雅思流程圖和地圖

流程圖與地圖寫作分析流程圖寫作要點(diǎn)分清有幾個(gè)圖---分段:總分總先寫總起句,找到每個(gè)步驟和起點(diǎn)-箭頭數(shù)字按時(shí)間或步驟順序---使用適當(dāng)連接詞具體描述每個(gè)步驟名詞不懂看圖，抄到文中作主語動(dòng)詞不懂加ed，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)多為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Introduction---首段轉(zhuǎn)述題目句型Thediagram/flowchart/map(given)shows/illustrates/indicates/denotes…Fromtheinformationsupplied/giveninthediagram/flowchart/map,itisclear/evident/apparentthat…stages---連接詞按時(shí)間順序/步驟tobeginwith/atfirst/initially/inthefirststageThefirststageinvolves…then/next/later/afterthis/subsequentlysecondly/inthefollowingstage/stepThenext/followingstageincludes…Finally/eventually/atthelaststageThelaststagecontains…具體描述某個(gè)步驟atthispoint/stage/phaseatthesametime/momentmeanwhile/whileWRITINGTASK1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustry.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Writeatleast150words.Theprocessbywhichbricksaremanufacturedforthebuildingindustrycanbeoutlinedinsevenconsecutivesteps.Firsttherawmaterial,clay,whichwasjustbelowthesurfaceofsoilincertainclay-richareashastobedugupbyadigger.Thenthelumpsofclayareplacedonametalgridinordertobreakupthebigchunksofclayintomuchsmallerareas,whichfallthroughthemetalgridontoaroller,whosemotionfurthersegregatesthebitsofclay.Sandandwaterareaddedtomakeahomogenousmixture,whichistheneitherformedinmouldsorcutintobrick-shapedpiecesbymeansofawirecutter.Thosefreshbricksarethenkeptinadryingovenforatleast24andamaximumof48hours,severaldozensifnothundredsofbricksatatime.Thedriedbricksarethentransferredtoaso-calledkiln,anothertypeofhightemperatureoven.Firsttheyarekeptatamoderatetemperatureof200℃--1300℃.Thisprocessisfollowedbycoolingdownthefinishedbricksfor48to72hoursinacoolingchamber.

Oncethebrickshavecooleddownandhavebecomehard,theygetpackagedanddeliveredtotheirfinaldestination.

巧克力制作流程圖特點(diǎn)：史上圖片最多的流程圖分段分組描述，不能每張圖片寫一段除了文字信息之外的細(xì)節(jié)描寫：果實(shí)顏色變化：幾個(gè)顏色，幾次變化？溫度數(shù)字WRITINGTASK1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.Theillustrationsshowhowchocolateisproduced.Summariestheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures.Writeatleast150words.巧克力制作流程圖Thediagramsexplainthedifferentstagesintheprocessofmakingchocolate.【所有的小作文第一句話都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。流程圖必備三個(gè)詞：process：整個(gè)過程,stage：階段/step：步驟】Chocolatecomesfromthecacaotree,whichisgrowinginpartsofSouthAmerica,AfricaandIndonesia.Thetreeproduceslargeredpodswhichcontainwhitecocoabeans.Firstly,whenthepodsareripe,theyareharvested,thebeansareremovedandtheyarefermentedforseveraldaysinlargewoodenboxes.Duringthefermentingprocess,thebeansturnbrown.（概括前三幅圖）要適當(dāng)?shù)靥砑觽€(gè)別圖中沒有交代但能從圖片中直接讀出來的的一些細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容，否則可能達(dá)不到字?jǐn)?shù)要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千萬不要加上自己的主觀觀點(diǎn)，否則會(huì)扣分Next,thebrownbeansarespreadinthesuntodry.（四）Theyarethenputinlargesacksandtransportedbytrainorlorry.（五，六）Afterthis,thebeansaretakentoachocolatefactorywheretheyareroastedinanovenattemperaturesofbetween250and350degreeCelsius.（七，八）Afterbeingroasted,thebeansarecrushedandtheoutershellisremoved.Theouterpartisnotneededformakingchocolate.（九）

Finally,theinnerpartofthebeanispressedandliquidchocolateisproduced.流程圖附加練習(xí)Thediagramshowshowfreshfruitiscanned.Firstthefruitispickedfromtreesbyhand.Itisthentransportedtothecannerybylargetrucks.Atthecannerythefruitiswashedandqualitychecked,andanypoorqualityfruitisrejected.Thegoodqualityfruitisputintocoldstorage.Whenitisreadyforcanningthefruitisweighedandgraded.Thegradingensuresthatfruitofsimilarsizeiskepttogether.Afterthisthefruitispeeledandthecoresareremoved.Itisthenslicedintotherequiredsizesandputintocans.Juiceorsyrupisalsoaddedtothecans.Oncethecanshavebeenfilledtheyaresealedandcookedoverheattoensurethatthecansaresterilized.Whenthecansarecool,alabelisattachedandtheyareplacedintostorage.Thecannedfruitisnowreadytobedispatchedtosupermarketsandsold.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowsthemethodofobtainingwateroutdoors.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.Thechartdescribeshowwaterisobtainedoutdoors.Accordingtothechart,thefirststep

ofobtainingwateroutdoorsistofindahole/dent/pitonthegroundwithgreenplantsgrowingonthebottompartofit.Next,removethegreenplantsinthemiddle(視覺化能力)andputacontainerthere.Then,covertheholewithaplasticsheetandplacetwostonesonbothendsofittosecureitsposition.Athirdstoneislaidinthemiddleoftheplasticsheetsothatthemiddlepartismadethelowestpart.Whenthesunshinesonthegreenplantsinthehole,waterevaporatesfromtheseplants.Thevaporrisesupandthencoolsdowntoformwaterdropsontheplasticsheet.Whenthereismoreandmorewater,itflowsalongthesheettoaccumulateonthelowestpart.Finally,waterfallsdownintothecontainerdirectlyunderthemiddlestone.Thus,wateriscollectedsuccessfullythroughevaporationfromgreenplants.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagrambelowshowstheprocessofglassrecycling.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

Thisdiagramillustratestherecyclingprocessofglassbottles.Thewholeprocessisacyclewhichcanbedividedintothreemainstages.Inthefirststage,usedbottlesarecollectedatarecyclingpointreadytobetransportedbyatruck.Thesecondstagestartsinacleaningplant,wheretheserecycledbottlesaresortedbycolorintogreen,brownandclearonesandwashedbyhigh-pressurewater.Whenthecleaningisdone,thebottlesareconveyedtoaglassfactorywheretheyarecutintoglasspieceswhicharethenpouredintoafurnace.Afterbeingheatedinthefurnace,thebrokenglassesaremeltedintoliquid,whichflowsintoaglassmold.Herenewliquidglassfromothersourcesisaddedandthemoldingprocesstakesplace.Inthefinalstage,new,emptybottlesarefilled,thenpackedanddespatchedtothesupermarketreadytobepickedbyconsumers.Atthispoint,acyclehasbeencompletedandanewcyclewillbegin.運(yùn)作描寫Thisdiagramprovidesanoverviewofadomesticcentralheatingsystem.Itshows

howthetank,boilerandpipesensureaconstantflowofhotwatertoboththeradiatorsandthetaps.Thecoldwater

entersthehouseandisstoredinawaterstoragetankintheroof.Fromthereitflowsdowntotheboiler,locatedonthegroundfloorofthehouse.Theboiler,whichisfuelledbygasoroil,heatsupthewaterasitpassesthroughit.Thehotwateristhenpumpedroundthehousethroughasystemofpipesandflowsintotheradiators,locatedindifferentrooms.Thewatercirculatesthroughtheradiators,whichhavesmalltubesinsidethemtohelpdistributetheheat,andthiswarmseachoftherooms.Someofthewaterisdirectedtothetapstoprovidehotwaterforthehouse.Oncethewaterhasbeenthroughthepipesandradiators,itisreturnedtotheboilertobere-heatedandcirculatedroundthehouseagain.

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagramsbelowshowsomeprinciplesofhousedesignforcoolandforwarmclimates.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.Asisdisplayedintheflowchart,theprinciplesofinsulationincoolandwarmclimaterespectivelydiffertoalargeextent.Astothesituationofcoolclimate,weadoptthehigh-angledroofinordertobenearlyparallelwiththedirectionofthesunsothatthedirectexpositiontotheheatofsunislessenedasmuchaswecan.Bythis,thetemperatureofthematerialwon’tfluctuatewithinalargerange.Meanwhile,thermal(保溫的)

buildingmaterialcouldenhancetheheatstorageinsulation,preventingoutflow,thusreductionofheat.

