上海市各區(qū)高三英語一模匯編-摘要寫作(Summary-Writing)-老師

IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.AreYouReadyforYourExam?So,it’stheexamtimeagain--haveyoudonethenecessaryworktogetgoodmarks?Sleepingwiththetextbookunderthepillow（枕頭）inthehopethatknowledgewillbemagicallyabsorbedintoyourbrainasyousleepdoesn’twork.Thebeststrategyistospaceyourpracticeout,ratherthancram（死記硬背）italltogether.Itmeanshitthebooksearly!InanarticleintheBritishnewspaperTheGuardian,TomStafford,alecturerinpsychologyattheUniversityofSheffield,UK,advises:“Ifyouorganizefivehoursofstudyintoonehouraday,you’llremembermorethanifyoustudyforfivehoursononeday.”Don’trelyonmemoryalone--getpenandpaperandstartworking.Studentswhocantestthemselvesinadvancewillbebetteratgettingbackmaterialfromtheirmemoryandlearnthatmaterialinthelongrun.JohnDunlosky,ProfessorofPsychologyatKentStateUniversityintheUS,suggeststhat“youstartbyreadingatextbookusingyourfavouritehighlighter（熒光筆）andfavouritecolours,butthenyougobackandmakeflashcardsofallthecriticalconceptsandinsteadofjustrereadingthose,youbasicallytrytotestyourselvesonthem.”Goodrevisionshouldgiveyouconfidence,butifyouarestillanxious,there’snoharminindulging（放任）inapersonalroutine.InJapan,itseemstobeatraditionforstudentstoeatKatsudonbeforeatest.Thisisawarmbowlofricetoppedwitheggandadeep-friedporkcutlet.Thenameofthedishremindspeopleoftheword‘katsu’,meaning‘winning’.ForsomestudentsinSouthKorea,thekeytosuccessisnotwashingtheirhairbeforesittinganexambecausetheybelievetheycouldwashalltheknowledgeoutoftheirhead.Andindifferentpartsoftheworldtherearealwaysthosewhoswearbytheir‘luckyunderwear’.Thebottomlineisthatyouneedtostudy,sleepwellontheeveofthetest,eatanutritiousmeal,drinkplentyofwaterandbelievethatyoureffortswillpayoff.Goodluckinyourexam!Keys:Thebeststrategytoachievegoodresultsintheexamistostudybooksearly.Accordingtoexperts,timemanagementandself-testinginadvancewillalsodoyougood.Furthermore,habitualpsychologicalhintishelpful,too.Meanwhile,otherfactorssuchasnecessarypreparations,goodsleep,nutritiousdietandself-confidencecanpayoffyoureffortsaswell.(56words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.SuperSizeMeFastfood,otherwiseknownasjunkfood,isahugepassionforalargenumberofpeopleacrosstheWesternworld.Butwhatwouldhappenifyouatelotsofjunkfood,everyday?Woulditseriouslydamageyourhealth?ThesewerethequestionswhichledMorganSpurlock,anindependentfilm-maker,todoanexperiment,whichhemadeintoadocumentaryfilmentitledSuperSizeMe.ThemainbasisofhisexperimentwasthatSpurlockpromisedtoeatthreeMcDonald’smealsaday,everyday,foramonth.HecouldonlyeatfoodfromMcDonald’sandeverytimeanemployeeaskedifhewouldliketo“supersize”themeal,hehadtoagree.“Supersizing”referstothefactthatwiththistypeofmealyougetaconsiderablelargerportionofeverything.SpurlockknewthatbyeatingthreeMcDonald’smealsaday,hewouldconsumealotoffatandagreatdealofsaltandsugarineachmeal—muchmorethanheneeded.AlthoughSpurlockknewhewouldputonabitofweight,andthatthisdietwasunhealthy,hewasn’tquitepreparedforjusthowunhealthyitturnedouttobe.Thechangesinhisbodywerehorrifyinginthefirstweek,heputon4.5kilosandbytheendofthethirtydayshehadgainednearly14kilos,bringinghistotalweighttoamassive98kg.Spurlocksays“I’dlovepeopletowalkoutofthemovieandsay,’NexttimeI’mnotgoingto“supersize”.MaybeI’mnotgoinghaveanyjunkfoodatall.I’mgoingtositdownandeatdinnerwithmykids,withtheTVoff,sothatwecaneathealthyfood,talkaboutwhatwe’reeatingandhavearelationshipwitheachother.’”Foodforthoughtindeed.Keys:Spurlockmadeanexperimenttotestthedamageofeatinglotsofjunkfoodandmadeadocumentaryfilmlater.Intheone-monthexperiment,SpurlockatethreesupersizeMcDonald’smealseverydayifrequired,thuscausingterribleincreaseinhisweight.Spurlockhopesthefilmcanhelppeopleestablishahealthyeatinghabit.(56words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandmainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Foodislife.Weeatittogrow,stayhealthy,andhavetheenergytodoeverydayactivities.Thefoodweconsumemakesallofthesethingspossible,butnotallfoodiscreatedequal.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thatchildrenwhoeatanutritiousbreakfastdobetterinschoolthanthosewithapoordiet.Thewell-fedchildisabletopayattentionlonger,remembermore,andparticipatemoreactivelyinclass.Thefindings,then,areclear.Becauseourfoodchoicesaffectourhealthandbehavior,wemustdomorethanjusteat;wemusteatwell.Formanypeopletoday,though,makinghealthyfoodchoicesisnoteasy.Wearesurroundedbyinformationtellinguswhat’sgoodforusandwhatisn’t,butusuallythisinformationismoreconfusingthanhelpful.Infact,differentresearchaboutthesamefoodoftenproducescontradictoryresults.Inpreviousresearchoneggs,peoplewereencouragedtolimitorcompletelyeliminateeggsfromtheirdietstopreventdangerousdiseases.Recentstudiessayeggsaregoodforyou.It’shardtoknowwhotobelieve.Shoppingforfoodcanalsobechallenging.Duringavisittoasupermarket,weoftenneedtomakemanydifferentchoices.Shouldyoubuythiscerealorthatone?Regularorfat-free’milk?Tofuorchicken?It’shardtoknowwhichtochoose,especiallywhentwoitemsareverysimilar.Manyshoppersreadproductlabelstohelpthemdecide.Indeed,manyfoodlabelsareoftenmisleading.Makinghealthyfoodchoicesandeatingwelldonothavetobedifficult.Doingsimplethingscanresultinabetterdietandahealthieryou.Urbangardening,whichisbecomingpopularagainisonesuchthing.Onsmallpiecesofland,neighborsareworkingtogethertogrowfruitandvegetables.Whatarethebenefitsofthesegardens?Peoplehaveaccesstomorefreshfruitandvegetables,especiallypoorerpeoplewhoarelesslikelytospendmoneyontheseitems.Thefoodalsocostlessthanitwouldinasupermarket.Thereareotherbenefits,too.Workingtogetherinthegardenhelpspeopletoexercise.Urbangardenshavealsobeenusedtoteachchildrenaboutfoodproductionandhealthyeating.Keys:Foodchoicesaffecthealthandbehavior.However,it’snoteasytomakehealthyones.Becauseconfusing/contradictoryfoodinformationandmisleadingfoodlabelsaremakingshoppingdifficult/achallenge.Urbangardeningisagoodwaytomakinghealthyfoodchoices.Urbangardeningalsohaveotherbenefits:gettingfreshandcheapfood,awayofexerciseandlearningfoodknowledgeforchildren.（59words）IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TheadvantagesofsocialnetworkingWhydomostpeoplesignuptosocialnetworkingsites?Themainreasonistostayintouchwithotherpeople.Thesesitesalsohelppeopletofindtheirchildhoodfriendsthattheyhavelosttouchwith.Renewingtheselong-lostfriendshipsisjustaclickaway.Itisveryexcitingtobeabletocatchupwithfriendsandkeepupwiththeirnewsonamalmostdailybasisthankstofrequentupdates.Keepup-to-date,however,doesn'thavetoberestrictedtofriendsandacquaintances（相識的人）.Whatmanypeopletendtoforgetisthattheycanalsousenetworkingsitesforprofessionalreasons.Itisactuallyagreatwayoffindingoutaboutupcomingjobopportunities.Friendsmightknowaboutjobvacanciesthatmaynotbeadvertisedelsewhereortheycanevenrecommendtheirfriendsforcertainjobs.Evenpeoplealreadyemployedcanpromotetheirbusinessonline.Thisisparticularlyimportantforartists,actorsandmusicianswhocancreatepagesdevotedtotheirbandortheatrecompany,andinformfansabouttheirgigs（現(xiàn)場演唱會）orlatestexhibitions.Inaddition,thesitescanbeusedtoallowthepublictogiveinstantfeedbackontheartists’workandtointeractwiththeirfavouriteartist.Anothergreatadvantageofsocialnetworkingsitesishoweasyitistoorganiseaneventwithyourfriends.Thankstodifferentsettingspeoplecanorganisetheirfriendsbydifferentcriteria（標準）.Thesecriteriacouldbehowclosefriendstheyare,commoninterestsandhobbiesorwheretheylive.Thismeansifacertaineventtakesplace,forexample,anopen-airconcertorafootballmatch,alltheyhavetodoisinvitetherightgroupoffriendstoattend.Somenetworkingsitesofferarangeofquizzesandgames,sofriendslivingonoppositesidesoftheglobecaninviteeachothertoparticipateandcompeteinavarietyofgameswithoutleavingtheirhomes.Keys:Socialnetworkingsitesbenefitpeopleinseveraldifferentways.Notonlydotheyallowpeopletokeepinclosetouchwithfriendsoldornew,buttheyprovidepotentialjobopportunitiesandencourageonlinebusinesspromotionplusinteraction.Moreover,theyfacilitatetheorganizationofvariousevents,connectingpeoplewithsimilarhobbiesorpreferencesglobally.(54words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Arewebornwithapreferenceforcertainkindsoffaces?Orisitjustsomethingthatpeoplelearn,withoutrealizingit?Tofindout,psychologistJudithLangloisandherteamattheUniversityofTexasinAustinworkedwithyoungchildrenandbabies.Theresearchersshowedeachbabyphotosoftwofaces.Onefacewasmoreattractivethantheother.Thescientiststhenrecordedhowlongtheinfantslookedateachface.Babiesspentlongerviewingtheattractivefacesthantheunattractiveones.Thatmeanttheypreferredtheprettyfaces.Thesefindingssuggestthatpeoplepreferprettyfacesveryearlyinlife.However,it’sstillpossiblethatwelearnthatpreference.Afterall,Schein,whoworkedwithJudith,pointsout,“Bythetimewetestinfants,theyalreadyhaveexperiencewithfaces.”Thatexperiencecanmakeadifference.ResearchconductedattheUniversityofDelawarefoundthatbabies’brainsarebetteratprocessingfacesfromtheirownrace.Soinfantsquicklycometopreferthesefaces,Scheinsays.It’swell-knowninpsychologythatfamiliarthingsaremoreattractive,saysCorenApicella.SheisapsychologistattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainPhiladelphia.“Perhapsaveragefacesaremoreattractivebecausetheyseemmorefamiliar.”Indeed,herresearchbacksthisup.ApicellaandLittleworkedwithtwogroupsofyoungadults:BritishandHadza.TheHadzaarehunter-gatherersinTanzania,anationinEastAfrica.ApicellachosethemforherexperimentbecausetheyhadnotbeenexposedtoWesterncultureandstandardsofbeauty.Sheshowedpeoplefrombothgroupstwoimagesandaskedwhichwasmoreattractive.OneimagewasanaverageoffiveBritishfacesorfiveHadzafaces.Theotherwasanaverageof20Britishfacesor20Hadzafaces.Peopleofbothculturespreferredthefacethatwasmoreaverage—thatis,compiledfrom20facesinsteadoffive.TheBritishparticipantsfoundbothHadzaandBritishfacesbeautiful.TheHadza,incontrast,preferredonlyHadzafaces.“TheHadzahavelittleexperiencewithEuropeanfacesandprobablydonotknowwhatanaverageEuropeanfacelookslike,”Apicellaconcludes.“Iftheydon'tknowwhatitlookslike,howcantheypreferit?”Herfindingsshowhowbiologyandtheenvironmentworktogethertoshapeourvalues.“Thepreferenceforaverageitselfisbiologicallybased,”Apicellasays.Butpeoplemustfirstexperienceotherfacestolearnwhatanaveragefaceshouldlooklike.Keys:Babies’preferencetoattractivefacesindicatespeoplebegintopreferprettyfacesatanearlyage.Researchesshowaveragefacesaremoreattractivebecausetheyaremorefamiliartopeople.Meanwhile,people’sexperiencewithfacesmattersalot.Themorepeopleexperiencewithcertainfaces,themorepreferencetheywillhavetotheaverageofthesefaces.