IT職場英語教學課件Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustry

IT職場英語教師用書IT職場英語教師用書Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustryI：本單元教學目的：.通過背景討論、閱讀概念學習文章，充分了解Thompson和Ritchie如何設計和創(chuàng)建Unix，掌握行業(yè)術語；.通過案例分析文章閱讀和學習，學生了解21世紀個人電腦歷史上的幾個里程碑以及對社會意義，并能完成課后的相關案例分析報告；.學生能夠撰寫商務新聞，并進行口頭陳述.了解科技術語翻譯II：練習題答案PartOneConceptLearningTask1ThinkbeforeYouReadSerendipity，是意外發(fā)現(xiàn)珍奇事物的才能，機緣湊巧的意思。課文里Thompson認為Unix系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生是serendipity（P38），老師可以帶領學生理解Unix的誕生過程，Thompson的不斷實驗和改進，引導學生討論Unix的誕生是否是機緣巧合，學生的結論很可能兩個答案都有支持者，正如 JeffBezos和LouisPasteur的兩句名言一樣。亞馬遜的創(chuàng)始人JeffBezos認為一切發(fā)明也許都是機緣巧合，教師可以引導學生探究Bezos的成功路徑，無論是早期投資谷歌公司，還是建立太空公司，還是目前進軍硬件領域，每個決定都是他基于不斷思考和創(chuàng)新，不怕失敗的意志，絕非純粹機緣。LouisPasteur是著名的生物學家，他堅信每一個機會都青睞有準備的人，因為他一直在實驗室中堅持著，他的成功就是因為做了比別人多的實驗，不曾放棄。NameAchievementBillGatesMakecomputeravailabletoeveryoneMaYunLaunchE-commerceinChinaAlanMathisonTuringFartheroftheoreticalcomputerscienceandartificialintelligence.StevenJobscreativeentrepreneurwhosepassionrevolutionizedsixindustries:personalcomputers,animatedmovies,music,phones,tabletcomputing,anddigitalpublishingZhangXiaolongCreateWechat,QQmail,foxmailUnit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustryIT職場英語教師用書其他10位IT行業(yè)先鋒和領軍人物以及他們的事跡(ppt里有)MarkZuckerbergMarkElliotZuckerberg(bornMay14,1984)isanAmericancomputerprogrammer,Internetentrepreneur,andphilanthropist.Heisthechairman,chiefexecutive,andco-founderofthesocialnetworkingwebsiteFacebook.Hispersonalwealth,asofDecember2015,isestimatedtobe$46billion.AlanTuringAlanMathisonTuring(June1912-7June1954)wasapioneeringBritishcomputerscientist,mathematician,logician,cryptanalystandtheoreticalbiologist.Hewashighlyinfluentialinthedevelopmentoftheoreticalcomputerscience,providingaformalisationoftheconceptsofalgorithmandcomputationwiththeTuringmachine,whichcanbeconsideredamodelofageneralpurposecomputer.Turingiswidelyconsideredtobethefatheroftheoreticalcomputerscienceandartificialintelligence..StevenPaul"Steve"JobsStevenPaul“Steve”Jobs(February24,1955-October5,2011)wasanAmericaninformationtechnologyentrepreneurandinventor.Hewastheco-founder,chairman,andchiefexecutiveofficer(CEO)ofAppleInc.;CEOandlargestshareholderofPixarAnimationStudios;amemberofTheWaltDisneyCompany’sboardofdirectorsfollowingitsacquisitionofPixar;andfounder,chairman,andCEOofNeXTInc.Jobsiswidelyrecognizedasapioneerofthemicrocomputerrevolutionofthe1970s,alongwithAppleco-founderSteveWozniak.Shortlyafterhisdeath,Jobs’sofficialbiographer,WalterIsaacson,describedhimasthe“creativeentrepreneurwhosepassionforperfectionandferociousdriverevolutionizedsixindustries:personalcomputers,animatedmovies,music,phones,tabletcomputing,anddigitalpublishing.”MarvinMinskyMarvinMinsky(August9,1927-January24,2016)hasmademanycontributionstoAI,cognitivepsychology,mathematics,computationallinguistics,robotics,andoptics.Hisconceptionofhumanintellectualstructureandfunctionispresentedintwobooks:TheEmotionMachineandTheSocietyofMind(whichisalsothetitleofthecourseheteachesatMIT).HereceivedtheBAandPhDinmathematicsatHarvard(1950)andPrinceton(1954).In1951hebuilttheSNARC,thefirstneuralnetworksimulator.Hisotherinventionsincludemechanicalarms,handsandotherroboticdevices,theConfocalScanningMicroscope,the"Muse"synthesizerformusicalvariations(withE.Fredkin),andoneofthefirstLOGO"turtles".AmemberoftheNAS,NAEIT職場英語教師用書IT職場英語教師用書andArgentineNAS,hehasreceivedtheACMTuringAward,theMITKillianAward,theJapanPrize,theIJCAIResearchExcellenceAward,theRankPrizeandtheRobertWoodPrizeforOptoelectronics,andtheBenjaminFranklinMedal.LinusBenedictTorvaldsLinusBenedictTorvalds(bornDecember28,1969)isaFinnish-Americansoftwareengineer,whoisthecreatoroftheLinuxkernelandforalongtime,principaldeveloper;thatbecamethekernelforoperatingsystems(andmanydistributionsofeach),suchasGNUandyearslaterAndroidandChromeOS.Healsocreatedthedistributedrevisioncontrolsystemgit.Hewashonored,alongwithShinyaYamanaka,withthe2012MillenniumTechnologyPrizebytheTechnologyAcademyFinland"inrecognitionofhiscreationofanewopensourceoperatingsystemforcomputersleadingtothewidelyusedLinuxkernel".Heisalsotherecipientofthe2014IEEEComputerSocietyComputerPioneerAward.JohnvonNeumannJohnvonNeumann(December28,1903-February8,1957)wasaHungarian-Americanpureandappliedmathematician,physicist,inventor,andpolymath.Hemademajorcontributionstoanumberoffields,includingmathematics(foundationsofmathematics,functionalanalysis,ergodictheory,geometry,topology,andnumericalanalysis),physics(quantummechanics,hydrodynamics,fluiddynamicsandquantumstatisticalmechanics),economics(gametheory),computing(VonNeumannarchitecture,linearprogramming,self-replicatingmachines,stochasticcomputing),andstatistics.Hewasapioneeroftheapplicationofoperatortheorytoquantummechanics,inthedevelopmentoffunctionalanalysis,aprincipalmemberoftheManhattanProjectandtheInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton(asoneofthefeworiginallyappointed),andakeyfigureinthedevelopmentofgametheoryandtheconceptsofcellularautomata,theuniversalconstructorandthedigitalcomputer.Hepublished150papersinhislife;60inpuremathematics,20inphysics,and60inappliedmathematics.GordonEarleMooreGordonEarleMoore(bornJanuary3,1929)isanAmericanbusinessman,co-founderandChairmanEmeritusofIntelCorporation,andtheauthorofMoore'slaw.Moore'slawistheobservationthatthenumberoftransistorsinadenseintegratedcircuitdoublesapproximatelyeverytwoyears.TheobservationisnamedafterGordonE.Moore,theco-founderofIntelandFairchildSemiconductor,whose1965paperdescribedadoublingeveryyearinthenumberofcomponentsperintegratedcircuit,andprojectedthisrateofgrowthwouldcontinueforatleastanotherdecade.In1975,lookingforwardtothenextdecade,herevisedtheforecasttodoublingeverytwoyears.Hispredictionprovedaccurateforseveraldecades,andthelaw

Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustry IT職場英語教師用書wasusedinthesemiconductorindustrytoguidelong-termplanningandtosettargetsforresearchanddevelopment.AdvancementsindigitalelectronicsarestronglylinkedtoMoore'slaw:quality-adjustedmicroprocessorprices,memorycapacity,sensorsandeventhenumberandsizeofpixelsindigitalcameras.BobMetcalfeBobMetcalfe(bornApril7,1946)isbestknownforco-inventingtheEthernet,today’sstandardpacketplumbingfortheInternet,in1973andforfounding3ComCorporationin1979(mergedwithHewlett-Packardin2010),anearlyproviderofInternethardwareandsoftware.StartinginJanuary2011,heholdsthepositionofProfessorofElectricalEngineeringandDirectorofInnovationatTheUniversityofTexasatAustin.OnAug.3inBerlin,theInternetSocietyinductedProfessorBobMetcalfeintotheInternetHallofFameforhissignificantcontributionstotheadvancementoftheglobalInternet.ReadmoreaboutBobMetcalfeat/1998/11/metcalfe/MichaelSaulDellMichaelSaulDell(bornFebruary23,1965)isanAmericanbusinessmagnate,investor,philanthropist,andauthor.HeisthefounderandCEOofDellInc.,oneoftheworld’sleadingsellersofpersonalcomputers(PCs).Hewasrankedthe41strichestpersonintheworldon2012Forbeslistofbillionaires,withanetworthofUS$22.4billionasofDecember2014.In2011,his243.35millionsharesofDellstockwereworth$3.5billion,givinghim12%ownershipofthecompany.Hisremainingwealthofroughly$10billionisinvestedinothercompaniesandismanagedbyafirmwhosename,MSDCapital,incorporatesDell'sinitials.OnJanuary5,2013itwasannouncedthatMichaelDellhadbidtotakeDellInc.privatefor$24.4billioninthebiggestmanagementbuyoutsincetheGreatRecession.DouglasCarlEngelbartDouglasCarlEngelbart(January30,1925-July2,2013)wasanAmericanengineerandinventor,andanearlycomputerandInternetpioneer.Heisbestknownforhisworkonfoundingthefieldofhuman-computerinteraction,particularlywhileathisAugmentationResearchCenterLabinSRIInternational,resultingintheinventionofthecomputermouse,andthedevelopmentofhypertext,networkedcomputers,andprecursorstographicaluserinterfaces.Engelbart'sLaw,theobservationthattheintrinsicrateofhumanperformanceisexponential,isnamedafterhim.FindouttheChineseequivalenttoeachofthefollowingtechnicalterms.EnglishtechnicaltermsChineseequivalentsEnglishtechnicaltermsChineseequivalentsTuringAward圖靈獎operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)hierarchicalfilesystem分層文件系統(tǒng)，遞階系統(tǒng)command-lineinterpreter命令行編譯器Thekernel內(nèi)核almamater母校mainframecomputers大型機Sourcecode源代碼Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustryIT職場英語教師用書Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage.WhoisKennethThompson?KennethThompsonisanAmericanpioneerofcomputerscience.HavingworkedatBellLabsformostofhiscareer,ThompsondesignedandimplementedtheoriginalUnixoperatingsystemandinventedtheBprogramminglanguage.WhatistheprojectofMulticsoperatingsystemdesignedfor?Multics(MultiplexingInformationandComputerServices)wasanexperimentaloperatingsystemforGE-645mainframe,developedin1960sbyMIT,BellLabs,andGE.HowwastheideaofnowubiquitousUnixwasborn?In1969,BellLabswithdrewfromtheMULTICSprojectandThompsondecidedtowritehisownoperatingsystemtorunhisgame.Withthehelpofhiscolleagues,theymadeexperimentwithsomeMulticsconceptsandredoitonamuchsmallerscale.ThustheideaofnowubiquitousUnixwasborn.CouldyoudescribePDF7?PDF7isaminicomputer,andKenThompsonwrotethefirstUNIXsysteminassemblylanguageonaPDF-7.WhatwasthebenefitofreturningtoUCBin1975forKen?ForThompson,thebenefitwas,inadditiontothenostalgia,theopportunitytoworkwithanewgroupofpeopleandtheconsequentadditionalintellectualstimulation.KenviewedthegreatsuccessofUNIXasbeinglargelyamatterofserendipity.Whatdoyouthinkofthis“serendipity”？Serendipitycomesafterhardworkandcommitmentbeforewefinallydiscoverorcreatevaluablethings.Kenviewedhisownsuccessindevelopingthesystemtothefactthatheisabottom-upthinker.Whatdidhemeanbybottom-upthinker?Abottom-upthinkerstartsfromthedetailsratherthanageneralidea,whocanlinkelementstogethertoformlargersubsystems,whichtheninturnarelinked,sometimesinmanylevels,untilacompletetop-levelsystemisformed.Paraphraseonthisthissentence,“ItisalsoanexampleofhowasinglepersonUnit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustry IT職場英語教師用書withanideaanddedicationcanaccomplishsomethingthateludeslargeorganizationswithhugeconcentrationsoftalentandmassivebudgets.”Asinglepersonwithanideaanddedicationcanalsochangetheworld,whereaslargeorganizationswithtalentsandmassivebudgetssometimeswillfailtoaccomplish.Completethefollowingsentencesbyusingthewordsandexpressionsinthebox.ubiquitousmassivefacilitatewithdrawparadigmlaunchinitiallyportableFurtherDiscussionWhatistheroleofUnixinITdevelopment?Thediscussioncanfocusontwoaspects:1）itisfreeandopensource;2）itplaysavitalroleforAndroidsystem,whichisbuiltontopoftheLinuxkernelShareyourexperienceofintellectualstimulationandsummarizethekeyelementsforbeneficialintellectualstimulation.Thediscussioncouldrevolvearoundtwophases:1）reflectingtheexperienceoflearningwithcommunity,suchaswithclassmates,withlabteammates,etc.2）reflectingonthebenefitofintellectualstimulation,forexample,reasoning/connection/questions/ideasetc.3.2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese..20世紀60年代，美國電話電報公司貝爾實驗室年輕的工程師肯尼斯（肯）?湯普森正為Multics操作系統(tǒng)項目工作。Multics項目全稱為多用戶信息計算機操作系統(tǒng)，它是為20世紀60年代麻省理工大學、貝爾實驗室和通用電器公司聯(lián)合研發(fā)的GE-645大型機開發(fā)的實驗性操作系統(tǒng)。.毫無疑問，這個超小內(nèi)存是湯普森仍能將小巧的操作系統(tǒng)保持典雅簡潔特色的關鍵因素，是Linux系統(tǒng)以及其后的子系統(tǒng)均取得成功的重要原因。.他花費了一個星期時間寫內(nèi)核程序（操作系統(tǒng)的核心），一個星期寫外殼程序（用于讀取和運行敲入計算機的命令），一個星期寫編輯程序，一個星期寫匯編程序（將源代碼轉換成計算機的CPU能理解的機器代碼）。.這也導致了1975年湯普森回歸他的母校-加州大學伯克利分校，一直到1976Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustry IT職場英語教師用書年，他都在那里擔任訪問教授。這所大學早就開始使用Unix操作系統(tǒng)，湯普森也想?yún)f(xié)助進一步改良Unix系統(tǒng)。.湯普森和丹尼斯?里奇一起贏得1983年的美國計算機協(xié)會圖靈獎，1999年的美國國家技術獎章，2011年的日本國際獎。PartTwoCaseLearningTask2:caseanalysisBrieflysummarizethemilestonesinthepersonalcomputerindustryin21stcentury.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestmilestoneofallforthePCwasthelaunchofWindows3.0in1990,andtheiPadwasthemilestoneproductthatmarkedthebeginningoftheendforthePCindustry.ReportthedevelopmentofWindowsfromWindow3.0toWindow8.Windows3.0wasconsideredasthegreatestmilestoneofallforthePC.However,assmartphonesandtabletcomputersbecameincreasinglydominant,thelaunchofWindows8didnotactasthehopeforMicrosoft,theonceoneoftheworld’sbiggestcompaniesbegantoshifttothepost-PCerawhereWindowshaslittlerole.IllustratehowMicrosoftandApplechangetheworldrespectively.MicrosoftdidputaPConeverydeskandineveryhome,andMicrosoftcommoditizedcomputinghardwareandmadecomputingaccessibletothemasses.Applestartedthemobilecomputingrevolutionandchangetheworldinthewaywelookattechnology.Thereisasaying,“MicrosoftclearlyhadabiggerimpactontheworldthanApple.ThefactthatweallloveAppleproductsandthey'regorgeousdoesn'tchangethefactthatthecompanythatactuallymadetheworldrealizethemagicofsoftware,andmadecomputingaccessibletoalmosteveryoneontheplanet,isMicrosoft”.Whatdoyouthink?BrowsetheinternettofindoutdetailsaboutSteveBallmer’searlyretirementin2013andgiveyourcomments.InaMay2012columninForbesmagazine,AdamHartungdescribedBallmeras"theworstCEOofalargepubliclytradedAmericancompany",sayinghehad"steeredMicrosoftoutofsomeofthefastestgrowingandmostlucrativetechmarkets”.Ballmerannouncedhisretirementin2013,afterlosingbillionsofdollarsinacquisitionsandontheSurfacetablet.Microsoft'sstockpricereboundedonthenews.BallmersaysthatheregrettedthelackoffocusonWindowsMobileintheearly2000s,leavingMicrosoftadistantthirdinthecurrentsmartphonemarket.WherewouldMicrosoftgowithWindowsinthenext10years?Unit3MilestonesandGiantsinITIndustry