閱讀表達答題技巧詳解與考試

閱讀表達答題技巧詳解與練習一、關于閱讀表達題閱讀表達題是自2007年開始山東省高考試題中增加的 一種新的測試題型，要求考生在閱讀所給短文，然后按照題目要求回答文后的五個問題，每個問題 3分，總分15分。該題型的測試目的是從多方位多角度考查考生通過閱讀獲取信息、 處理信息并進行書面表達的能力。比傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解題型更具綜合性和主觀性，更能體現(xiàn)對考生的 綜合語言運用能力的考查。按照考試說明，閱讀表達題的問題總共有七種類型：問題類型常見問題主旨概括What'thebesttitleofthepassage?Whatisthepurposeofthewriter'writingthispassage?What'themainideaofthepassage/article?填空Pleasefillintheblankinthepassagewithapropersentence/properwordsorphrases.翻譯句子TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceintheparagraphintoChinese.冋意句替換Pleasefindoutthesentenceinthepassagewhichcanbereplacedbythefollowingone.封閉性問題Regularclose-endedwh-questionsbasedonthepassage.開放性問題Whatwouldyoudoifyou…?Whatothersuggestionswouldyougive?Howwouldyousettletheproblemifyou…?其他類型每年的高考題將會從以上的七種類型中選出五類， 問題的順序也會結(jié)合問題的信息點在文章種出現(xiàn)的順序進行排列。 其他類型的題目屬于不確定題型，是根據(jù)文章題材和體裁的具體特點設計的與以上六種題型不同的問題類型。 還有就是為了控制考生在該試題上所化肥的時間，在每一個需要考生回答的 問題后面都有具體字數(shù)的要求（翻譯句子和句子填空題除外）。二、 答題步驟：快速閱讀，把握大意和文章脈絡，以及作者寫作意圖；瀏覽題目，搞清考查目的；再度文章，仔細推敲，準確答題。三、 閱讀表達題的解題方法與技巧1、主旨概括：主要考查考生對文章內(nèi)容的整體把握能力。要想答好該題，考生必須有很強的概括能力或歸納能力，要善于尋找能夠概括全文的主題段落或者主題句， 剔除文中的細節(jié)事實或者作者所用的論據(jù)， 即要分清主旨和細節(jié)，概括出來的中心意思一定要能夠覆蓋全文或整個段落，絕對不可太籠統(tǒng)離題太遠或者以偏概全； 文中標題格式可以是完整的句子，簡潔的短語，也可以用問題的形式，同時要注意字數(shù)要求。具體的表達可以先根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容找出關鍵詞，再在此基礎上確定文章標題或者文章的 mainidea。2、同意句替換：只有準確理解所給句子的意義，抓住所給句子中的關鍵詞，才能準確快速地找出原文中意義相同的句子。3、填空：回答此類問題時，一定首先注意弄清楚上下文的邏輯關系，如遞進、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、對比、因果等等；然后根據(jù)上下文的含義搞清楚空白處該填句子還是短語或者單詞，再讀上下文，最后確定答案。4、翻譯句子：在該類題目中要求翻譯的句子往往是結(jié)果較為復雜或者包括一些特定習語的句子。因此再翻譯之前一定要先分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并結(jié)合文章中心思想以及上下文弄清句子所在的語境，同時還要注意英、漢兩種語言及其問題特征的差異，最后在忠實于原文的基礎上，把畫線部分的句子翻譯成符合漢語表達習慣的句子。5、封閉性問題：封閉性問題是指答案是固定或唯一的問題，一般可在文章中找到明確的答案或依據(jù)，包括常見的wh-questions。6、開放性問題：開放性問題是閱讀表達中主觀性最強的試題，要求考生結(jié)合個人的觀點、經(jīng)驗來回答相關問題。7、其他類型：該題是結(jié)合文章的不同題材和體裁給出的除以上 6種類型以外的類型的題。比如設計圖表題，推理判斷題等。四、考生在備考訓練中應注意的問題1、養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習慣，掌握一定的閱讀技巧。例如，要善于概括文章或者其中某一個段落和層次的主旨大意、作者的寫作目的，要善于分析或把握篇章的結(jié)構(gòu)、推測作者的語氣、態(tài)度和觀點，捕捉文章的具體信息，理解特定環(huán)境中語言的意義。2、因為過去的傳統(tǒng)閱讀試題是選擇題，由名題者提供選項，應試者只是被動地去選擇，因此同學們?nèi)菀自谒枷肷闲纬梢欢ǖ囊蕾囆浴６喿x表達題要求應試者給出答案，或者是發(fā)表自己的看法。所以同學們在平時學習中要養(yǎng)成主動思維的習慣，如就文章的內(nèi)容或作者的觀點進行討論或評價，對文章故事的情節(jié)或作者的思路進行預測、對作者的語氣進行揣摩等等。3、在回答問題之前要認真審題，判斷問題的類型，弄清題目的要求；回答要有針對性，避免答非所問；同時還要注意問題后的字數(shù)要求，回答要簡潔，語言要準確、達意，蠲免要整潔。4、解答閱讀題的關鍵是弄清楚其考查的目的、問題的類型和掌握一定的答題技巧，并在老師的指導下進行一定量的針對性訓練；尤其要注意的是平時一定要注意英語書面表達能力的提高以及書寫的訓練。五、下面通過2007山東卷的閱讀表達實例對各種類型問題的答題技巧一一說明。AnAmericanfriendofminewhowashighupinabigcorporationhadworkedoutawayofhandlingafloodofe-mailsbeforemostofushadevenheardoftheconcept.Ifanyinformationhewassentwasvitalenough,hislackofresponsewouldensurethesenderranghimup,ifthesenderwasn'timportantenoughtohavehisprivatenumber,thecommunicationcouldn'btethatimportant,myfriendisnowevenmoreseniorinthesamecompanysothestrategymustwork.Almosteveryweeknowthereseemstobeareportsuggestingthatweareallbeingdrivencrazybythebotherofe-mail.Ifthisisthecase,it'osnlybecausewehaven'dtevelopedanappropriatediscriminationindealingwithit. .Firstly,youjunknothingwithanexclamationmarkorastringofcapitalletters,orfromanyaddressyoudon'trecognizoerfeelconfidentabout.Secondly,e-mailsdon'tllahavetobeanswered.Becausee-mailingissoeasy,there'satendencyforcorrespondencetocarryonforever,butitispermissibletostopanendlessdiscussionortoacceptapointofinformationsentbyacolleaguewithoutacknowledgingit.Thirdly,areplye-maildoesn'havetobethesamelengthastheoriginal.Weallhavee-mailpalswhosendlong,chattye-mail,whicharenicetoreceive,butwhothenexpectanequallylongreply.Thecharmofe-mailcanconsistinthesimple,incompletesentence,totallyregardlessoftheformatofthelettersentbypost.Youareperfectlywithintheboundsofpolitenessinrespondingtoamarathone-mailwithabetterreply.Whichsentenceinthepassageistheclosestinmeaningtothefollowingone?Thepossibleexistenceofannoyanceresultsfromourinabilitytosortoute-mailsFillintheblankinParagraph3withapropersentence.(within10words)Whatadviceisgiveninthelastparagraph?(within10words)ForwhatpurposedoestheauthormentionhisAmericanfriendinParagraph1?(within10words)TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphintoChinese.答案與解析：答案：Ifthisisthecase,it 'sonlybecausewehaven'tdevelopedriminipiooipriateindealingwithit.解析：該題為同意句替換題，細讀所給句子，不難得出其意義“這些令人惱火的情況之所以存在，是因為我們沒有對電子郵件進行分類的能力” 。然后對照原文，就很容易找到其同意句了。答案：E-mail(s)canbehandledinthefollowingways./Herearethewaystodealwithe-mail(s)./handlinge-mail(s)isanart.解析：該題為填空題。做該類題目首先要根據(jù)上下文搞清楚所填內(nèi)容是句子還是短語或單詞。從該題要求來看我們可以知道此處要填入合適的句子。 聯(lián)系上下文可知，下文所列三條都是處理電子郵件的方法，那就不難知道，此處所填句子內(nèi)容應該是一個概括性較強的 topicsentence,這樣我們就不難知道該填什么內(nèi)容了。答案：Youmayreplytoalonge-mailbriefly./Youdon'havetowritealongreplye-mail.解析：該題為封閉性問題，要求答出最后一段所給的建議。做這種類型的題目時，首先要讀懂該段要告訴讀者的是什么信息， 然后根據(jù)要求進行總結(jié)， 因為有字數(shù)限制，所以答題時要特別注意如何用詞和如何組織語言。 從最后一段的第一句我們就可以知道這條建議是告訴讀者“在回復e-mail時，不必和對方來信的長度一樣”。其實這句話就是該問題的答案，但是由于有字數(shù)限定，我們就必須改變一下說法，使答案的字數(shù)控制在 10個單詞以內(nèi)，這樣就可以避免學生照抄原文，從而達到考察學生靈活運用語言能力的目的。答案：Toshowawayofhandlinge-mail(s)withanexample./Tointroducethetopicofthetext.解析：該題屬于其他類型的題目， 要求考生寫出作者在第一段中提到他美國朋友的寫作意圖。縱觀全文不難知道，該短文的主旨是向讀者介紹處理電子郵件的方法。 而作者在第一段引用他美國朋友處理郵件的方法做為例子，目的正是為了揭示文章主題。答案：用簡短的話回復冗長的郵件完全不失禮節(jié)。 /用簡短的話回復馬拉松式的電子郵件也是禮貌的。解析：該題為句子翻譯題。做該題時應先分析句子成分，搞清每個意群的含義，然后結(jié)合上下文以及文章的中心思想， 調(diào)整成符合漢語表達習慣的通順的漢語句子。 翻譯該句，關鍵是搞清處兩個短語的含義，一個是withintheboundof（在…范圍內(nèi)）,另一個是inrespondingto（作答，回復）。閱讀表達練習集錦（一）Everyonehasgottwopersonalities（性格）-theonethatisshowntotheworldandtheotherthatissecretandreal.Youdon'tshowyoursecretpersonalitywhenyou'rea-wakebecauseyoucancontrolyourbehaviour,butwhenyou'reasleep,yoursleepingpositionshowstherealyou.Inanormalnight,ofcourse,peoplefrequentlychangetheirposition.Theimportantpositionistheonethatyougotosleepin.Ifyougotosleeponyourback,you'reaveryopenperson.Younormallytrustpeopleandyouareeasilyinflueneedbyfashionornewideas.Youdon 'tliketoupsetpeople,soyouneverexpressyourrealfeelings.You 'requiteshyandyouaren 'tveryconfident.Oilyousleeponyourstomach,youarearathersecretiveperson.Youworryalotandyou'realwayseasilyupset.You'reverystubborn,butyouaren'tveryambitious.Youusuallylivefortodaynotfortomorrow.Thismeansthatyouenjoyhavingagoodtime.Ifyousleeponcurling（蜷縮）up,youareprobablyaverynervousperson.Youhavealowopinionofyourselfandsoyou'reoftendefensive.You'reshyandyoudon'tnormallylikemeetingpeople.Youpreferto .Ifyousleeponyourside,youhaveusuallygotawell-balaneedpersonality.Youknowyourstrengthsandweakness.You'reusuallycareful.Youhaveaconfidentpersonality.Yousometimesfeelanxious,butyoudon'toftengetdepressed.Youalwayssaywhatyouthinkevenifitannoyspeople.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?（Pleaseanswerwithin10words.）Whichsentenceinthepassagecanbereplacedbythefollowingone?Youalwayssticktoyourownopinion,butyoudon'thavefar-reachinggoals.Pleasefillintheblankwithproperwordsorphrasestocompletethesentence.（Pleaseanswerwithin10words.）Whichofthepositionsdoyouthinkistruetoyou?Howcanyouimprovetheweaknessofyourpersonalities?（Pleaseanswerwithin30words.）TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceinthefirstparagraphintoChinese.參考答案：Sleepingpositionsandpersonalities解析：從第一段yoursleepingpositionshowstherealyou一句以及后文的分析可以判斷 ，一個人的睡覺姿勢與性格有關系 .You'reverystubborn,butyouaren'tveryambstiou解析：要答對該題，你要抓住兩個點，一是sticktoyourownopinion,再就是havefar-reachinggoals,只要搞清楚這兩個點的含義，就不難得出問題答案了 .beonyourown/stayalone解析：根據(jù)上文You'reshyandyoudon'tnormallylikemeetingpeople.一句很容易能夠判斷出下文應該是Youprefertobeonyourself/stayalone.（該題為開放性問題，要求學生根據(jù)自己的情況作答 ，一般沒有標準答案，只要考生能夠自己屬于哪種睡姿，并且能夠根據(jù)這種睡姿所顯示的缺點提出相應的正確改正的意見即可 ）當你醒著時，你不會表露出你隱藏的性格， 因為你能控制自己的行為； 但是當你睡著時，你的睡姿會顯露出真正的你。（二）Everyyear，wheneverSpringFestivalarrives，alotofChinesepeoplecannotwaittogohome.Theyqueueforlonghoursinfrontoftheticketofficesinrailwaystations，ordowhatevertheycaninordertogetaticket.Theytoleratethelongjourneyonthetrainonlytowantto withtheirnearanddearones.AccordingtoTheBeijingYouthDaily，mostChinesecelebratetheSpringFestivalnotonlybecausetheywanttofollowtradition，therearealsosomepracticalreasonstoexplainChinesepeople'sfeverfortheholiday.Comparedwithone'sworkplace，homeprovidesamorehumaneenvironmentforonetorelaxoneself.Societymaydowithorwithoutyou，butathome，youbecomeuniqueandindispensable.Youmaybethefatherormother，daughterorson，grandfatherorgrandmotherinthefamilyandthefamilywillbeincompleteifanyoneisabsent，becauseeverymemberinthefamilyisboundtogether，andeveryoneinthefamilyispleasedwiththefeelingthatheorsheisuniqueandirreplaceable.Inaddition，familyprovidesanidealenvironmentforonetofullyrelaxoneself.Athome，onecantakeone'stimedowhateverheorshewants，andonecanspendmoneywheneveronelikes.Insociety，however，oneneedstodoeverythingfastandwithhighefficiency，becausesocietyalwaysrequiresefficiencyandmaximumprofits.Suchcompanyprinciplesmakepeoplemerelyatoolinmodernsociety.Chinesepeople'sstrongdesireforSpringFestivalshowsthattheyfeeloppressedandhaveasenseofpredicament（困境）ofexisteneeinmodernsociety.TheSpringFestivalprovidesachaneeforthemtoescapefromsuchanxietyandtreasuretheIong-losttraditionofcommunityspirit.WiththeSpringFestival，peoplecanfindbackthewarm，familyatmosphereoftenseenindaysgoneby.What'sthepassagemainlytalkingabout?（Pleaseanswerwithin10words.）Fillintheblankswithproperwordsorphrasestocompletethesentence.(Pleaseanswerwithin10words.)Whichsentenceinthepassagecanbereplacedbythefollowingone?Youmaynotbeanecessarypartinsociety,butinyourfamily,youareveryimportantandnooneelsecantaketheplaceofyou.DoyouthinkhomeisimportantforChinesetocelebratetheSpringFestival?Whyorwhynot?(Pleaseanswerwithin30words.)TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphintoChinese.參考答案：WhySpringFestivalissoimportanttoChinesepeople./WhysomanyChinesegohomeduringSpringFestival/WhyChinesegettogetherforSpringFestivalhaveafamilyreunion/haveaget-together/haveawonderfultime/gettogether/gatherSocietymaydowithorwithoutyou,butathome,youbecomeuniqueandindispensable.Yes.ForaChinese,familyprovidesanidealenvironmenttofullyrelaxoneselfandthefamilygivesyouthefeelingofbeinguniqueandirreplaceable.在春節(jié)，人們可以找回往日歲月常見的那種溫馨和諧的家庭氣氛。Electronicdevices(裝置)arechangingthewaypeoplelistentomusic.Butstudiesshowthedevicesmaybecausinghearinglossinmanypeople.Someexpertssaypeoplemaybeplayingthemtooloudandfortoolong.Andexpertssaysoundlevelsonthesedevicesneedtobesetlower.Researchersdidastudywiththreehundredhighschoolstudentsandonethousandadults.Theywereaskedabouttheiruseofportablemusicdevices.Fortypercentofstudentsandadultssaidtheysetthesoundlevelsathighontheirplayers.Butstudentsweretwotimesmorelikelytoplaythemusicataveryloudvolume(音量).Morethanhalfofthestudentssaidtheywouldprobablynotlimittheirlisteningtime.Thestudyfoundthatmorethanhalfofthestudentsandlessthanfortypercentoftheadultshadatleastonekindofhearingloss.Somereporteddifficultyhearingpartsofadiscussionbetweentwopeople.Otherssaidtheyhadtoraisevolumecontrolsonatelevisionorradiotohearitbetter.And,someexperieneedringingintheirearsorothernoises.Hearingexpertssaypartoftheproblemisthelisteningequipmentpeopleareusing.Theysaylargeearphonesthatcoverthewholeearareprobablysaferthanthesmallerearbuds(耳塞)thatcomewithmostmusicplayers.Hearinglossmaynotbeobviousforyears,however,onceithappens,thereisfewchaneeofcuring.AboutthirtymillionAmericanshavesomehearingloss.Onethirdofthemlosttheirhearingasaresultofloudnoises.TheAmericanSpeech-Language-HearingAssociationisworkingwithcompaniesandgovernmentofficialsonsettingrulesforuseofportablemusicdevices.Thegroupsaysthebestwaytoprotectyourhearingisto ,limitlisteningtimeanduseearphonesthatblockoutforeignnoises.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?(Pleaseanswerwithin10words.)Whichsentenceinthepassagecanbereplacedbythefollowingone?Comparedtoadults,teenagersaremorelikelytoturnuptheirplayers.Pleasefillintheblankinthelastparagraphwithproperwordsorphrasestocompletethesentence.(Pleaseanswerwithin10words.)Whattroublewillhappentopersonifhesufferssomehearingloss? (Pleasegiveatleasttwoexamplesmentioneditthepassage,eachwithin15words.)TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceinthefourthparagraphintoChinese.參考答案：Hearinglosscausedbyelectronicdevices./Electronicdevicesmaycausehearingloss.（評分要求：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和與參考答案的意思相近的程度酌情給分。只寫出類似“HearingLoss等過于籠統(tǒng)答案的，不得分。）Butstudentsweretwotimesmorelikelytoplaythemusicataveryloudvolume.（評分要求：要求準確找出以上的句子，并完整無誤的抄寫在題目要求的位置。 ）reducethevolume/turndowntheplayer（評分要求：要求給出的答案能保持與上下文的連貫性，而且與參考答案的意思相近。凡是能明確表達調(diào)低音量”之含義，且表述無誤者，都得分）1.Failingtohearpartsofadiscussionbetweentwopeople.HavingtoraisevolumewhilewatchingTV.Ringingintheirearsorothernoises.（評分要求：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和與參考答案的意思相近的程度酌情給分。 能列舉出三條問題中的兩條即可，要注意對原文句子的修改，字數(shù)超出者扣 1分，與答案不同，但意思和表達無誤者，都得分。只要說出一條者，得 1分。）聽力損傷也許多年都不被察覺（表現(xiàn)不明顯） ，但它一旦發(fā)生，就幾乎沒有治愈的可能。（評分要求：要求在準確、全面的基礎上，翻譯成較為通順的漢語，并表達出作者的思路。）（四）Inthemodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity（繁榮）.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad,thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother,thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.Ihavetaughtmanychildrenwhoheldthebeliefthattheirself-worthreliedonhowwelltheyperformedattennisandotherskills.Forthem,playingwellandwinningareoftenlife-anddeathaffairs.Intheirsingle-mindedpursuitofsuccess,thedevelopmentofmanyotherhumanqualitiesissadlyforgotten.However,whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosucceed,otherstakeanoppositeattitude.Inaculturewhichvaluesonlythewinnerandpaysnoattentiontotheordinaryplayers,theystronglyblamecompetition.Amongthosewhocomplainmostareyoungsterswhohavesufferedundercompetitivepressuresfromtheirparentsorsociety.Teachingtheseyoungpeople,Ioftenobserveinthemadesiretofail.Theyseemtoseekfailurebynottryingtowinorachievesuccess.Bynottrying,theyalwayshaveanexcuse:"Imayhavelost,butitdoesn'tmatterbecauseIreallydidn'ttry."Whatisnotusuallyadmittedbythemisthebeliefthatiftheyhadreallytriedandlost, .Suchalosswouldbethemeasureoftheirworth.Clearly,thisbeliefisthesameasthatoftruecompetitorswhotrytoprovethemselves.Botharebasedonthemistakenbeliefthatone'sself-respectreliesonhowwelloneperformsincomparisonwithothers.Bothareafraidofnotbeingvalued.Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearbeginstodissolve（緩解）canwediscoveranewmeaningincompetition.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?（Pleaseanswerwithin15words.）Whichsentenceinthepassagecanbereplacedbythefollowingone?Althoughitseemsthatsomearedyingtosucceed,othersthinkdifferently.Pleasefillintheblankinthe3rdparagraphwithproperwordsorphrasestocompletethesentence.（Pleaseanswerwithin10words.）What'syourattitudetowardcompetition?（Pleaseanswerwithin30words.）Translatetheunderlinedsentenceinthe3rdparagraphintoChinese.參考答案：Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.Whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosucceed,otherstakeanoppositeattitude.thatwouldmeanalotAsfarasIamconcerned,I'minfavorofcompetition.Faircompetitioncanbringaboutsocialprogressandprosperityaswellaspersonaldevelopment.在那些最抱怨競爭的人中，就有深受來自你父母或社會競爭壓力之苦的年輕人。（五）Alongcarjourneycanbeanightmare（噩夢）foreveryone,whethertheyareadultsorchildren,passengersordrivers.Thedriveratleasthassomethingthatheorsheneedstoconcentrateonbutfortheotheroccupantsofthecar,thejourneycanbeboring,uncomfortable,andcanmakeyoufeelsick.Moreover,passengerswhosufferduringcarjourneyscancausestressandanxietytothedriver,whomaythereforeloseconcentrationandcauseanaccident.Withthisprobleminmind,doctorsandchildpsychiatristshaverecommendedaseriesofthingstodoandnotdotomakethesejourneyslessstressful.Surveyssuggestthatamajorcauseofargumentsoncarjourneysis ,andevidenceshowsthatdriversoperatebetteriftheyarelisteningtosomethingoftheirownchoice.Thismeansthat,especiallywhendifferentgenerationsaretraveling,everyoneexceptthedriverwhowantstolistentomusicshouldbeequippedwiththeirownsourceofmusicorradio.Byfarthemostsuccessfulstrategy,especiallyiftherearechildreninthecar,istoturnthejourneyintoafuntaskofsomekind.Forexample,childrencanbeissuedwithanillustratedworksheet,offeringthemthechancetotickoffthingsthattheysee—abluemotorwayroadsign,forexample,oraparticularkindoftree.Itisofcourseimportantto