1998年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They1thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe2man.Buttheydthat_sgtheperiodfrom0o0werewidespreadyandmiseryforthe4oftheEnglishpopulation.5contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,nEnglandwasla6lcountry,aperiodoftabundanceandprosperity.s7,isythoughtobewrong.Specialists_8_historyand,twothings:thattheperiodm1650o0was__lQ_byt,andthatcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.[AJ[AJ[AJ[AJadmittedplainmomentarybulk[BJ[BJ[BJ[BJbelievedaverageprompthost[CJ[CJ[CJ[CJclaimedmeaninstantgross[DJ[DJ[DJ[DJpredictednormalimmediatemagnitude5. [AJOn[BJWith[CJFor[DJBy6. [AJbroadly[BJthoroughly[CJgenerally[DJcompletely7. [AJhowever[BJmeanwhile[CJtherefore[DJmoreover8. [AJat[BJin[CJabout[DJfor9. [AJmanifested[BJapproved[CJshown[DJspeculated10.[AJnoted[BJimpressed[CJlabeled[DJmarkedSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points) -1---PAGE11-Text1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn'thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygeneratesAndyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon'tneedadamtobesaved.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestorealitytheblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthingsfascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesightInParagraph5,"thepowerless"probablyreferstoareasshortofelectricitydamswithoutpowerstationspoorcountriesaroundIndiacommonpeopleintheNarmadaDamareaWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?Theybringinmorefertilesoil.Theyhelpdefendthecountry.Theystrengtheninternationalties.Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk""Morehaste,lessspeed""Lookbeforeyouleap""Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"Text2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theyButwhataboutpainwithoutgain?Everywhereyougoyouhearofcorporaterevival.istoestablishistheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-87average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationistotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthat"re-engineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO'sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancechasing."Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis notasgoodasitseemsatitsturningpointbetterthanitseemsneartocompleterecoveryTheofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscyclefallshortofbusinessmen'santicipationmeettheexpectationofbusinesspeoplefailtoreflectthetruestateofeconomyTheauthorraisesthequestion"whataboutpainwithoutgain?"because hequestionsthetruthof"nogainwithoutpain"hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworkshewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleadinghehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinessesWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.Text3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileos17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake'sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked"anti-science"inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason,"heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Anti-scienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience'sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareanti-science,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestionevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheanti-scienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm'anti-science'canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened."Theword"schism"(Line3,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans confrontationdissatisfactionseparationcontemptParagraphs2and3arewrittento discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience'spowershowtheauthor'ssympathywithscientistsexplainthewayinwhichsciencedevelopsexemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanitiesWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Environmentalistswereblamedforanti-scienceinanessay.Politiciansarenottothelabelingofanti-science.The"moreenlightened"tendtotagothersasanti-science.Taggingenvironmentalistsas"anti-science"isjustifiable.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueof"sciencevs.anti-science"isimpartialbiasedpuzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofnation'sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythird-largestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumberssinceWorldWarII,andpatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.,droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay.Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday's"babyboom"generationreacheditschildbearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances-?Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsofWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s'growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,Americain1970s enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistorywitnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulationunderwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowthbroughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldIIThecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistributionithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrantsitrevealstheAmericans'newpursuitofspaciouslivingitelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday's"babyboom"WecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthatCaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUSthetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedinthecitieswithunanimouslyfrommigrationArizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulationTheword"demographers"(Line1,Paragraph7)mostprobablymeans peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracyadvocatesofmigrationbetweenstatesscientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulationconservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeTextsScatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesmovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,plementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth'sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionThesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatestheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeepercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasescontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).Theauthorbelievesthatthemotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth'sinteriorthegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetruethehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirectionsthemovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapartThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirectionstheyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeaturestheAfricanplatehasbeenstablefor30millionyearsover100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobeThehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining thestructureoftheAfricanplatestherevivalofdeadvolcanoesthemobilityofthecontinentstheformationofnewoceansThepassageismainlyabout thefeaturesofvolcanicactivitiestheimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplatesthesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudiestheprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofscssome15nlight-yearsfromea.3)Butevene,twasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheun