語法精講強(qiáng)化系列 9情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣

9.情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣一、情態(tài)動詞考點(diǎn)19大情態(tài)動詞的基本用法1.can/could(1)表示能力(could常用于過去的能力)*Thepolicestillhaven’tfoundthemissingchild,butthey’redoingalltheycan.

(2)表示理論上的可能性,“有時(shí)候可能會”(用在肯定句中)*Itcanbequitewindythere,especiallyinspring.(3)表示請求和允許,口語中常用could代替can(could用來表示現(xiàn)在,用以委婉地提出請求等,但回答時(shí)必須用can)*CouldyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?(4)表示推測“可能”(用于否定句、疑問句中)*Justbepatient.Youcan’texpecttheworldtochangesosoon.2.may/might(1)表示請求、允許、許可,might比may的語氣更委婉*—MayItakethebookout?—I’mafraidnot.(2)表示推測“可能”,可能性比can/could小*—Idon’treallylikeJames.Whydidyouinvitehim?—Don’tworry.Hemightnotcome.Hesaidhewasn’tcertainwhathisplanswere.3.must(1)表示“必須;應(yīng)該”*—ShallIinformhimofthechangeoftheschedulerightnow?—Iamafraidyoumust,incasehecomeslateforthemeeting.(2)表示“偏要,硬要”做某事*Ifyoumustgo,atleastwaituntilthestormisover.(3)表示推測,“一定”*—Goodmorning.I’vegotanappointmentwithMissSmithinthePersonnelDepartment.—Ah,goodmorning.YoumustbeMrsPeter.4.shall(1)用于第一、三人稱的疑問句中,表示征求對方的意見*Shallwegotothetheatrebybus?(2)用于第二、三人稱的陳述句,表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅;此外,表示法律、條文中規(guī)定必須……時(shí)也用shall*—Willyoureadmeastory,Mummy?—OK.Youshallhaveoneifyougotobedassoonaspossible.5.should(1)表示勸告和建議,作“應(yīng)該”講*Youshouldlearnfromeachother.(2)表示驚訝、意外等情緒,意為“竟然”*Itissurprisingthatyoushouldnotknowit.(3)用在if條件句中,表示可能性很小,但也不是完全不可能*Ifyoushouldfailtocome,askMrSmithtoworkinyourplace.6.will/would(1)用于表示意志或意愿*—Whydidn’tyoucometoSimon’spartylastnight?—Iwantedto,butmymomsimplywouldnotletmeoutsolateatnight.(2)表示“請求;建議”。用would比will委婉、客氣些*Will/Wouldyoupleasekeepthedooropen?(3)表示習(xí)慣,will可以表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣,意為“總是;習(xí)慣于”。表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作用would*Hewouldgetupearlywhenhelivedinthecountry.(4)表示事物的某種性質(zhì)和傾向,或按規(guī)律“注定會”*Oilwillfloatonwater.7.need表示“需要;必要”,用于否定句、疑問句和條件從句中*Ineedn’tworryaboutmyweekend—Ialwayshavemyplansreadybeforeitcomes.8.dare表示“敢;敢于”,主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,一般不用于肯定句。Idaresay是習(xí)慣說法,意為“我想,大概”*Idaren’tcatchthemouse.9.oughtto表示義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,語氣比should強(qiáng),表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推測,意為“應(yīng)是,應(yīng)該”*Yououghttoworkharderthanbefore.【點(diǎn)津】3組易混詞(組)用法比較情態(tài)動詞主要用法can(could)/beabletocan/couldcan只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could),表示一般能力beableto有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式,was/wereableto表示通過努力、克服困難成功做到了某事情態(tài)動詞主要用法must/havetomust側(cè)重表示說話人的主觀看法,常譯為“非要,偏要”;只有一種形式haveto表示客觀需要,有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式would/usedtowould表示過去習(xí)慣性或重復(fù)性的動作,沒有與現(xiàn)在對比的含義usedto表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)今昔對比(意味著“現(xiàn)在不再……了”)【典例剖析】單句改錯(cuò)(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)Wemustfoundways.解題關(guān)鍵:情態(tài)動詞must后使用動詞原形。答案判定:found改為find【高考題組】單句改錯(cuò)/填空1.(2014·全國卷Ⅱ)Wecanlieonthegrassforarest,orsatbythelakelisteningtomusic.(改錯(cuò))_________sat改為sit2.(2014·全國卷Ⅰ)Youmay____(find)thatyourchildisattractedbyonemorethananother.3.(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)Butyou_____besuccessfulwhenthere’salackoftrustinarelationship.findcan’t4.(2015·北京高考)Finally,youneverknowwhatwonderfulidea______strikewhileyourmindhasmovedslowlyaway.5.(2015·湖南高考)Remember,however,thatyou______usuallyconsultdifferenttypesofsources.mightshould考點(diǎn)25大表示推測的情態(tài)動詞用法比較情態(tài)動詞適用句式適用時(shí)態(tài)意義must肯定句一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)一定、肯定Jackdescribedhisfather,whomusthavebeenabraveboymanyyearsago,asastrong-willedman.can(could)疑問句,否定句一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)可能,能夠Itcan’tbethepostmanatthedoor.It’sonlysixo’clock.情態(tài)動詞適用句式適用時(shí)態(tài)意義may(might)肯定句,否定句一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)也許,可能—Ileftmyhandbagonthetrain,butluckilysomeonegaveittoarailwayofficial.—Howunbelievabletogetitback!Imean,someonemighthavestolenit.should(oughtto)肯定句,否定句一般時(shí)、完成時(shí)確定或期待,“應(yīng)該”Ishouldn’thavewatchedthatmovie—it’llgivemehorribledreams.情態(tài)動詞適用句式適用時(shí)態(tài)意義will(would)肯定句、否定句、疑問句一般時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)大概Thiswillbethehouseyou’relookingfor.二、虛擬語氣考點(diǎn)1狀語從句中虛擬語氣的用法1.非真實(shí)條件句中虛擬語氣的用法if條件從句從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示現(xiàn)在情況動詞過去式(be的過去式用were)should/would/could/might+動詞原形IfIhadtime,Iwouldgothere.

if條件從句從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示過去情況had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youcouldn’t/wouldn’thavemissedthebus.if條件從句從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示將來情況should+動詞原形should/would/could/might+動詞原形動詞過去式wereto+動詞原形Ifitshouldrain/rained/weretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbe

putoff.2.目的狀語從句中虛擬語氣的用法forfearthat/incase+從句:從句謂語用should+動詞原形,意為“以防,萬一”。*Wegotupearlyforfearthatweshouldmisstheearlybus.3.方式狀語從句中虛擬語氣的用法asif/asthough+從句:(1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句用一般過去時(shí);(2)與過去事實(shí)相反,從句用過去完成時(shí);(3)與將來事實(shí)相反,從句謂語用would/could/might+動詞原形。*ShespeaksEnglishasif/asthoughshewereanativeofNewYork.【點(diǎn)津】asif/asthough連接的從句表示很有可能的事實(shí)時(shí),不需用虛擬語氣。4.一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬語氣(1)在條件句中的省略:如果虛擬條件句中含有were,should,had三個(gè)詞,可將if省略,把這三個(gè)詞前置于主語之前,形成部分倒裝。*WereIinyourposition,Iwoulddothesame.(2)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句:當(dāng)條件狀語從句所表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),這種虛擬條件句稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬句。動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。*Ifyouhadtakenthedoctor’sadvice,youwouldbebetternow.(3)含蓄虛擬條件句:有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件句表示出來,而是暗含在上下文中,如通過介詞(短語)with,without,butfor等來表示。*WewouldhaveputJohn’snameontheracelistyesterdaybutforhisrecentinjury.考點(diǎn)2其他從句中虛擬語氣的用法1.主語從句中的虛擬語氣Itisdesired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/apity+that從句,從句中的謂語動詞用“(should+)動詞原形”。*It’sstrangethatshe(should)makesomuchtrouble.

2.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣(1)表示“建議,命令,要求”等意義時(shí),賓語從句用“(should+)動詞原形”。①堅(jiān)持:動詞insist;②命令:order,command;③建議:動詞advise,suggest,propose,recommend;④要求:動詞request,require,demand,ask。*Teachersrecommendparentsnotallowtheirchildrenunder12toridebicyclestoschoolforsafety.【點(diǎn)津】①suggest意為“表明,暗示”時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣;②insist意為“堅(jiān)持說”時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。(2)Iwish(that)+賓語從句(虛擬語氣)。①表示愿望與“現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反”,從句用一般過去時(shí);*Howhewishesthathewereabird!②表示愿望與“過去事實(shí)相反”,從句用過去完成時(shí);*WewishthatwehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.③表示將來愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小,從句常用could/would+動詞原形。*Wewishwewouldliveonthemoononeday.(3)wouldrather/prefer+that從句(從句用虛擬語氣)①表示愿望與“現(xiàn)在事實(shí)或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反”,從句用一般過去時(shí)。*Iwouldratheryouwerenotherewithmenow.②表示愿望與“過去事實(shí)相反”,從句用過去完成時(shí)。*Iwouldratheryouhadn’tdonethat.3.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣(1)在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣。其構(gòu)成是“(should+)動詞原形”。*Hegaveordersthattheguests(should)behospitablyentertained.(2)asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的表語從句常用虛擬語氣,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反用一般過去時(shí);與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成時(shí)。*Itlooksasifhewere10yearsyoungertoday.*Itlooksasifhehadn’thadamealforaweek.4.定語從句中的虛擬語氣It’s(about/high/very)time+that從句(從句用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí)或should+動詞原形,should不能省略),意為“某人該做某事了”。*It’stimethatweshouldgo/wenthome.5.ifonly從