過他。）Hehasforgottentomeether.（他忘了要去見她。）try帶-ing形式表示“試一試”帶不定式，表示“設(shè)法”TrypressingthegreenbuttonandseeifthemachinewillstartHetriedtodothesuminhishead.mean帶-ing形式表示“意味著”帶不定式，表示“企圖、打算”。Successmeansworkingveryhard.Johnmeanttodrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown.chance帶-ing形式，表示“冒險試試”帶不定式，表示“碰巧”。DickchancedclimbingMountJolmoLungmawithoutcarryingtheoxygencontainer.Tomchancedtofindhislostbikeinfrontofastore.goon,leaveoff,quit,stop后面的-ing形式是賓語，不定式是狀語，表示目的。Hewentonworkinginspiteofthenoisearousedhim.（盡管周圍的噪音很大，他仍不停的工作。）Hegaveusabriefingandwentontoshowusroundthecampus.（作了簡短介紹后，他接著帶我們參觀校園。）Advise,allow,encourage,permit,recommend,authorize,forbid等動詞后帶-ing形式作賓語，帶不定式作賓語補語。Mr.Smithdoesn’tpermitgoingtosleepinclass.Mr.Smithdoesn’tpermithisstudentstogotosleepinclass.understand直接帶-ing形式作賓語，也帶“特殊疑問詞+不定式”作賓語。Ican’tunderstandyourreadingtheboringnovel.Ican’tunderstandhowtodivideanumberbzyero.注：在demand,deserve,need,require,want等動詞后，作賓語的名詞性-ing形式表被動。Requiredoing/tobedoneCf：beworth（adj.）doing/tobedone.比較不定式、動詞-ing和ed形式作賓語補語1）不定式和動詞-ing形式作賓語補語的區(qū)別Iheardhimtalkingtohismother.（-ing表示正在進行）Ihearhimtalktohismotherforanhour.（不定式表示完成的動作全過程）有時用不定式和-ing形式作賓補都可以，意義差別不大。Whenhewasaboy,helikedtowatchcarscoming/comeandgoing/gointhestreet.2）動詞-ing與-ed形式作賓語補語的主要區(qū)別Canyougetthecargoing?（表示主動的動作）Davidwillgetthecarwashed.（表示被動的動作）少數(shù)幾個不及物動詞-ed形式作賓補表示完成的動作。這類詞常見的有：catch,discover,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,leave,make,notice,see,smell,watch等.比較不定式、動詞-ing和-ed形式作定語1）不定式、動詞-ing和ed形式作定語的主要區(qū)別Thesearetheletterstobesentoutthisafternoon.（不定式表示即將發(fā)生的動作）Thewomansendingherchildrentoschoolismyhistoryteacher.（-ing形式表示正在發(fā)生的動作）We’vemetthedoctorssenttoworkherebythecityhospital.-e（d形式表示已發(fā)生的動作）.動詞-ing和-ed形式作定語的主要區(qū)別Imsogladtohearyourencouragingremark^.remarksthatareencouragingme.）表示主動，正在進行hinaisadevelopingcountry（countrythatisdeveloping.表示主動，正在進行Thiswordisoftenusedinspokennglish.（nglishthatisspokenfe）^動ickupthebrokenvase.（vasethathasbeenbroken.表被動，完成的動作注：a.單個動詞-ing或ed一般放在被修飾名詞前。b.有些動詞-ed形式既能前置也能后置，意義不同：Inoticedaconcerned（關(guān)切的）lookinhiseyes.Allpartiesconcerned（有關(guān)的）willbepresentWemustmakeareplywithinthegiven（指定的）period.Shedoesntliketheblousegive^f給予的）byheraunt.Thisisaninvolved（復(fù)雜的）sentenceAllpeopleinvolved（有牽連的）havebeenquestioned.Thestoresellsused（舊的）booksonly.Thetextbooksused（所采用的）areallup-to-date.c.如果形容詞從句和主句時態(tài)不一致，則不能用動詞-ing形式短語代替形容詞從句。如：TheyoungmanwhosatbetweenJohnandMaryyesterdaywillcometoourpartytomorrow.Theyoungmansitting（不能用sitting）betweenJohnandMaryyesterdaywillcometoourpartytomorrow.謂語動詞是be或含有情態(tài)動詞的形容詞從句也不能用動詞-ing性式短語替代Thosewhoarelatearenotallowedtocomeintoclassroom.ThosewhobeinglatearenotallowedtocomeintoclassroomWillyoufindaworkmanwhocanrepairtheTV?WillyoufindaworkmanrepairingtheTV?4.