Adversely,inwarmclimate,reflectivebuildingmaterialisindispensablewithoverhands(自上而下)

forshade.Thedirectionoftheroofisalmostverticaltothedirectionofthesuntoleadtoexternalinsulationreflection.Bythis,ventilationwouldresultintheremovalofheatstorageratherthanreduction.Throughthedifferentworkingprinciplesofventilation(通風(fēng)),wearefascinatedbythemasterpiecesofmodernscienceandtechnology.Youshouldspendabout20minutesonthistask.

Thediagramshowshoworganicwasteisrecycledtoproducegardenfertilizer.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

Asisshownintheflowchart,theprocessofrecyclingorganicwastetoproducecompostisreallyacomplexone.Thewholeprocesscanbecategorizedintofivestages.Firstofall,prepareaplasticcontainerwhichhasfourholesforventilatingtheair.Thereisarulewhenputtingwasteintothecontainer,foodatthebottomwithin15centimetershigh,grassatthemiddleandnewspaperatthetopwithin15centimetershighaltogether,inordertomakeaoptimumenvironmentfordifferentbacteriareproducing.Inthefollowingstage,wecanwitnessnitrogen(氮)andwaterbeingputintothecontainer.What'sworthmentioningisthatwaterisonlyaddedinahotweather.Next,heatthewasteandletthebacteriareproducefastly,withwhichtheorganicwastecanbedecomposedandbecomegardenfertiliserafter6months.

Subsequently,wecancarrythecompost(堆肥)outandmoveittothegarden,andthusanewrecyclingcanbegin.考官范文圖一Thefirstdiagramshowsthattherearefourmainstagesinthelifeofthesilkworm.（分段開場(chǎng)）Firstofall,eggsareproducedbythemothandittakestendaysforeacheggtobecomeasilkwormlarvathatfeedsonmulberryleaves.Thisstagelastsforuptosixweeksuntilthelarvaproducesacocoonofsilkthreadarounditself.Afteraperiodofaboutthreeweeks,theadultmothseventuallyemergefromthesecocoonsandthelifecyclebeginsagain.考官范文圖二Thecocoonsaretherawmaterialusedfortheproductionofsilkcloth.

（總括句）Onceselected,theyareboiledinwaterandthethreadscanbeseparatedintheunwindingstage.Eachthreadisbetween300and900meterslong,whichmeanstheycanbetwistedtogether,dyedandthenusedtoproduceclothintheweavingstage.考官范文結(jié)論Overall,thediagramsshowthatthecocoonstageofthesilkwormcanbeusedtoproducesilkcloththroughaverysimpleprocess.高分范文另一則

paraphrasingandregroupingAsisdisplayedinthefirstdiagram,thelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbecategorizedinto4mainstages.（開場(chǎng)句）

First,thelifeofthesilkwormstartsfromeggspropagatedbythemoth,andittakes10daysforeacheggtobecomeasilkwormlarvathatfeedsonmulberryleaves.Silkwormlarvacontinuestogrowin4to6weeks,thenwrapsitselfwithsilkthreadtoconstructacocooninthenext3to8weeks.Amothwillbeproducedfromthecocoonin16days.Thelifecyclebeginsagainfromthenon.Focusingontheseconddiagram,itillustratesthe5mainstepsoftheprocedureforproducingsilkcloth.Wellgeneratedcocoonswillbeselectedfirstly.Beforethesilkthreadcanbeunwound,cocoonshavetobeboiledinhotwater.Onecocooncangenerateapproximately300to900metresofsilkthread.Theunwoundthreadwillbedyedafterwardstobeweavedintosilkcloth.Overall,thetwodiagramsrevealthatthecocoonstageinthelifecycleofthesilkwormcanbeusedtomakesilkcloththrough5simplesteps.較難的流程圖Youshouldspendatleast20minutesonthistask.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationinthegeneticengineeringprocesschartbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast150words.開場(chǎng)段寫作練習(xí):Thisdiagramdisplaystheconstituentelementsofacellandhowthegeneticinformationwithinacell,whichisstoredintheformofchromosomes(染色體),canbetransferredtoanewcelltocompletetheprocessofgeneticengineering.Tobeginthegeneticengineeringprocess,firstofall，

genesareidentifiedalongchromosomestrands,whichcanbefoundinthenucleusofacell.

Inthenextstage/step,particulargenesareisolatedbygeneticengineersandarethenbiochemicallycutoutoftheirchromosomalstrings.Followingthis,inthenextstage,theseparatedgeneisthenattachedtoavector,whichenablesthegenetoenteranewcell.Thiscombinationofgeneticinformationfromonecellkindtoanotheristheessenceofthegeneticengineeringprocess.

Finally,astheprocessinthediagramindicates,whentheregeneratedcellsofaparticularplantspeciesareallowedtogrow,theplantswillshowpropertiesofthegeneticfeature,whichhasbeenborrowedfromanotherspecies'cells.地圖題地圖題分兩種，一種為地理變遷題，一種為選址題。地理變遷題，它描述的是一個(gè)地方（多為一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)）在一段時(shí)間的發(fā)展變化。如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方在過去的一段時(shí)間的變化，文章用一般過去時(shí)。如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方在將來一段時(shí)間的變化趨勢(shì)，文章用一般將來時(shí)或表“估計(jì)”的詞匯。如果地圖題反映的是一個(gè)地方從過去到現(xiàn)在的變化，可用現(xiàn)完成時(shí)。地圖題用被動(dòng)語態(tài)較多。地圖題的特點(diǎn)空間方位：描寫順序：layout布局NWSEClockwise/anticlockwise空間過渡：nextto,atthecorner,inthemiddle,oppositeto,besides,infrontof,bottom,top,left,right,above…..Across,gobeyond,pass,turnleft,turnright方位的描述以east為例。in(to，on，at)theeastof1．要表示A在B的東部，即：A在B的范圍之內(nèi)時(shí)就用"AisintheeastofB"，如：JapanisintheeastofAsia.日本在亞洲東部。ItalyisinthesouthofEurope.意大利在歐洲南部。2．in表示我們生活中和地理位置上的絕對(duì)方向。如：Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.太陽從東邊升起，從西邊落下。2．如果A在B的東方，即：A在B的范圍之外，且相隔有一定的距離，就用"AliestotheeastofB".口語中有時(shí)可將tothe省去。如：Japanlies(tothe)eastofChina.日本位于中國(guó)東方。Francelies(tothe)eastofEngland.法國(guó)位于英國(guó)東方。3．如果A在B的東邊（側(cè)），即：A與B相鄰接。就用"AisontheeastofB".如：GuangdongisonthesouthofHunan.廣東在湖南南邊。ShangdongisonthenorthofJiangsu.山東在江蘇北邊。4．如果把方位詞當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體看，或是看成一點(diǎn)，就用“AisattheeastofB”和in的區(qū)別在于at更強(qiáng)調(diào)整體如:TherewasabigbattleatthenorthoftheLiaodongPeninsula.在遼東半島的北邊有一場(chǎng)大戰(zhàn)。要表示方位的“偏向”時(shí)通常用by

正東偏北：eastbynorth正南偏西：southbywest正北偏東：northbyeast正南偏東：southbyeastWearesailinginthedirectionofeastbynorth.我們正朝著正東偏北方向航行。Theislandliessouthbyeastfromhere.那個(gè)島位于此地的正南偏東方向。MAP題范例（1）Themapsbelowgiveinformationaboutaschoolsitein2004andtheplanningofthesameschoolin2010.Summarizetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.（2007年7月1日雅思考題）和道路有關(guān)的詞匯fork-typeofintersectionwherearoadsplitsjunction/intersection/roundabout/ringroadRanchroad-connectruralareastomarkettownsinbound/outboundtraffic和道路有關(guān)的詞匯shorten/widen/narrow/entrance/exitpavement:apedestrianwalkwayalongsidetheroadpedestriancrossing/zebracrossing和居民區(qū)，房子有關(guān)的詞匯residentialarea/housingestate/livingareachange/takeshape/appear/emerge/comeintoexistence/beplanned/befounded/beproposedXXXisagrowingcommunitytothenorthof…XXXliesin/islocatednorthofdowntownarea和居民區(qū)，房子有關(guān)的詞匯XXXissituatedonthesouthernedgeofthecitynewly-built/developed/renovated/installed…square/triangle/rectangle/round-shaped…onthetopleft;atthelowerrightcornerThetwomapsshowtheplanchangesinthecampuslayoutofHogwardsGrammarSchoolfrom2004to2010.Figure1providesanoverviewoftheoriginalschoolplanin2004.Atthistime,theschoolhad600studentsanditsonlyschoolbuildingwaslocatedin

itsnorthwestcorner.Toitseast,therewasalargesportfield,whichwasconnectedtoschoolbuildingbyawalkingpath.Carsenteredtheschoolfromitswestside,andthendrovealongamainroadwhichledtoacarparkinglotsituatedinthenortheastcorner.Therestofthecampuswascoveredbylawnsandtrees.Figure2highlightstheplan

changestobecompletedby2010.Asthenumberofstudentswillexpandtoabout1,000,twomoreschoolbuildingswillbeadded（built/constructed）,onetotheeastoftheoriginaloneandtheothertoitssouth,andallthreewillbeconvenientlyconnectedtoeachother

bywalkingpaths.Partofthesportfieldwillbetakenupbyanewschoolbuilding,sotheplaygroundwill"shrink"onitsoriginalbasis.Anewparkinglotwillalsobeconstructedtotheleftoftheoldbuildinginordertoserveanincreasingnumberofstudents,parentsandstaff.Themainroadwillalsobechanged

accordinglytoconnectthetwoparkinglots/areas.結(jié)論ItisevidentfromthecomparisonthatthenewHogwardsGrammarSchoolwillbechangedinawaythatbettersuitstheneedsofitsgrowth/development.2007年05月19日雅思考試

Thefiguresillustrateandcomparetheengineeringfeaturesoftwoworld-renownedtunnels,theMont-BlancRoadTunnelandtheSeikanRailwayTunnel.AsisshowninFigure1,Mont-BlancTunnelisaroadtunnelconnectingFranceandItaly.Travelling3,500metersbeneaththepeakofthemountainaboveit,thetunnelhasatotallengthof11.6kilometers.Theconstructionofthistunnelcommencedin1957andittook8yearstocomplete.AsisillustratedinFigure2,theSeikanTunnel,constructedbetween1946and1988,isasubmarinetunnelinJapan.Lying240mbeneaththesealevel,itrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.TheSeikantunnelruns240metersbelowtheseasurface.Itsconstructionbeganasearlyas1946andittook42yearstocompletethis53.85kmsubmarinetunnelwhichrunsbeneaththeseabedoftheTsugaruStrait,connectingtheJapaneseislandCityofAomoriandHakodateCityontheislandofHokkaido.結(jié)論與比較Itisevidentfromthediagramsthatalthoughbothrepresentremarkablefeatsofengineeringtechnology,theunderseaSeikanRailwayTunnelisbyfarlongerthanMont-BlancTunnelanditsconstructiontookmuchlongertimetoaccomplish.villagefarmwoodsrivervillagewoodsfarmriverbridgeroadvillagewoodsfarmschoolsportsfieldroadshopwetlandThediagrambelowshows

thedevelopmentofthevillageofKelsby

between1780and2000.或者Thethreemaps

illustratehowthevillageofKelsbychanged

in1780,1860and2000.

In1780,Kelsbyhad

only100homes.Therewasalargeexpanseofwoodsintheeasternpartofthevillageandfourplotsoffarmlandinthecentre.Inthewestwasariverflowingfromnorthtosouth.HaveTherebeLie/belocated/besituated倒裝句Theyear1860sawadoublingofthenumberofhomes,butthesizeoffarmlandandwoodswashalved.Inthesameyear,abridgewasconstructedovertheriverandaroadwaspaved

linkingtherivertotheresidences.140yearslater,thenumberofhomesmorethandoubledto500,butfarmsandwoodscompletelydisappeared.Intheirplaces,severalschoolbuildingsandsportsfacilitieswereconstructedatthesouth-easterncornerofthevillage,whichwereconnectedwiththeresidentialareasinthenorthviaanewly-buildroad.Someshopsopenedupalongtheriverbankandalargestretchofwetlandforbirdswasestablishedatthesouthernendoftheriver.

地圖題附加練習(xí)Themapillustratesthedevelopme