(60words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Mostpeoplefeellonelysometimes,butitusuallyonlylastsbetweenafewminutesandafewhours.Thiskindoflonelinessisnotserious.Infact,itisquitenormal.Forsomepeople,though,lonelinesscanlastforyears.Nowresearcherssaytherearethreedifferenttypesofloneliness,namely,temporaryloneliness,situationalloneliness,andchronic(長期的)loneliness.Thefirstkindoflonelinessistemporary.Thisisthemostcommontype.Itusuallydisappearsquicklyanddoesnotrequireanyspecialattention.Thesecondkind,situationalloneliness,isanaturalresultofaparticularsituation-forexampleafamilyproblem,thedeathofalovedone,ormovingtoanewplace.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.Thethirdkindoflonelinessisthemostsevere.Unlikethesecondtype,chroniclonelinessusuallylastsmorethantwoyearsandhasnospecificcause.Peoplewhoexperiencehabituallonelinesshaveproblemsinsocializingandbecomingclosetoothers.Unfortunately,manychronicallylonelypeoplethinkthereislittleornothingtheycandotoimprovetheircondition.Psychologistsagreethatoneimportantfactorinlonelinessisaperson’ssocialcontacts,e.g.friends,familymembers,co-workers,etc.Wedependonvariouspeoplefordifferentreasons.Forinstance,ourfamiliesgiveusemotionalsupport,ourparentssharesimilarinterestsandactivities.However,psychologistshavefoundthat,thoughlonelypeoplemayhavemanysocialcontacts,theysometimesfeeltheyshouldhavemore.Theyquestiontheirownpopularity.Keys:TherearethreetypesofLoneliness.Temporarylonelinessdisappearsquicklyandcanbeneglected.Situationallonelinessiscausedbythechangeofcircumstance,whichmayleadtoproblems.ChronicLonelinesslaststhelongestandisharmful.Thevictimsoftenfeelhopeless.Lonelinessisusuallycausedwhenpeopleneedmoresocialcontactsthantheyhave.(53words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Aroundtheworld,musictherapyisbeingusedtotreatdifferentmedicalconditionsandillnesses.Someofthewayspeopleusemusictherapyaretoreducepain,suchasinchildbirthorduringcancertreatments,ortostimulatebrainactivityalteraninjuryormoneyloss.Musictherapyhasalsobeensuccessfulinaidingchildrentoovercomedisabilities.Childrencanmovetheirbodieswiththemusicandstampalongtothebeat.Whyismusicausefultherapy?Musicissoothingandrelaxing,butitalsostimulatesourbrains.Emotionallyandphysically,werespondtothesoundsofmusic.Butthecomplexityofmusicprovokes(激發(fā))thebiggestresponse.Thus,classicalmusicismosttypicallyusedfortherapiesduetocomplexsoundsandpatterns.Playingamusicalinstrumentratherthansimplylisteningtomusiccanalsobetherapeuticforsomepeople,helpingrelievestressandanxiety.Musichasbeenshowntoreducepainincancerpatientsbyincreasingthereleaseendorphin(內(nèi)啡肽).Endorphinsarethebody’snaturalpainkillers,andwhenwelistentomusic,ourbrainsrespondbyreleasingthesenaturalpainkillers.Ithasalsobeenknowntocontributetothebraindevelopmentofthebabieswhohavejustbeenbornandevenbabiesstillinthemother’swomb.Certaintypesofmusichavealsobeenfoundtolowerbloodpressureandslowaperson'sheartrate.Alpresent,musictherapyisusedinavarietyofsettingssuchashospitals,nursinghomes,daycaresandschools.Althoughmusictherapyisnotyetconsideredamainstreamtreatment,itisrecognizedmoreandmoreasausefuladditiontotraditionaltreatment.Sonexttimeyouarefeelingloworstressedout,putonsomerelaxingmusicandletthemusichealyou.Keys:Musictherapyisausefulwaytotreatillness.Becauseourbraincanbestimulatedbyrespondingtomusic,differentkindsofmusichavedifferenteffects.Theprincipleofmusictherapyistoincreasethereleaseofendorphinstoproduceeffectstohelptreatment.Althoughmusictherapyisnotusedwidely,itisregardedasaneffectiveadditionaltotreatment.(60words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Airlineseatshavebeenone-size-fits-allsincethebeginning.Today,those16.5to18-inchwideseatsareanythingbut.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),obesity(肥胖癥)hasmorethandoubledsince1980.In2014,morethan1.9billionadultswereoverweight,andover600millionwereobese.Theunchangedseatsizeandincreaseofobesepassengershighlighttheconflictbetweenairlines’needsandbasicpassengerrights.Lastmonth,lawyerGiorgioDestro,anItalianlawyer,suedEmirates,claiminghisflightwasdisruptedbyanobesepassengerseatednexttohim.Accordingtoreports,Destrowasnotabletocomfortablysitinhisassignedseat,andspentmuchofthenine-hourflightstandingorsittingincrewseats,becausea400-poundpassengertookuphalfofhisseat.Manyairlineshaverespondedtothegrowingobesitybyinsistingpassengersofsizebuytwoseatstoensuresafetyandcomfort.SamoaAir,forexample,ischargingbyweight(whichhasbecomeknownasa“fattax”).Atfirstglance,thefattaxissuesoundsdiscriminatory(歧視的),butsomearguethatthisispurelydowntonumbers.Akiloisakilo.Ithasnothingtodowiththeconditionoftheweight.Theheavieraplaneis,themorefuelitburnsthrough.Inotherwords,theargumentiswhetheritisfairthata150-poundpersonischargedfortheir50-poundbag,whena300-poundpersonwithacarry-onisn’tchargedanythingextra.However,PeggyHowellofNAAFAarguesthatobesityisanillness,andthatobesepeopleshouldbeentitledtohavingcertainrightsprotected.“WequestionthelegalityofthediscriminatorypolicyandwhetheritviolatestheAirCarrierAccessActgoverningthetreatmentofpassengerswithdisabilities,”shesays.“TheAmericanMedicalAssociation(AMA)recentlydeclaredobesityadisease,whichshouldmakefatpassengersaprotectedclass.”HowellpointsoutthattheCanadianTransportationAgency(CTA)addressedthisissuein2009,andissueda‘one-person,one-fare’rulingcoveringpassengerswithdisabilities.Thosepassengersincludeoneswhoare‘clinicallyobese’andwhocannotfitintoasingleseat.Keys:Withtheincreasingobesity,airlineone-size-fits-allseatscan’tsatisfytheneedsofobesepassengers.Tosolvetheconflictbetweenairlines’needsandpassengerrights,manyairlinesaskoverweightpassengerstopaymoretofly,becauseaheavierplaneburnsmorefuel.However,objectorsthinkthedisabled,includingfatpassengers,shouldbeprotectedinsteadofbeingchargedmore.(60words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.GeneTherapy“Weusedtothinkthatourfatewasinourstars,butnowweknowthat,inlargemeasure,ourfateisinourgenes,”saidJamesWatson.Watsonisamolecular(分子的)biologistandco-discovererofDNAstructure.Why?Scientistsareseeingthatgenetherapyisrevolutionizingthetreatmentofdisease.Ingenetherapy,healthygenesareintroducedintodefective(有缺陷的)cellstopreventorcuredisease.Whilemuchoftheresearchisinthebeginningstages,somesuccessespointtotherealbenefitofthetherapy.InItaly,doctorshaverecentlytreatedonegeneticdiseasewithgenetherapy.Thisdiseasemostoftenbeginstodestroythebrainwhenchildrenarebetween1and2,stoppingthemfromwalkingandtalking.Byinsertingnormal,healthygeneticmaterialintoavirusandtheninfectingthepatients,scientistsseemtobeabletocurethedisease.Althoughthechildrengiventhetherapystillneedfollow-uptreatments,theynowleadarelativelynormallife.Genetherapyhasalsobeenusedtohelpolderpatients.Thesepeoplesufferfromadiseasethatcausesslowmovementanduncontrollableshakingbecausepartofthebraindies.Thosetreatedwithgenetherapyshoweda23.1percentimprovementwhentestedsixmonthslater.Genetherapyappearstobeamorepositivealternativetosurgeryormedicineandisanexcitingnewapproachthatisjustmakingthenews.Researchershopethatinthecomingyears,everygeneticdiseasewillhavegenetherapyasitstreatment.Butmoreresearchisneededtoassureitssafety.Keys:Genetherapy,whichpreventsorcuresdiseasebyinsertinghealthygenesintodefectivecellsratherthanbymeansofsurgeryormedicine,ischangingthetreatmentofdiseaserevolutionarily.Thoughintheinitialphases,genetherapyhasbeensuccessfulintreatingbothchildrenandolderpatientswithgeneticdisease.However,moreresearchiscalledfortoensureitssecurity.(59words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TeachingIs“OneoftheLeastPopularJobsintheUK”TheUKgovernmenthasjustpublishedareportonthefutureofsecondaryschoolteaching,andtheconclusionofthereportisthatmanysecondaryschoolsnowfacegreatdifficultiesinfindingpeoplewhowanttobeteachers.Sincethe1980s,thenumberofgraduateswhowould“seriouslyconsider”teachingasacareerhasfallensharply,from64%in1982tojust17%today.Thereportsuggeststhaturgentactionneedstobetakeninordertoencouragemoreintelligentyounggraduatesintoteaching.Themaindrawback(缺點)ofsecondaryteaching,accordingtothereport,isthelowsalary.Earningsinteachingaremuchlowerthaninmanyotherjobs.JoanneManners,24,isagoodexample:“Igraduatedinmathslastyear,andIwasthinkingofdoingateacher-trainingcoursetobecomeamathsteacherbutIsawIcouldearntwiceasmuchifIworkedinmarketingoradvertising,soIdecidednottobecomeateacher.”It'snotjustaboutthemoney,however.Thesurveyconcludedthatanotherreasonwhypeopledon’twanttobeteachersisthatsometeenagersbehaveverybadlyinschool.Alotofschoolshaveproblemswithdiscipline,anditseemsclearthatchildrendonothavethesamerespectforteachersasinthepast.Here’stheviewofDaveHallam,anaccountantfromLondon:“Ithinkparentsaretoblame.Theyshouldhavestricterruleswiththeirchildrenathomeandalsoteachtheirchildrentohavemorerespectforteachers.”Thereportisclearthattheproblemofteachershortageisaveryseriousone.Itsaysthatthegovernmentshouldraiseteachers’paysignificantly,tocatchupwithworkersinotherprofessions.Italsoindicatesthatthegovernmentcouldlaunchanationwidepublicitycampaign,withsomeadvertisementsonTVandinthenewspapers,toshowthepositivesidesofteachingtoyoungpeople.Keys:SecondaryschoolsinUKexperienceddifficultiesrecruitingyoungteachers.Thereasonsarelowsalaryandkid’sbadbehavior,whichpushtalentstobusinessoccupationswithtwiceincome.Therefore,poorlybehavedstudentsneedtoobeystricterrulesandparentsneedtodisciplinethemathome.Also,governmentshouldincreaseteachers’incomeandpromoteateachingcampaigntodisplayteaching’sbrightside.(60words)/ItisreportedthatmanysecondaryschoolsinUKhavetroubleenrollingyoungteachersduetothelowsalaryandthebadbehavioroftheyouthinschool.Tochangethesituation,parentsshouldbestrictwiththekidstobackteachersupandthegovernmentareencouragedtoimproveteachers’incomeandpublicizethepositiveimaIV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou’re“hot”.That’strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues（自言自語）as:“Getup,John!You’llbelateforworkagain!”ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcan’tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou’resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteract（對抗）yourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon’tchangeyourcycle,butyou’llgetupsteam（鼓起干勁）andworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.Keys:Everyonehasanenergycycle,whichisindividuallydifferent.Whenyourbodytemperaturereachesthepeak,you’llfeelmostenergetic.Thoughwecan’tchangethecycle,wecanformsomehabitstomakeourlifefitbetterandavoidmanyconflictswithpeople.Additionally,gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveourenergy.（60words）IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.NowanotherAmericaneducationiconmaybedisappearing:thehardboundtextbook.Moreandmoreschooldistrictsarereplacingtraditionaltextbookswithelectronicones.Electronictextbooksareusuallyaccessedeitherthroughanonlineserveroraredownloadedtostudentlaptops.InNorthTexas,PlanoandIrvingschoolsareintroducinge-booksintoafewclassrooms,andLancasterschoolofficialsalsoareconsideringthem.ButnolocaldistrictappearstobegoingasfarasForney.Thedistrictmostlikelywouldbethefirstinthestatetousee-booksineveryclassroomforgradesfivetotwelve.Officialspointoutseveralreasonsforturningtoe-books.Forone,theyareeasiertoupdate.Thusthepublishersareabletofindwaystodoonlinetextbooksandtheycangobackandchangeinformation.Usinge-bookswillbetterpreparestudentsforcollegeandtheworkplace.Rapiddistrictgrowthisanotherreason.Thenumberofthestudentsinthedistrictisexpectedtodoublewithinfiveyears.It’sdifficulttoknowtextbookneedsinadvanceandsomestudentswaitmonthsfortheirbooks.Bute-bookscanbeuploadedontoa“blank”laptopinafewhours.Costmayeventuallybeadecidingcauseforchoosinge-books,butherearenobigsavingsyet.Eveniftheygetitelectronically,theystillhavetopayforthebookbecausethey’rebuyingtheinstructionalmaterial.Thatmaychangeasmoreandmoredistrictsmovetowardse-books.Today’sstudentshavelittletroubleadjustingtolaptopsande-books,saidConnieCooley,whohastaughtattheAcademyofIrvingISDforfiveyears.Butshesaiditcouldworryteachers.“It’sharderforpeoplewhoarerightaroundmyageandolder.”saidMs.Cooley,36.“I’mlaptop-savvy,soIwasreadyforit,butthosethataren’tarealittleworrying.Keys:MoreandmoreschoolsinAmericachoosee-textbooks.That’sbecauseit’seasytoupdatee-textbooks.Besides,withrapiddistrictgrowth,it’sdifficulttoknowtheexactnumberofstudents,sosomeofthemhavetowaitmonthsbeforetextbooksarrive.Finally,adjustingtoe-booksmayhelptoreducecost.However,itworriessomeoldteachers.(55words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Onadamp,boring,stay-in-housekindofday,Iwasa4-year-oldartistarmedwithanewtreasure:myownbigboxofcrayons(蠟筆).Somehow,theusualpaperwasn'tspecialenoughforthese64perfect,sweet-smellingsticksofvividcolor.Ilookedaroundforabiggercanvas(畫布).Ifonlytherewerehiddenwalls.WallsliketheonesinMomandDad’scloset.Slippingquietlydownthehalltothebedroom,Istoodontiptoetoreachthestringfortheclosetlight.Wordsandimagesfilledmymindfasterthanmyhandscouldmakethem.Abrilliantrainbowwasseenononewall,withacheerygoldensunpeekingoutfromabove.Below,agiantshadetreesupportedaswingforstick-figurechildren.Aroundthem,flowersbloomedeverywhere.Mymasterpiece!Allmyveryownmagic!Ilookinthewalls,thecolorsandthebrightness.Joyswelledinsideme.Butasmycreativitywounddown,athoughtpoppedup:I’vegottoshowMom!SuddenlyIwasstill.Momcalledout,“Dinner’sready.”Afterashorttime,herfootstepsapproached,andthenfinally,theclosetdooropened.Istoodnervouslyinthecorner.Mombreathedinsharply,thenstoodfrozen.Onlyhereyesmovedassheslowlylookedovermymasterpiece.Shewasquietforalong,longtime.Ididn’tdarebreathe.Finally,sheturnedtome.“Ilikeit,”shesaid,“No,Iloveit!IfeelIhaveanewcloset!”Now,45yearslater,mychildhoodartworkisstillthere.Andinmyownhouse,theclosetwallsaremasterpieces,too,createdbymyowndaughterswhentheywerelittlegirls.EverytimeIopenaclosetdoor,Irememberthat,asbigasthatboxofcrayonsandwhitewallsseemedwhenIwaslittle,mymother’slovewasthebiggestthingofall.Keys:OnedaywhenIwaslittle,Icreatedabeautifulpictureonthewallsinparents’closet.Althoughsatisfiedwithit,Icouldn’timaginemom’sreaction.Insteadofcriticizingme,momraisedmyartwork.NowIunderstandhowmuchshelovesmeandIdothesametomychildrentodeveloptheircreativity.(59words)IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Lastyearmycompanywasboughtbyalargecorporationandmostofthemanagerslosttheirjobs.Thatwas