土木工程專業(yè)英語-4-Tall-Buildin課件

Lesson4TallBuildingsFazlurRahmankhan

Lesson4TallBuildingsFazluDr.FazlurRahmanKhanwasoneofthegreateststructuralengineersofthetwentiethcentury.Hehasbeencalled“theEinsteinofthestructuralengineering”and“thefatherofthemodernskyscraper”Dr.FazlurRahmanKhanwasoneAlthoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral,spectacular

achievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.AlthoughtherehavebeenmanyTheearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstructuralsteelframing.Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skin

tube

systemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.薄殼筒體Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-Thehigh-risebuildingsrangingfrom50to110storiesthatarebeingbuiltallovertheUnitedStatesaretheresultofinnovationsanddevelopmentofnewstructuralsystems.Thehigh-risebuildingsranginGreaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotsway

beyondanacceptablelimit.Excessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings,andotherarchitecturaldetails.

Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecauseoftheirperceptionofsuchmotion.GreaterheightentailsincreasStructuralsystemsofreinforcedconcrete,aswellassteel,takefulladvantageoftheinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforedonotrequire

additionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.StructuralsystemsofreinforcInasteelstructure,forexample,theeconomycanbedefinedintermsofthetotalaveragequantityofsteelpersquarefootoffloorareaofthebuilding.CurveAinFig.1representstheaverageunitweightofaconventionalframewithincreasingnumbersofstories.CurveBrepresentstheaveragesteelweightiftheframeisprotectedfromalllateralloads.Inasteelstructure,forexamThegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightforthetraditionalcolumn-and-beamframe.Structuralengineershavedevelopedstructuralsystemswithaviewtoeliminatingthispremium.Thegapbetweentheupperboun一

Systemsinsteel.Tallbuildingsinsteeldevelopedasaresultofseveraltypesofstructuralinnovations.Theinnovationshavebeenappliedtotheconstructionofbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.一Systemsinsteel.TallbuildiFrameswithrigidbelttrusses.Inordertotietheexteriorcolumnsofaframestructureto

theinteriorverticaltrusses,asystemofrigidbelttrussesatmid-heightandatthetopofthebuildingmaybeused.AgoodexampleofthissystemistheFirstWisconsinBankBuilding(1974)inMilwaukee.剛性帶式桁架①FrameswithrigidbelttrussesUSBankCenter

Street777EastWisconsinAvenueHeight183mFloors42Year1973

USBankCenterStreet777EasFramedtube.Themaximumefficiencyofthetotalstructureofatallbuilding,forbothstrengthandstiffness,toresistwindloadcanbeachievedonlyifallcolumnelementscanbeconnectedtoeachotherinsuchawaythattheentirebuildingactsasahollowtubeorrigidboxinprojecting

outoftheground.凸出框筒Framedtube.ThemaximumefficiThisparticularstructuralsystemwasprobablyusedforthefirsttimeinthe43-storyreinforcedconcreteDeWittChestnutApartmentBuildinginChicago.Themostsignificantuseofthissystemisinthetwinstructuralsteeltowersofthe110-storyWorldTradeCenterbuildinginNewYork.Thisparticularstructuralsys"athreedimensionalspacestructurecomposedofthree,four,orpossiblymoreframes,bracedframes,orshearwalls,joinedatorneartheiredgestoformaverticaltube-likestructuralsystemcapableofresistinglateralforcesinanydirectionbycantileveringfromthefoundation."

Aframedtubestructureisanewadditiontothestructuralsystems.Khanisgenerallycreditedwithitsinventioninthe1960s.Completedin:1965Location:Chicago,Illinois,USAFunction/usage:Apartmentbuilding"athreedimensionalspacestrColumn-diagonaltrusstube.Theexteriorcolumnsofabuildingcanbespacedreasonablyfarapartandyetbemadetoworktogetherasatubebyconnectingthemwithdiagonalmembersintersectingatthecenterlineofthecolumnsandbeams.Column-diagonaltrusstube.TheThissimpleyetextremelyefficientsystemwasusedforthefirsttimeontheJohnHancockCenterinChicago,usingasmuchsteelasisnormallyneededforatraditional40-storybuilding.ThissimpleyetextremelyeffiTheJohnHancockBuilding(Chicago,Illinois).This100-storybuildingisoneofanewgenerationofhigh-risestructures.Themainbuildingis1127ft.highandconsistsofataperedtubewithcontinuousX-bracingonallfoursides.TheJohnHancockBuilding(ChiBundledtube.Withthecontinuingneedforlargerandtallerbuildings,theframedtubeorthecolumn-diagonaltrusstubemaybeusedinabundledformtocreatelargertubeenvelopes

whilemaintaininghighefficiency.The110-storySearsRoebuckHeadquartersBuildinginChicagohasninetubes,bundledatthebaseofthebuildinginthreerows.Bundledtube.WiththecontinuiSomeoftheseindividualtubesterminateatdifferentheightsofthebuilding,demonstratingtheunlimitedarchitecturalpossibilitiesofthislateststructuralconcept.TheSearstower,ataheightof1450ft(442m),istheworld'stallestbuilding.SomeoftheseindividualtubesWorld'stallestbuildingfrom1974-1996;surpassedbythePetronasTowersinKualaLumpur,Malaysia.-UntilTaipei101wastoppedoutin2004,theSearsTowerheldtitletotheworld'shighestroofandhighestoccupiedfloor.World'stallestbuildingfromStressed-skintubesystem.Thetube

structural

systemwasdevelopedforimprovingtheresistancetolateralforces(windorearthquake)andthecontrolofdrift(lateralbuildingmovement)inhigh-risebuilding.Thestressed-skintubetakesthetubesystemastepfurther.This薄殼筒體Stressed-skintubesystem.TheThedevelopmentofthestressed-skintubeutilizesthefacade

ofthebuildingasastructuralelementwhichactswiththeframedtube,thusprovidinganefficientwayofresistinglateralloadsinhigh-risebuildings,andresultingincost-effectivecolumn-free

interiorspacewithahighratioofnettogrossfloorarea.②ThedevelopmentofthestresseBecauseofthecontributionofthestressed-skinfacade,theframedmembers,ofthetuberequirelessmass,andarethuslighterandlessexpensive.Allthetypicalcolumnsandspandrelbeamsarestandardrolledshapes,minimizingtheuseandcostofspecialbuilt-upmembers.窗下墻的托梁BecauseofthecontributionofThedepthrequirementfortheperimeterspandrelbeamsisalsoreduced,andtheneedfor

upsetbeamsabovefloors,whichwouldencroachonvaluablespace,isminimized.Thestructuralsystemhasbeenusedonthe54-storyOneMellonBankCenterinPittsburgh.upsetadj.讓人心煩的、混亂的ThedepthrequirementfortheOneMellonBankCenterOneMellonBankCenter土木工程專業(yè)英語--4-Tall-Buildin課件二

Systemsinconcrete.Whiletallbuildingsconstructedofsteelhadanearlystart,developmentoftallbuildingsofreinforcedconcreteprogressedatafastenoughratetoprovideacompetitivechallengetostructuralsteelsystemsforbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.二Systemsinconcrete.WhiletaFramedtube.Asdiscussedabove,thefirstframedtubeconceptfortallbuildingswasusedforthe43-storyDeWittChestnutApartmentBuilding.Inthisbuilding,exteriorcolumnswerespacedat5.5ft(1.68m)centers,andinteriorcolumnswereusedasneededtosupportthe8-in.-thick(20-cm)flat-plateconcreteslabs.Framedtube.AsdiscussedaboveTubeintube.Anothersysteminreinforcedconcreteforofficebuildingscombinesthetraditionalshearwallconstructionwithanexteriorframedtube.Thesystemconsistsofanouterframedtubeofverycloselyspacedcolumnsandaninteriorrigidshearwalltubeenclosingthecentralservice

area.

③Tubeintube.Anothersystemin土木工程專業(yè)英語--4-Tall-Buildin課件Thesystem(Fig.2),knownasthetube-in-tubesystem,madeitpossibletodesigntheworld'spresenttallest(714ftor218m)lightweightconcretebuilding(the52-storyOneShellPlazaBuildinginHouston)fortheunitpriceofatraditionalshearwallstructureofonly35stories.Thesystem(Fig.2),knownasThe

50-storyOneShellPlazaBuilding,whencompletedin1971,was

thetallestconcretebuildingintheworld.Toweringat217.7

m(714ft),OneShellPlazastillreignsasthe

tallestlightweightconcretebuildingintheworld.The50-storyOneShellPlazaBSystemscombiningbothconcreteandsteelhavealsobeendeveloped,anexampleofwhichisthecompositesystemdevelopedbySkidmore,Owings&Merrill

inwhichanexteriorcloselyspacedframedtubeinconcreteenvelopsaninteriorsteelframing,therebycombiningtheadvantagesofbothreinforcedconcreteandstructuralsteelsystems.The52-storyOneShellSquareBuildinginNewOrleansisbasedonthissystem.SystemscombiningbothconcretNewwordsanalysisSpectacular=spectat(詞根，觀、看)+cular(adj.后綴)Spectator(觀眾)=spectat+orResidential（住宅的）=resident（住宅、居民）+ial(adj.后綴)Perimeter(周長)=peri(詞根，周邊的，繞一圈的)+meter(米，長度單位)Encroach（蠶食）=en(繞，使…化)+croach(吃)Reinforcedconcrete鋼筋混凝土Reinforced-被加強(qiáng)的Prestressesconcrete預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土prestressed（預(yù)應(yīng)力的）=pre(前綴，預(yù)、先)+stressed(被施加應(yīng)力的)詞綴介紹：ultra,super,supra,sur,meta均有超、上之意。如：ultrasound(超聲波)，metachemistry(超級(jí)化學(xué))Newwordsanalysis

長句、難句分析Exam.1reinforcedconcreteandstressed-tubesystemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.[分析]本處翻譯難點(diǎn)是專業(yè)詞組stressed-tubesystems(薄殼筒體結(jié)構(gòu)體系)以及economicallyandcompetitivelyused的翻譯處理。譯文：從此，鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒體結(jié)構(gòu)體系由于造價(jià)經(jīng)濟(jì)和競爭力強(qiáng)而在許多住宅和商業(yè)建筑的得到廣泛應(yīng)用。Exam.2Framedtube.Themaximumefficiencyofthetotalstructureofatallbuilding,forbothstrengthandstiffness,toresistwindloadcanbeachievedonlyifallthecolumnelementscanbeconnectedtoeachotherinsuchawaythattheentirebuildingactsasahollowtubeorarigidboxinprojectingoutoftheground.[分析]本句是一典型長句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜，主句主語和謂語之間有一表目的的獨(dú)立介詞短語，主句有一if條件狀語從句，if條件狀語從句中還有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句?？梢圆捎镁幪?hào)法翻譯。[參考翻譯]框架式筒體結(jié)構(gòu)。從強(qiáng)度和剛度兩方面考慮，高層建筑整體結(jié)構(gòu)的最有效的抗風(fēng)荷載效果只有通過以下結(jié)構(gòu)組合形式方可實(shí)現(xiàn)：所有的柱單元按照使建筑整體成為伸出地面的空心筒體起作用的方式相互連接。

Lesson4TallBuildingsFazlurRahmankhan

Lesson4TallBuildingsFazluDr.FazlurRahmanKhanwasoneofthegreateststructuralengineersofthetwentiethcentury.Hehasbeencalled“theEinsteinofthestructuralengineering”and“thefatherofthemodernskyscraper”Dr.FazlurRahmanKhanwasoneAlthoughtherehavebeenmanyadvancementsinbuildingconstructiontechnologyingeneral,spectacular

achievementshavebeenmadeinthedesignandconstructionofultrahigh-risebuildings.AlthoughtherehavebeenmanyTheearlydevelopmentofhigh-risebuildingsbeganwithstructuralsteelframing.Reinforcedconcreteandstressed-skin

tube

systemshavesincebeeneconomicallyandcompetitivelyusedinanumberofstructuresforbothresidentialandcommercialpurposes.薄殼筒體Theearlydevelopmentofhigh-Thehigh-risebuildingsrangingfrom50to110storiesthatarebeingbuiltallovertheUnitedStatesaretheresultofinnovationsanddevelopmentofnewstructuralsystems.Thehigh-risebuildingsranginGreaterheightentailsincreasedcolumnandbeamsizestomakebuildingsmorerigidsothatunderwindloadtheywillnotsway

beyondanacceptablelimit.Excessivelateralswaymaycauseseriousrecurringdamagetopartitions,ceilings,andotherarchitecturaldetails.

Inaddition,excessiveswaymaycausediscomforttotheoccupantsofthebuildingbecauseoftheirperceptionofsuchmotion.GreaterheightentailsincreasStructuralsystemsofreinforcedconcrete,aswellassteel,takefulladvantageoftheinherentpotentialstiffnessofthetotalbuildingandthereforedonotrequire

additionalstiffeningtolimitthesway.StructuralsystemsofreinforcInasteelstructure,forexample,theeconomycanbedefinedintermsofthetotalaveragequantityofsteelpersquarefootoffloorareaofthebuilding.CurveAinFig.1representstheaverageunitweightofaconventionalframewithincreasingnumbersofstories.CurveBrepresentstheaveragesteelweightiftheframeisprotectedfromalllateralloads.Inasteelstructure,forexamThegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightforthetraditionalcolumn-and-beamframe.Structuralengineershavedevelopedstructuralsystemswithaviewtoeliminatingthispremium.Thegapbetweentheupperboun一

Systemsinsteel.Tallbuildingsinsteeldevelopedasaresultofseveraltypesofstructuralinnovations.Theinnovationshavebeenappliedtotheconstructionofbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.一Systemsinsteel.TallbuildiFrameswithrigidbelttrusses.Inordertotietheexteriorcolumnsofaframestructureto

theinteriorverticaltrusses,asystemofrigidbelttrussesatmid-heightandatthetopofthebuildingmaybeused.AgoodexampleofthissystemistheFirstWisconsinBankBuilding(1974)inMilwaukee.剛性帶式桁架①FrameswithrigidbelttrussesUSBankCenter

Street777EastWisconsinAvenueHeight183mFloors42Year1973

USBankCenterStreet777EasFramedtube.Themaximumefficiencyofthetotalstructureofatallbuilding,forbothstrengthandstiffness,toresistwindloadcanbeachievedonlyifallcolumnelementscanbeconnectedtoeachotherinsuchawaythattheentirebuildingactsasahollowtubeorrigidboxinprojecting

outoftheground.凸出框筒Framedtube.ThemaximumefficiThisparticularstructuralsystemwasprobablyusedforthefirsttimeinthe43-storyreinforcedconcreteDeWittChestnutApartmentBuildinginChicago.Themostsignificantuseofthissystemisinthetwinstructuralsteeltowersofthe110-storyWorldTradeCenterbuildinginNewYork.Thisparticularstructuralsys"athreedimensionalspacestructurecomposedofthree,four,orpossiblymoreframes,bracedframes,orshearwalls,joinedatorneartheiredgestoformaverticaltube-likestructuralsystemcapableofresistinglateralforcesinanydirectionbycantileveringfromthefoundation."

Aframedtubestructureisanewadditiontothestructuralsystems.Khanisgenerallycreditedwithitsinventioninthe1960s.Completedin:1965Location:Chicago,Illinois,USAFunction/usage:Apartmentbuilding"athreedimensionalspacestrColumn-diagonaltrusstube.Theexteriorcolumnsofabuildingcanbespacedreasonablyfarapartandyetbemadetoworktogetherasatubebyconnectingthemwithdiagonalmembersintersectingatthecenterlineofthecolumnsandbeams.Column-diagonaltrusstube.TheThissimpleyetextremelyefficientsystemwasusedforthefirsttimeontheJohnHancockCenterinChicago,usingasmuchsteelasisnormallyneededforatraditional40-storybuilding.ThissimpleyetextremelyeffiTheJohnHancockBuilding(Chicago,Illinois).This100-storybuildingisoneofanewgenerationofhigh-risestructures.Themainbuildingis1127ft.highandconsistsofataperedtubewithcontinuousX-bracingonallfoursides.TheJohnHancockBuilding(ChiBundledtube.Withthecontinuingneedforlargerandtallerbuildings,theframedtubeorthecolumn-diagonaltrusstubemaybeusedinabundledformtocreatelargertubeenvelopes

whilemaintaininghighefficiency.The110-storySearsRoebuckHeadquartersBuildinginChicagohasninetubes,bundledatthebaseofthebuildinginthreerows.Bundledtube.WiththecontinuiSomeoftheseindividualtubesterminateatdifferentheightsofthebuilding,demonstratingtheunlimitedarchitecturalpossibilitiesofthislateststructuralconcept.TheSearstower,ataheightof1450ft(442m),istheworld'stallestbuilding.SomeoftheseindividualtubesWorld'stallestbuildingfrom1974-1996;surpassedbythePetronasTowersinKualaLumpur,Malaysia.-UntilTaipei101wastoppedoutin2004,theSearsTowerheldtitletotheworld'shighestroofandhighestoccupiedfloor.World'stallestbuildingfromStressed-skintubesystem.Thetube

structural

systemwasdevelopedforimprovingtheresistancetolateralforces(windorearthquake)andthecontrolofdrift(lateralbuildingmovement)inhigh-risebuilding.Thestressed-skintubetakesthetubesystemastepfurther.This薄殼筒體Stressed-skintubesystem.TheThedevelopmentofthestressed-skintubeutilizesthefacade

ofthebuildingasastructuralelementwhichactswiththeframedtube,thusprovidinganefficientwayofresistinglateralloadsinhigh-risebuildings,andresultingincost-effectivecolumn-free

interiorspacewithahighratioofnettogrossfloorarea.②ThedevelopmentofthestresseBecauseofthecontributionofthestressed-skinfacade,theframedmembers,ofthetuberequirelessmass,andarethuslighterandlessexpensive.Allthetypicalcolumnsandspandrelbeamsarestandardrolledshapes,minimizingtheuseandcostofspecialbuilt-upmembers.窗下墻的托梁BecauseofthecontributionofThedepthrequirementfortheperimeterspandrelbeamsisalsoreduced,andtheneedfor

upsetbeamsabovefloors,whichwouldencroachonvaluablespace,isminimized.Thestructuralsystemhasbeenusedonthe54-storyOneMellonBankCenterinPittsburgh.upsetadj.讓人心煩的、混亂的ThedepthrequirementfortheOneMellonBankCenterOneMellonBankCenter土木工程專業(yè)英語--4-Tall-Buildin課件二

Systemsinconcrete.Whiletallbuildingsconstructedofsteelhadanearlystart,developmentoftallbuildingsofreinforcedconcreteprogressedatafastenoughratetoprovideacompetitivechallengetostructuralsteelsystemsforbothofficeandapartmentbuildings.二Systemsinconcrete.WhiletaFramedtube.Asdiscussedabove,thefirstframedtubeconceptfortallbuildingswasusedforthe43-storyDeWittChestnutApartmentBuilding.Inthisbuilding,exteriorcolumnswerespacedat5.5ft(1.68m)centers,andinteriorcolumnswereusedasneededtosupportthe8-in.-thick(20-cm)flat-plateconcreteslabs.Framedtube.AsdiscussedaboveTubeintube.Anothersysteminreinforcedconcreteforofficebuildingscombinesthetraditionalshearwallconstructionwithanexteriorframedtube.Thesystemconsistsofanouterframedtubeofverycloselyspacedcolumnsandaninteriorrigidshearwalltubeenclosingthecentralservice

area.

③Tubeintube.Anothersystemin土木工程專業(yè)英語--4-Tall-Buildin課件Thesystem(Fig.2),knownasthetube-in-tubesystem,madeitpossibletodesigntheworld'spresenttallest(714ftor218m)lightweightconcretebuilding(the52-storyOneShellPlazaBuildinginHouston)fortheunitpriceofatraditionalshearwallstructureofonly35sto