IT職場英語教師用書WiththepotentialdominanceofWindows10,Bing,Windowsphoneandsomefungames,MicrosoftwillstillbealeadingroleinPCworld.PartThreeITbusinesswritingTaskforwritingabusinessnewsstoryinEnglish（這里兩個任務，至少給出一個樣文）2.Samplewriting:AlibabaGroupannouncedtheintegrationofitsautobusinessandsetAliAutoBranchtoday.WangLicheng,thepreviousGMofJuhuasuan,isassignedasHeadofAliAutoBranch.AliAutoistoputtogetherthethreebusinessesofAlibabaGroup：BigDatabusiness,AutoFinanceandtheplatformwith60millioncarowners.Itwouldcoordinatepartnersontheecologicalauto-industrychainsandprovideaO2Ofulllinkone-stopserviceof“l(fā)ook,choose,buy,use,andsell”forautodrivers.Noticeably,AlihasjointsetaInternetAutoFundwithShanghaiAutothisMarch.TheFundistopromoteonline-autodevelopmentandplatformconstruction.Itwouldactasanopencapitalplatformtoattractmoreonline-autoparticipants.Thefirstcooperatedonline-autowouldbeonmarketin2016.Then,WangJian,AlibabaCTO,saidthatInternetCarwouldimprovethehuman-carinteractionaswellasinteractionbetweencars,carsandroads,carsandinfrastructure.Thefourdimensioninteractionamonghuman,car,roadandinfrastructurewouldleadthetrendandsetafoundationforunmanneddrivingtechnology.AliAutoisgoingtoexpandandintegrateitsresourcesandlaunchthenewstrategytogetherwithpartnersinrelatedfieldthroughforumandothermediaduringtheShanghaiAutoExhibitthisyear.PartFiveReadingforMoreInlessthan150years,managementhastransformedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheworld’sdevelopedcountries.Ithascreatedaglobaleconomyandsetnewrulesforcountriesthatwouldparticipateinthateconomyasequals.Thefundamentaltaskofmanagementremainsthesame:tomakepeoplecapableofjointperformancethroughcommongoals,commonvalues,therightstructure,andthetraininganddevelopmenttheyneedtoperformandtorespondtochange.III:文章參考譯文PartOneConceptLearning:Unix的誕生肯?湯普森出生于1943年2月4日，是美國計算機科學界的先鋒，黑客圈子里大家也稱呼他為Ken。湯普森職業(yè)生涯的大部分時間都是在貝爾實驗室度過的，他IT職場英語教師用書IT職場英語教師用書設計并實現(xiàn)了最初的Unix操作系統(tǒng)。他還最早發(fā)明了C語言的前身B語言，他也是操作系統(tǒng)Plan9的主要作者和研發(fā)者之一。2006年以來，湯普森一直在谷歌工作，他在谷歌負責共同編寫Go編程語言。1983年，鑒于對通用操作系統(tǒng)理論的發(fā)展，尤其是Unix操作系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)方面的貢獻，湯普森和瑞奇共同獲得圖靈獎。20世紀60年代末，貝爾實驗室年輕的工程師肯?湯普森正在參與Multics操作系統(tǒng)項目的工作。Multics（多程序信息和計算機服務）是一項為GE-645大型機研發(fā)的實驗性操作系統(tǒng)項目，由麻省理工學院、貝爾實驗室、和通用電氣公司三方聯(lián)合研制。雖然引入很多創(chuàng)新，但是問題很多。1969年是神奇的一年，人類登上月球，ARPANET（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的前身）被發(fā)展起來，Unix誕生，有趣的事件一件接一件。這一年，湯普森編寫了太空旅行這款游戲。1969年，由于進展緩慢，困難重重，貝爾實驗室宣布從MULTICS項目中撤出，湯普森決定自己寫一個操作系統(tǒng)，主要是因為他想寫一款像樣的系統(tǒng)以便太空旅行這個游戲可以在PDP-7的及其上運行起來?；赑DD-7機器以及組合語言，湯普森和瑞奇帶領的研究團隊研發(fā)了層級文件系統(tǒng)，計算機加工和文件分類的概念，命令行編譯器，和一些小的系統(tǒng)。太空旅行游戲，能夠讓飛行員駕駛一輛汽車在太陽系中模擬飛行，觀察景色并且降落在不同的星球和衛(wèi)星上，比任何其他游戲都更加推動計算機工業(yè)發(fā)展。在同事丹尼斯?里奇，道格拉斯?麥克羅伊，喬?奧珊那的幫助下，湯普森決定利用Multics的概念，重新編寫一個小型的系統(tǒng)。這也就是現(xiàn)在無處無在的Unix系統(tǒng)的誕生的過程。他花了一周時間寫內(nèi)核（即，操作系統(tǒng)的核心），殼（用來讀取并運行被輸入到計算機的命令），一個編輯器和匯編（一個程序源代碼轉換成可以由計算機的CPU直接理解機器碼）。在PDP-7機器上，他研發(fā)并首次運行了操作系統(tǒng)，PDP-7有一個18位的字長度（與此相反的，現(xiàn)在幾乎普遍八位字長度），并只有四個千字節(jié)的3內(nèi)存（這是現(xiàn)代軟盤內(nèi)存容量的很小的一部分）。這種極小的內(nèi)存，無疑是讓湯普森將他的操作系統(tǒng)保持小、卻優(yōu)雅簡約的主要因素，反過來，也對Unix的后代（包括Linux）的巨大成功發(fā)揮了重要作用。1972年，湯普森改寫了UNIX內(nèi)核C.這是保證系統(tǒng)未來成功之舉，因為它更加便于攜帶。1973年湯普森做了關于UNIX的第一次公開演講。次年，基于這次個演講的論文被一個著名的雜志出版，由此，這個系統(tǒng)在學術界有了很大知名度。這也促成了他1975年回歸母校-UCB，他在那里擔任客座教授直到1976年。UCB早就開始使用Unix，湯普森希望協(xié)助其進一步發(fā)展該系統(tǒng)。對于湯普森的好處是，除了懷舊，還有機會與一群新人合作，以及隨之帶來的心智上的啟迪。他的回歸也促成了UCB成為UNIX的兩大領先開發(fā)商之一（另外一個是貝爾實驗室）。湯普森認為UNIX的巨大成功為是機緣巧合而已。但也是由于這樣的事實，它促成了從高度集中的大型計算機向更小，更便宜，能夠運行標準操作系統(tǒng)的分散電腦轉變，而不是由它們的制造商完全掌控。他個人認為開發(fā)系統(tǒng)的過程中，他是一個自下而上的思想家，也就是說，他著眼于復雜系統(tǒng)的基本組件以及它們?nèi)绾蜪T職場英語教師用書IT職場英語教師用書相互作用，而不是首先著眼于復雜的系統(tǒng)本身。和Linux的創(chuàng)始人LinusTorvalds一樣，湯普森也是歷史在合適的時間選擇的一個已經(jīng)隨時準備好的合適人選，從而造就的一個典范。這也是一個擁有思想和奉獻精神的獨立個體，如何能在沒有大型機構的眾多人才資源和充足預算情況下，仍然成功的案例。UNIX的持久性，可靠性和安全性體現(xiàn)了其設計的卓越，也因此一直適應當代社會的使用。和丹尼斯?瑞奇一起，湯普森榮獲ACM圖靈獎（1983年），美國國家科學技術獎章（1999年），以及日本國際獎（2011年）。PartTwoCaseLearning：21世紀個人電腦業(yè)的里程碑“在我們這個行業(yè)，到今天為止只有過兩次里程碑式的產(chǎn)品”，史蒂夫喬布斯在1984年告訴波士頓計算俱樂部?！暗谝淮问?977年的AppleII產(chǎn)品，第二次是1981年的IBMPC"。彼時，喬布斯正在宣布蘋果Mac的第三次突破。上周，AppleMac已經(jīng)30歲了?；厥讉€人電腦四十年的歷史，喬布斯聲稱AppleMac是行業(yè)的第三個里程碑的說法是經(jīng)得起推敲的，但是，個人電腦歷史上最大的里程碑是1990年發(fā)布的WIndow3.0.Windows的崛起Windows3.0改變了這個行業(yè)的商業(yè)模式，它建立了軟件廠商-特別是微軟公司-作為硬件制造商的江湖主導地位，這種轉變曾經(jīng)幾乎扼殺蘋果公司，并最終使很多個人電腦制造商走向破產(chǎn)。微軟之于蘋果公司，IBM,Atari公司和許多其他系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)越性，是用戶沒有被鎖定到一個供應商的產(chǎn)品。Windows3.0這一里程碑更重要的意義體現(xiàn)在它促使軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)的重新洗牌，許多傳統(tǒng)的供應商，例如最顯眼的WordPerfect,雖然Windows圖形用戶界面（GUI）也是曇花一現(xiàn)，但大多數(shù)辦公室文員仍然更喜歡使用鍵盤指令，而不是鼠標點擊。（標注：WordPerfect是Corel公司1996發(fā)行的一套辦公軟件）。WordPerfect在判斷市場方面犯了巨大的錯誤，當它也發(fā)行自己產(chǎn)品的Windows版本時，微軟公司已經(jīng)用Word以及與之捆綁一起，當今掌控商業(yè)社會的Office套件，控制了關鍵的幾個主要市場份額。走向移動可以說直到下一個里程碑出現(xiàn)之前，微軟的日子一直很好過。下一個里程碑的標志是史蒂夫?喬布斯，iPhone的推出真正改變了智能手機行業(yè)，是移動產(chǎn)品最終會動搖個人電腦產(chǎn)業(yè)的最早跡象。有意思的是，對比喬布斯標志性的2007年iPhone產(chǎn)片發(fā)布會上的演講，1984年在波士頓的演講就頗先粗糙，雖然兩個演