2013年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）試題

2013年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）試題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecomer.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself,"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incoming?Althoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe義formofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Third,theuseofpaperconsumersseveraldaysoffloat"—ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthepaymentsarcin皿ediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.Thefactthatthisisnotan_l_Qoccurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse'saccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto」..2.securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.Thereareconcernsthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmight,therebyviolatingourprivacy.[C]over[C]history[A]Moreover [B]However [C]Therefore [D][C]over[C]history[B]back[A][B]back[A]power [B]concept

[D]around[D][D]role[A]reverse [B]resist [C]resume [D]reward[C]slow[C]with[D]steady[C]slow[C]with[D]steady[D]on[B][B]against[A]expensive [B]imaginative [C]sensitive [D]productive[A]similar [C]temporary [D]dominant[C]provide[D]print[D]pass[C]provide[D]print[D]passdown[D]when[A]giveup [B]takeover [C]bringback[B]after[A]before [C]since[B]after[D]Though[A]kept [B]borrowed [C]withdrawn [D]released13.[A]Unless [B]Because [C]Until[D]Though[C]ease[A]hide [D][C]ease[A]analyzed [B]shared [C]stored [D]displayed[A]unsafe [C]unclear [D]uncommon[A]steal [B]choose [C]benefit [D]return[B]prevention [C]manipulation [D]justification[A]callfor[A]chunk

[C]adaptto[B]chip [C]trail

copewith[D]pathSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled"MakingItinAmerica,"theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,"amanandadog.Thethemachines."Davidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.averageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapneedstofindtheirthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere'sacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,"Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared."Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe2l8tcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate .theimpactoftechnologicaladvancesthealleviationofjobpressuretheshrinkageoftextilemillsthedeclmeofmiddle-classmcomesAccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto .workoncheapsoftwareaskforamoderatesalaryadoptanaveragelifestylecontributesomethinguniqueThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat .gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerasedjobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeedfactoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbeforenewjobsandserviceshavebeenofferedAccordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantistoacceleratetheI.T.revolutiontoensuremoreeducationforpeopletoadvanceeconomicglobalizationpassmorebillsinthe21stcenturyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?NewLawTakesEffect.TechnologyGoesCheap.AverageIsOver.RecessionIsBad.Text2includedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedAboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage.newcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday'sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetoinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.straddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem."Birdsofpassage"referstothosewho .stayinaforeigncountrytemporarilyleavetheirhomecountriesforgoodimmigrateacrosstheAtlanticfindpermanentjobsoverseastsmpdinParagraph2tetnmntheUSneedsnewimmigrantcategorieshasloosenedcontroloverimmigrantsshouldbeadaptedtomeetchallengeshasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeansAccordingtoe,sbirdsofpassagewant .financialincentivesaglobalrecognitionthefreedomtostayandleaveopportunitiestogetregularjobsTheauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated .asfaithfulpartnerswithlegaltolerancewitheconomicfavorsasmightyrivalsThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe .andGo:BigMistakeLivingandThriving:GreatRiskWithorWithout:GreatRiskLegalorIllegal:BigMistakeText3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.canbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellsociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe'redoing,Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesalwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly"thinslice"informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin"thicksliced"long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.wehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn'tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay .predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgmentprovethecomplexityofourbrainreactiondependontheimportanceoftheassessmentvaryaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation0urreact10ntoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdec1s10ns .canbeassociativearenotunconsciouscanbedangerousarenotimpulsiveToreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdec1s10ns,weshould .trustourfirstimpressionthinkbeforeweactdoaspeopleusuallydoaskforexpertadviceJohnGattmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedon .criticalassessment"thinsliced"studyadequateinformationsensibleexplanationThesedreversingehigh-speedds .tolerantoptimisticuncertainDoubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope'stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.Indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropeancorporateboards.TheEuropeanUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen—upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeanCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalsof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.Doweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateladderfairlyastheybalanceworkandfamily?"Personally,Idon'tlikequotas,"Redingsaidrecently."ButIlikewhatthequotasdo."Quotasgetaction:they"openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,"accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountriesIunderstandReding'sreluctance—andherfrustration.Idon'tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governancebythecapable.But,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeaswellastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotoppositions—nomatterhowmuch"softpressure"isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower—as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.Ifappropriatepublicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen—whetherCEOsortheirchildren'scaregivers—andallfamilies,SandbergwouldbenomorecapablepersonhvmgmamoreJustsociety.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally .womentaffietheleadmenhavethefinalsaycorporategovernanceisoverwhelmedseniormanagementisfamily-friendlyThensintendedns .areflectionofgenderbalancearesponsetoRedingsareluctantchoiceavoluntaryactionAccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelpwomen .gettopbusinesspositionsseethroughtheglassceilingbalanceworkandfamilyanticipatelegalresultsThesedRedingslsoneofskepticismobjectivenessindifferenceapprovalWomenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof .moresocialjusticemassivemediaattentionsuitablepublicpoliciesgreater"softpressure"PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)LivelikeapeasantBalanceyourdietRemembertotreatyourselfSticktowhatyouneedWastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshislovelivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas￡60aweektospend,￡40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning￡130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstilladay-by-daything."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'11carryonblogging—notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan—"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"—buteatingadviceforeconomicalfoodies.Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,beinghuman,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.supermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43.Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer—that'snotgoodMineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.44.Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,they'llletyouhaveforfree.45.Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant—￡1.75aweekforthreemonthsgives￡16.95there—or￡12.99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.SectionIII TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek.I'vebeenabletodothissinceIwasfour.withtheamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.WhenIthink-trytoputittooneside.Idon'tthinkit'smemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn'tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalth