西方思想經(jīng)典-復習資料

精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專心---專注---專業(yè)專心---專注---專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專心---專注---專業(yè)Unit1.Leviticus利未記Numbers民數(shù)記Deuteronomy申命記Genesis創(chuàng)世記Exodus出埃及記Matthew,Mark,Luke,JohnHebrewpatriarchs(創(chuàng)始人)：Abraham,IsaacandJacobGodformedmanofthedustoftheGround,andbreathedintohisnostrils(鼻孔)thebreatheoflife,andmanbecamealivingsoul.TheActsoftheApostles使徒行傳TheEpistles使教書信TheRevelation啟示錄GospelAccordingtoMatthew–NewTestamentBeatitudes(八福詞)Blessedarethepoorinspirit;Blessedaretheythatmourn(哀悼);Blessedarethemeek(溫馴)；Blessedaretheywhichdohungerandthirstafterrighteousness;Blessedarethemerciful;Blessedarethepureinheart(清心寡欲)；Blessedarethepeace-maker;Blessedaretheywhichpersecutedforrighteousness’ssake.Saltandlight將真信徒比作鹽和光Houseuponarock聰明的人把房子建在巖石上Houseuponthesand無知的人把房子建在沙土之上Saltoftheearth精英份子Miracleandwondersandsigns:pervasiveactivities無所不在的行為Thundersandlightning:God’smightypower⑦ajealousGod:aGodwhotolerantnorivals⑥originalsin:istheChristiandoctrineofhumanity’sstateofsinresultingfromthefallofman,naturallythesinofeatingfruitsfromthetreeofknowledgeofGodandevilstemmingfromAdam’srebellinginEden.SaintAugustinelinkthistohumansexuality.2.WhatarethedifferencebetweentheGodintheOldTestamentandJesusintheNewTestament?Godiscruelandviolent;Jesusismercifulandgracious.Cursesandblesses,fearingGodandLovingGod.

Unit2.Totheglory,thatmayGreece;AndthegrandeurthatwasRoman!TheDarkAge(1000—750?BC):lackofwrittenrecordsArchaicAge(750—480BC)古代時期ClassicalAge(480—323BC)古典時期TheApology申辯論—Socrates(469—399BC)Socrates’sAccuser:MeletusandAugtusandLycon\DeathisadreamlesssleepandarelocationtoanotherplaceSocratesisaccusedof1.Corruptingtheyoung2.Notbelievinginthegodsofthecity3.BelievinginotherspiritsPlato(428—347BC)establishedthefirst“EuropeanUniversity”,theAcademyinAthens.Forms:Formsarethosechangeless,eternal,andnonmaterialessencesorpatternsofwhichtheactualvisibleobjectsweseeareonlypoorcopies.ThereistheFormoftheTriangle,andallthetrianglesweseearemerecopiesofthatForm.AllegoryoftheCave：①ImprisonmentinthecavePlatohasSocratesdescribeagatheringofpeoplewhohavelivedchainedtothewallofacavealloftheirlives,facingablankwall.Thepeoplewatchshadowsprojectedonthewallfromthingspassinginfrontofafirebehindthem,andtheybegintogivenamestotheseshadows.Theshadowsareascloseastheprisonersgettoviewingreality.②DeparturefromthecavePlatothensupposesthatoneprisonerisfreed,beingforcedtoturnandseethefire.Thelightwouldhurthiseyesandmakeithardforhimtoseetheobjectsthatarecastingtheshadows.Butslowly,hiseyesadjusttothelightofthesun.Firsthecanonlyseeshadows.Graduallyhecanseethereflectionsofpeopleandthingsinwaterandthenlaterseethepeopleandthingsthemselves.Eventuallyheisabletolookatthestarsandmoonatnightuntilfinallyhecanlookuponthesunitself.③ReturntothecavePlatocontinues,sayingthatthefreedprisonerwouldthinkthattherealworldwassuperiortotheworldheexperiencedinthecave,hewouldwanttobringhisfellowcavedwellersoutofthecaveandintothesunlight.Thereturningprisoner,whoseeyeshavebecomeacclimatedtothelightofthesun,wouldbeblindwhenhere-entersthecave,justashewaswhenhewasfirstexposedtothesun.Theprisoners,accordingtoSocrates,wouldinferfromthereturningman'sblindnessthatthejourneyoutofthecavehadharmedhimandthattheyshouldnotundertakeasimilarjourney.Socratesconcludesthattheprisoners,iftheywereable,wouldthereforereachoutandkillanyonewhoattemptedtodragthemoutofthecaveTheworldweseearetheworldofForms.Knowledgeofformsisinnate,theyareabstractandweknowthemthroughoursoul,throughintuition.EveryobjectweseecopiesaForm.TheseobjectsarejustshadowofaForm.WecancometograsptheFormswithourheadscultivatedbyinstructors.AxialAge:KarlJasperscreatedtheterm“AxialAge”ofhumancivilizationfortheperiod800-200BCexemplifiedbyworld’sgreatestspiritualleadersinTheOriginandGodofHistory.Themostextraordinaryeventsareconcentratedinthisperiod.EverythingimpliedduringthesefewcenturiesalmostsimultaneouslyinChina,IndiaandtheWest,withoutanyoneoftheseregionsknowingoftheothers.14.WhatisPlato’sidealstatecomposedof?Thelowestclass(merchantclass)aregovernedbytheirappetite,thesoldier(militaryclass)isgovernedbyhiswill,thephilosophicpersonisgovernedbyreason.Inthebestformofgovernment,whichPlatoconsiderstobearistocracy,justiceoccurswheneachofthesetypesofpersondoeshisaappointedtask;thismeansthatjusticeisservedwheneveryonekeepshisorherplace.Thisisruledbyagroupofcarefullytrainedmenandwomenoverfifty,whoareallphilosophers

Unit3.Lyceum逍遙學派10.DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle?Platoobservedtheworldwiththewayofmathematics.HeisanidealistandinterestedinForms.Heapplieddeduction(fromgeneraltospecific)andlookedfortheidealstate.Aristotlewasmoreinterestedinsenseandbecameanempiricistwiththewayofbiology.Heappliedthewayofinduction(fromspecifictogeneral),seekingsolutionproblemsofliving.ThePolitics政治學--Aristotle15.WhatarethetrueformsandperversionsofgovernmentaccordingtoAristotle?Thetrueformsofgovernmentarethoseinwhichtheone,orthefew,orthemany,governwithaviewtothecommoninterest.Butgovernmentwhichrulewithaviewtotheprivateinterest,whetheroftheoneorofthefew,orofthemany,areperversions,andtheperversionareasfollowsofroyalty,tyranny;ofaristocracy(貴族政體),oligarchy(寡頭政府);ofconstitutiongovernment,democracy.Doctrineofmean中庸applicationofreasontofulfillone’sinnateabilities.中庸thenatureofhappiness,assertingthathumanhappinessderivesfrom“self-sufficiency”O(jiān)ntheLaws–Cicero(Roman106—43BC)Theprincipleofnaturallawwasopentoreasonandhumanjudgments3.WhatisthelawmeantinCicero’sOntheLaws?HowdoesCicero’slawdifferentfromthelawwemeanttoday?⑴Thereare3categoriesoflaw.Citizenlaw：privatelawandpubliclawLawofnations:beginningofinternationallawNaturallaw：therewereuniversalrulesofconductthatflowfrompeopleasrationalbeings,irrespectiveofwhereorwhentheylive.???⒅.Cosmopolitanism:Allpeoplearecitizensofthesamehumancommunity.Tolookattheworldprocessasadramaistoadmitthateveryonehasaroleinit.Whatrelatespeopletoeachotheristhefactthateachpersonsharesacommonelement.ItisasthoughtheLogosisamaintelephonelineandallpeopleareonaconferencecall,thereforeconnectingGodtoallpeopleandpeopletoeachother.Ethics倫理主義13.TheRomanworldcontributedJesustoWesterncivilization,butanequallyimportantcontributionistheRomanlaws,militaryartandciviladministration.JusticeisthebondofmeninstatesUnit4.ConstantinetheGreat君士坦丁大帝Byzantium拜占庭Constantinople君士坦丁堡Istanbul伊斯坦布爾TheEarlyMiddleAge(350—1050)TheHighMiddleAge(1050—1300)TheLateMiddleAge(1300—1450)⒄thePatristicera(教父時期):TheperiodextendingfromthebeginningoftheChristianspeculation(思索)tothetimeofSt.AugustineisknownasthePatristicerainphilosophyandtheology.ThiseraincludedPlatonismandunderestimatedtheimportanceofAristotle.⒃Scholasticism(經(jīng)院哲學)：thephilosophicalandtheologicalmovementthatattemptedtousenaturalhumanreason.⒀theAgeofFaith:During

the

Medieval

Agesfromthe5thcenturytothe15thcenturyinEuropeanhistory

there

was

no

central

government

to

keep

the

order.

The

only

organization

that

seemed

to

unite

Europe

was

the

Christian

church.Christianity

took

the

lead

in

politics,

law,

art,

and

learning

for

hundreds

of

years.

It

shaped

people’s

lives.

That

is

why

the

Middle

Ages

is

also

called

the

“Age

of

Faith”TheEnchiridion(手冊)—St.Augustine(354—430)⒁TheEnchiridion:ItisawritingofSt.Augustine.AChristianlaymanwantedahandbook(Enchiridion)whichwouldsumuptheessentialChristianteachinginthebriefestpossibleform.TheshortedcompletesummaryoftheChristianfaithAugustinesaidisthatGodistobeservedbymaninfaith,hopeandlove.Heproceedstoexpandinanessayhisanswerthatheacknowledgedtobetoobrief.Itisa“consciouseffortofthetheologicalmagistrateofWesternChurchtostandonfinalgroundoftestimonytotheChristiantruth.”This“Enchiridion”or“manual”isaboldexpressionatthetimeofwhatwetendtoacceptascommontalkstoday.⑸Freewill:Evilorsinistheproductofthewill.Inspiteofthefactoforiginalsin,westillpossesthefreedomofthewill.Butweusefreewillwrongly.Evenwhenwechooserightly,wedon’tpossessthespiritualpowertodothegoodwehavechosen.WemusthavethehelpofGod’sgrace.Whereaseviliscausedbyfreewill,virtueisnottheproductofourwillbutofGod’sgrace.4.WhatistruelibertyaccordingtoAugustine?

SummaContraGentiles反異教大全ThomasAquinasHetriestobuildtheconsonance(協(xié)調(diào))betweenphilosopher’squestformundane（世俗）truthbasedonreasonandChristian’squestfordivinetruthbasedonrevelation（啟示）.ItisliterallymeanssummaryagainsttheGentiles.Thedivineintellectsurpassestheangelicintellectmuchmorethantheangelicsurpassesthehuman.5.WhyisreasonaloneunreliableaccordingtoAugustine?Threedisadvantagewouldresultifdivinetruthwereleftsolelytotheinquiryofreason:OneisthatwouldhaveknowledgeofGod;becauseverymanyarehindered(阻礙)fromgatheringthefruitofdiligent(勤勞的)inquiry,whichisthediscoveryoftruth.Theseconddisadvantageisthatthosewhoarriveatthediscoveryoftheaforesaidtruthwouldscarcelysucceedindoingsoafteralongtime.Thethirddisadvantageisthatmuchfalsehoodismingled(混入)withtheinvestigationofhumanreason,onaccountoftheweaknessofourintellectinformingitsjudgments,andbyreasonofadmixtureofphantasms(幻覺).

Unit5.6.⑴MachiavelliwroteThePrinceunderthebackgroundofItalyofhistimeduringwhichhiscountrywaspoliticalunrest,remainingdivided,balkanizedanderuptivestatewithforeigninvasion.⑵Fromtheviewofconsequentialism,itendsjustifymeans.⑶Machiavellistressedonrational,originalthoughtwithlittletracesofreligiousorientation.⑷Itisalsoaclarion(號角)ofnationalismandrationality⑸Machiavellihadhistargetaudience:theprincewhowillraise,abannerItalyreadyandwillingtofollow.Unit6.MartinLuther(Gremantheologianandreligiousreformer):AnOpenLettertotheChristianNobility致基督教貴族的公開信Ninety-FiveTheses九十五條論綱Weoughttogoboldlyforwardtotestallthattheydoorleaveundone,accordingtoourinterpretationoftheScriptures,whichrestsonfaithJohnCalvin:InstitutionoftheChristianReligion基督教要義HeisaFrenchtheologianandmostimportantfigureinthesecondgenerationoftheProtestantReformationLutheranismCalvinism加爾文主義Protestantism①Luther’sideaofjustificationbyfaith因信稱義②Calvin’snotionofdoublepredestination雙重預定theelect選民salvation得救Andtheunelect棄民destruction沉淪Pridewasthebeginningofallevil.DoublePredestination:Eternalelection,bywhichGodhaspredestinatedsometosalvation,othertodestruction.HowdidCalvinillustratetherelationshipbetweenprescienceandpredestination?ThepredestinationbyGodadoptssometothehopeoflife,andadjudgesotherstoeternaldeath,nomanwhowouldbethoughtpious(虔誠的)venturessimplytodeny;butitisgreatlycaviled(挑剔)at,especiallybythosewhomakeprescienceitscause.

Unit7.FrancisBaconheldthatphilosophyshouldbekeptseparatefromtheology,notintimatelybeblendedwithitasinScholasticism.FrancisBacon:themostpowerfulmindofmoderntimes.NovumOrganum新工具：Drewourattentiontotheimportanceof“method”or“instrument”bywhichweperceivethings.TheprincipleofNovumOrganumincludeaccurateobservationandexperimentation,callingforabandoningprejudicesandpreconceivedattitudes,whichhecalledidolsWhyarethefouridolsarchenemyforBacon?TheIdolsofthetribe(人的共同錯誤)havefoundationinhumannatureitself,andinthetribeorraceofmen.Thehumanunderstandingislikeafalsemirror,which,receivingraysirregularly,distortsanddiscolorsthenameofthingsbymakingitsownnaturewithit.TheIdolsofthecave(個人專有錯誤)aretheidolsofindividualman.Foreveryone(besidetheerrorscommontohumannatureingeneral)hasacaveordenofhisown,whichrefracts(折射)anddiscolorsthelightofnature.TheIdolsofthemarketplace(人云亦云的傳聞)areidolsformedbyintercourseandassociatingofmenwitheachother.Theillandunfitchoiceofwordswonderfullyobstructstheunderstanding.TheIdolsoftheTheaterareidolswhichhaveimmigratedintoonemindfromthevariousdogmasofphilosophiesandalsofromwronglawsofdemonstration.Forallthereceivedsystemsarebutsomanystageplays,representingworldsoftheirowncreationafteranunrealandscenicfashion.ReneDescartes(French)DiscourseonMethod談談方法Descartesattemptedtotherationaldeductivemethodsofscience,andparticularlyofmathematictophilosophy.ThepowerofformingagoodjudgmentandofdistinguishingthetruthfromthefalseisproperlyspeakingthatwhatiscalledGoodsenseorReasonFollowthestraightroad.Thosewhoproceedveryslowlyway,providedthattheyalwaysfollowthestraightroad,reallyadvancedmuchfasterthanthosewho,thoughtheyrun,forsakeitWhatisthe“Method”toDescartesandwhyisitimportant?

Unit9.ThomasHobbes（English）isbestknownforhispublicationonindividualsecurityandthesocialcontractLeviathan利維坦Leviathan,aHebrewnameforhugemonster,isrepresentedintheBibleascrocodile,whale,orsea-serpent.Hereitissymbolofanabsolutestate.Uponthisimage,Hobbesintendedtobuildacomprehensivetheoryofgovernmentandsocialstructure.ItisthefirstgreatandcomprehensivepoliticalphilosophyproducedbyanEnglishthinker.Leviathaniscalledcommonwealthorstatewhichisbutanartificialman,thoughofgreaterstatureandstrengththanthenatural,forwhoseprotectionanddefenseinwasintended.Covenant協(xié)議JohnLockefoundedtheschoolofempiricism.經(jīng)驗主義學派TwoTreatisesofGovernment政府論兩篇OfCivilGovernment政府論HeadvancedasystemofcheckandbalanceingovernmentLegislativeismorepowerfulthantheexecutiveorjudicial.WhatispoliticalpowerandlawofnatureaccordingtoJohnLocke？PoliticalpowerwasbelievedbyJohnLocketobearightofmakinglaws,withpenalties(處罰)ofdeath,andconsequentlyalllesspenaltiesfortheregulatingandpreservingofproperty,andofemployingtheforceofcommunityintheexecutionofsuchlaws,andinthedefenceofthecommonwealthfromforeigninjury,andallthisonlyforpublicgood.ThestateofNaturehasalawofnaturetogovernit,whichobligeseveryone,andreason,whichisthatlaw,teachesallmankindwhowillbutconsultit,thatbeingallequalandindependent,nooneoughttoharmanotherinhislife,health,liberty,orpossessions;formanbeingalltheworkmanshipofoneomnipotentandinfinitelywiseMaker;alltheservantsofonesovereignMaster,sentintotheworldbyHisorderandaboutHisbusiness;theyareHisproperty,whoseworkmanshiptheyaremadetolastduringHis,notoneanother’spleasure.

Unit11.WhatdoesClassicalLiberalism(經(jīng)典自由主義)oppose?Theyargueforpolitical,economic,andsocialreform:①theyopposefeudalrestraintsthatpreventindividualfromanychangeofsocialstatus,barrierssuchascensorshipandarbitrarypower(強制權(quán)力).②Ininternationalaffairs,theyopposeddominationbymilitaryconsiderationandtheexploitationofnativecolonialpeople,andarguedinsteadforacosmopolitanpolicyofinternationalcooperation.③Ineconomics,liberalshaveattachedmonopoliesandmercantilist(重商主義)statepoliciesthatsubjecttheeconomytostatecontrol.④Inreligion,liberalsfoughtagainstinterferenceintheaffairsofthestateandattemptsbyreligiouspressuregroupstoinfluencepublicopinion.AdamSmith(British):fatherofmoderneconomicsTheWealthofNations國富論7.WhydoesAdamSmithopposemonopoly?Therespectofthemonopolyleadtheofficersofthearmytoopposewiththesamezealandunanimityanyreductioninthenumbersofforceswithwhichmastermanufacturessetthemselvesagainsteverylawthatislikelytoincreasethenumberoftheirrivalsinthehomemarker.Thismonopolyhassomuchincreasedthenumberofsomeparticulartribesofthemthat,likeanovergrownstandingarmy,theyhavebecomeformidabletothegovernment,anduponmanyoccasionsintimidatethelegislature.Whatisfreetrade?Toexplainthisconcept,AdamSmithproclaimedtheprincipleof“invisiblehand”.Everyindividualinpursuinghisorherowngoodisledtoachievethegoodforall.Individualsbecomesocialized,marketoriented,class-bound.Therefore,anyinterferencewithfreecompetitionbygovernmentisalmostcertaintobeinjurious.⑽Bypursuinghisowninterest,hefrequentlypromotesthatofthesocietymoreeffectuallythanwhenhereallyintendtopromoteit.

Unit11.Jean-JacquesRousseau（French）談科學藝術(shù)對人類道德的影響TheSocialContrast社會契約論Confession懺悔錄WhatisAnti-Liberalism?Distrustfortheenlightenmentidealsofreasonandscience.Appealtoreturntotheidealofasimple,primitivesocietyuncontaminatedbymoderncivilization.Itwasbasedonafurtheranceoftheidealsofclassicalliberalism.ADiscourseontheMoralEffectsoftheArtsandSciencesScience,artandsocialinstitutionhavecorruptedhumankindandthatthenatureorprimitive,stateismorallysuperiortothecivilizedstate.Theappearanceofallthevirtues,withoutbeinginpossessionofoneofthem.Menareperverse,buttheywouldhavebeenfarworse,iftheyhadhadthemisfortunetobebornlearned.WhyisRousseaucriticalofscienceandart?Historicalevidence:Rousseaupointedtohistoricalevidence.Egyptwasthemotherofphilosophyandthefinearts;soonshewasconqueredbyCambyses,andthensuccessivelybytheGreeks,theRomans,theArabsandfinallytheTurks.Greece,RomeConformity:Modernmannershavemadeeveryoneconforminspeech,dress,andattitude,alwaysfollowingthelawsoffashion,sowenolongerdareappeartobewhatwereallyare.Theherdofhumanityallactexactlyalike,andsoweneverknowevenamongourfriendswithwhomwearedealing.Humanrelationshipsarenowfullofdeceptions,whereasearlierpeoplecouldeasilyseethroughoneanother,whichpreventedthemfromhavingmanyvices.Differences:Thedangertomoralityandtosocietycausedbytheconfusionofcontendingtheoriesorpointsofview.Ifeveryonewasallowedtopursuetheirownthoughtsaboutmoralvaluesorevenaboutscientifictruth,inevitably,therewouldbeseriousdifferencesofopinion.Ifdifferencesofopinionweretobefoundeverywhere,itwouldnotbelongbeforeadeepskepticismspreadthroughthepopulation.Whatkeepsocietytogetherisfaith,notknowledge.Diffusionamongthepopulationofthespiritofdoubtculminates(達到高潮)inskepticismTocounteractthesedisintegratingtreadsinsociety,stronggovernmentsbecomesnecessaryandthispavesleadstodespotismFriedrichNietzsche(German)Existentialismanddeconstructionismowemuchtohim.

Unit13,14.KarlMarxandFriedrichEngels:ManifestooftheCommunistParty共產(chǎn)黨宣言CofounderofscientificsocialismormodernCommunismMarxismorscientificsocialismconstitutesoneoftheprinciplecurrentsofcontemporarypoliticalthoughts.Marx’sanalysisofcapitalismeconomyandhistheoriesofhistoricalmaterialism,classstruggleandsurplusva