比較不定式、動詞-ing和-ed形式作狀語。1）不定式和動詞-ing形式作狀語的區(qū)別a.不定式通常表示意想不到的結(jié)果，-ing形式則沒有這種意思。Hejumpedintothepooltosaveachildonlytobreakhisownleg.（意外地折斷了腿）Hejumpeddownfromtheburninghouse,breakinghislegs.b.不定式經(jīng)常用在形容詞后面表原因Hewashappytoseehisparentsingoodhealth.Hewassurprisedtomeetahighschoolclassmateinthemountainvillage.2）動詞ing和-ed作狀語的主要區(qū)別a.ing形式含有主動意思Seeingthateveryonewasbendingoverhis/herbook,westoppedtalkingandbegantostudy.b.動詞ed形式含有被動意思或表狀態(tài)Seenthroughtheeyesofayoungfriend,Einsteinwasasimple,modestandordinarymanGreatlyinterested,Iaskedhimtoshowmehowtocomposeasongwiththecomputer.注：1.用作狀語的動詞-ing或-ed形式短語的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致，否則就成為無依附結(jié)構(gòu)——懸垂修飾Waitingforabus,astonehitme.Madeofplastic,Ididn’texpectthechairswouldbethatstrong.另：可接受的獨立成分：generallyspeaking,takenasawhole,tosaytheleast注2.獨立結(jié)構(gòu)(獨立主格)：就是帶有自己主語的非限定分句和無動詞分句。n./pron.+分詞(-ing和-ed)/不定式/名詞/代詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語，通常在句中作方式，時間，原因，條件等狀語或狀語從句作用，主要用于書面語。Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.Jimclimbedslowlyupthecreakingsteps,hiscourageslippingawayateverystep.Therebeingnothingelsetodo,weleft.Hisvoicedrownedbythenoise,thespeakerinterruptedhislecture.Hewentoff,guninhand.Thefloor(being)wetandslippery,westayedoutside.Themealover,prayerswerereadbyMissMiller.Allthingsconsidered,thehousewasagoodbuy.有時帶主語的動詞-ing或-ed形式可用介詞with引導(dǎo)Withthetemperaturefallingsorapidly,wecouldn’tgoonewiththeexperimen.tTheschoolwithariverflowinginfrontofitislocatedinascenicarea.with引導(dǎo)的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：With+名詞/代詞+不定式Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldandwouldsucceed.with+名詞/代詞+動詞-ing形式Withhissatcheltrailingbehindhim,thesmallboyranpast..with+名詞/代詞+動詞-ed形式Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed..with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語Withchalkinonehandandatextbookintheother,theprofessorrestedagainsttheblackboard..with+名詞/代詞+形容詞Althoughtheysatwithdoorsandwindowsopen,theywereoverpoweredbyheat..with+名詞/代詞+副詞Hewentoutwithnohaton.以上由with引入的“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”本身帶有邏輯主語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以使句子緊湊，形象具體描述生動，通常用于正式的文學(xué)體裁，口語中較為少見。補：動詞-ing和-ed形式作狀語的句法功能1)表示時間，一般放在句首，有時放在句中，前面加when/while/until等詞時也可放在句末Turningaround,shesawTomintears.=Whensheturnedaround,shesawTomintears.在ing形式所表示的動作之后，緊接著發(fā)生了謂語動作，有“一……就”的意思。Igottoknowhimwhileworkinginthefactory.Theysangwhileworking.Seenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.（=whenitwasseenfromadistance,themountainlookedlikeanelephant.）Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereportedatonce.表示原因：一般放句首，也可放在句中或句末。Beingill,hecouldn’tgotoclass.Tonyatethecakeup,notwantingtoshareitwithCarl.Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.Manyofus,beingsoexcited,couldnotgotosleep.3）表讓步：常由although/though,evenif/though等連詞引入，一般放在句首Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtoturninhisresearchpaperontime.Evenifcomingbythesubway,you’llneed45minutestogethere.Althoughgiventhebestmedicalcare,hedied.4）表條件：一般放句首Ifgoingtherebyplane,we’llhavetopaytwiceasmuch.Unlessaskedtoanswerquestions,thepupilswerenotsupposedtotalkinMrs.Smith’sclass.（If）leftintherain,apieceofironbecomesrusty.5）表結(jié)果：一般置句末，前面可加so,thereby,thus等副詞。Thewarwentonforyears,killingthousandsuponthousandsofpeople.Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide（農(nóng)藥）,thusraisingtheaverageyieldby15percent.6）表伴隨情況或方式：相當于另一個分句，一般放句末，有時也放句首或句中。Hesatinanarmchair,watchingTV.Singingandlaughing,thepupilscameintotheroomWewenthomeexhausted.EinsteinwatchtheYo-Yoindelight,tryingtodeducetheoperatingprinciple..比較不定式、動詞-ing和-ed形式作主語補語1）不定式和動詞-ing形式作主補時意義區(qū)別不大ThemostdifficultjobistocleanthegreasykitchenThemostdifficultjobiscleaningthegreasykitchen2）動詞-ing和-ed形式作主語補語Thegamesoundsinteresting（表主語的特征，常用于事物）Iaminterestedinthegame.（表主語的狀態(tài)，常用于人）常見的作主語補語的動詞-ing和-ed形式有：amused,amusing,astonished,astonishing,bored,boring,charming,complicated,confused,confusing,crowded,delighted,devoted,disappointed,disappointing,discouraged,discouraging,frightened,frightening,frustrated,frustrating,interested,interesting,married,missing,pleased,promising,puzzled,shocked,shocked,surprised,surprising,tired,tiring,upset等。.比較不定式和名詞性的動詞ing形式作主語有時不定式和名詞性的動詞-ing形式作主語在意思上區(qū)別不大Toknow/KnowingallaboutEnglishisonething;toknow/knowingEnglishisquiteanother.Itisimpossibletoget/gettingtherebeforedark.但在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中不能換名詞性動詞-ing形式常與beworth,havedifficulty（in）,itbenogood/use/worthwhile,therebenoneed/nopointin,how/whatabout,what’sthepointof,what’stheuseof等詞組連用。IX.非限定性動詞不定式1）不定式不帶to的使用a.在情態(tài)助動詞之后b.在半助動詞之后：Youdbetterhavethatbadtoothpulledout.c.在情態(tài)成語之后：wouldrather/wouldsooner/would（just）assoon（寧愿）；may/might（just）aswell（不防，可以）,cannotbut/cannothelpbut（不能不，不由得不）等情態(tài)成語之后d.在ratherthan/soonerthan（寧可而不）之后Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.Soonerthanmarrythatman,shewouldearnherlivingasawaitress.當ratherthan/soonerthan出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時,其后不定式既可帶也可不帶toHedecidedtowriterratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.在“主動詞+主動詞”固定搭配的第一主動詞之后這里的第二主動詞指的就是不帶to的不定式，常見搭配有：makebelieve（假裝），makedo（with/on）（湊合，將就，靠維持），letdrop/letfall（有意無意說出），letfly（at）（發(fā)出，射出），letslip（無意說出，錯過機會），letgo（of）/leavegoof（放開，放手）,heartell（of）（聽說），（let）gohang（見鬼去吧，才不在乎）等。Let’smakebelievewehaveamilliondollars.Wehadn’ttimeforluncheon,butwemadedowithsandwiches.Theyarenotrich,buttheymakedoonwhattheyhave.Heletfallahintofhisintentions.Don’let’tgo（of）thehandle.MakethatdogleavegoofmycoatThegirlletslipthatshehadbeenawitnesstotheaccident.JohnletflyatorrentofabuseatmeIve’heardtellofhim.在“使役動詞+賓語”之后:let,make,haveg.在“感覺動詞+賓語”之后：see,hear,observe,notice,feel,watch等感覺動詞+賓語之后h.在“haveknown+賓語”之后Haveyoueverknownhimtellalie?i.在help（或help+賓語）之后，既可用不帶to不定式，也可用帶to不定式。j.在介詞except/but之前有動詞do的某種形式，其后通常用不帶to不定式，否則帶toTheydidnothingexceptwork.There’snochoicebuttowait.以此類推，在SVC句型中，如果主語部分有動詞do的某種形式，則主語補語的不定式也是既可帶也可不帶to.Whathewilldois（to）spoilthewholething.Allyoudonowis（to）completetheform.TheonlythingIcandonowis（to）goonbyhimself.Thethingtodonowis（to）clearupthismess.TheleastIcandois（to）driveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.k.在why/whynot?之后l.在其他一些習(xí)慣用法中，如在go,come,try等動詞之后可接不帶to不定式：Gopost（goandpost）aletterforme.Imustgotelephone.ComelookComehaveachatwithme.TryeatalittleI’lltryhelphim.m.onlytodo弓［出的結(jié)果狀語：Hehurriedtothehouseonlytofindthatitwasempty.2）當兩個帶to不定式由and或or連接時，第二個不定式符號?？墒÷裕篒intendtocallonhimanddiscussthisquestionagain.若兩個并列的帶to不定式有對比含義，第二個不定式符號不能省。Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.（存在還是毀滅，適合要考慮的問題。）Ihaven’tdecidedtogohomeortostayatschoolthissummer.在不用并列連詞的情況下，第二個不定式符號也不能省:Pleasegototheseasidetoswim,togetsuntanned.當三個或三個以上帶to不定式構(gòu)成排比結(jié)構(gòu)時，所有的不定式符號均需保留：Readnottocontradictorconfute;nottobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.3）不定式符號to與介詞to的辨別動詞+介詞to：addto,agreeto,adhereto,admitto,alludeto（暗示）,amountto,attendto,attestto,bowto,clingto,cometo,correspondto,confessto,consentto,contributeto,objectto,getto,pertainto,reactto,resortto,revertto,referto,relateto,submitto,succeedto,stickto,swearto,taketo,trustto,witnessto,yieldto等動詞+名詞/代詞+介詞to:ascribeto,applyto,attributeto,abbreviateto,accustomto,confineto,committo,devoteto,dedicateto,oweto,preferto,reconcileto,reduceto,resignto等動詞+-ed分詞+介詞to:beaccustomedto,beabbreviatedto,bereducedto,beresignedto,bereconciledto（甘心于，順從）,bedevotedto,begivento,（喜好，癖好），beusedto等動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞to:getroundto,（找到時間做某事），getdownto,getnearto,faceupto,feelupto（有條件/適合做某市），lookforwardto等形容詞+介詞to:adjacentto,averseto,deafto,equalto,loyalto,preferableto,similarto,superiorto,sensitiveto,tantamountto等名詞+介詞to:obstacleto,limitto,aidto,abjectionto,indifferenceto,keyto,answerto,hindranceto（阻礙）等以介詞to結(jié)尾的復(fù)雜介詞：accordingto,asto,owingto,preliminaryto,preparatoryto,previousto,priorto,thinksto,inadditionto,inrelationto,withaviewto,withaneyeto等4）只能帶不定式的動詞：agree,aim,apply,arrange,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,endeavor,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pledge,prepare,pretend,profess,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,swear,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow等2．-ing分詞1）只能帶-ing分詞的動詞：admit,acknowle