英語日常常用句子

1/47英語日常常用句子Whatareyoutryingtosay?（你到底想說什么？）Don'tbesilly.（別胡鬧了。）Howstrongareyourglasses?（你近視多少度？）Justbecause.（沒有別的原因。）Itisn'tthewayIhopeditwouldbe.（這不是我所盼望的。）Youwillneverguess.（你永遠(yuǎn)猜不到。）Noonecoulddoanythingaboutit.（眾人對(duì)此束手無措。）Isawsomethingdeeplydisturbing.（深感事情不妙。）Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.（要做金錢的主人，莫做金錢的奴隸。）Iamnotavailable.（我正忙著）Wisdominthemindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.(腦中的知識(shí)比手中的金錢更重要）Neversaydie.it'sapieceofcake.別泄氣，那只是小菜一碟。Don'tworry.you'llgetusetoitsoon.別擔(dān)心，很快你就會(huì)習(xí)慣的。Ikonwhowyoufeel.我明白你的感受。Youwinsome.youlosesome.勝敗乃兵家常事。Don'tburyyourheadinthesand.不要逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)。Ididn'texpectyoutosuchagoodjob.我沒想到你干得這么好。Youarecomingalonewell.你做得挺順利。Sheiswell-build.她的身材真棒。Youlookneatandfresh.你看起來很清純。Youhaveabeautifulpersonality.你的氣質(zhì)很好Youflattermeimmensely.你過獎(jiǎng)啦。Youshouldbeslowtojudgeothers.你不應(yīng)該隨意評(píng)論別人。Ihopeyouwillexcusemeifimakeanymistake.如有任何錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)你原諒Itwasmostcarelessofme.我太粗心了。Itwasquitebyaccident.真是始料不及。Iwishihadallthetimei'deverwasted,soicouldwasteitalloveragain.我希望所有被我浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間重新回來，讓我再浪費(fèi)一遍。Ilikeyouthewayyouwere.我喜歡你以前的樣子。Youtwogoaheadtothemoviewithoutme,idon'twanttobeathirdwheel.你們兩個(gè)自己去看電影吧，我不想當(dāng)電燈泡。Doyouhaveanyoneinmind?你有心上人嗎？Howlonghaveyouknownher？你認(rèn)識(shí)她多久了？Itwasloveatfristsight.一見鐘情I'dbettlehitthebooks.我要復(fù)習(xí)功課啦。apieceofone'smind.直言不諱Hegavemeapieceofmind,"Don'tshiftresponsibilityontoothers."他責(zé)備道：“不要把責(zé)任推卸到別人身上?！盿catanddoglife水火不容的生活Thehusbandandhiswifearealwaysquarrelling,andtheyareleadingacatanddoglife.這對(duì)夫婦老是吵架，相互之間水火不容。adog'slife潦倒的生活Themanlivedadog'slife.這個(gè)人生活潦倒。AtoZ從頭至尾IknowthatfromAtoZ.我很了解這件事。abovesomebody深?yuàn)WWell,thissortoftalkisaboveme.我不懂你們?cè)谥v什么。allears全神貫注地傾聽著WhenyoutellMarysomegossip,sheisallears.跟Mary講一些小道消息，她會(huì)聽地仔仔細(xì)細(xì)。allthemore更加，益發(fā)You'llbeallthebetterforaholiday.度一次假，對(duì)你會(huì)更有好處。alldressedup打扮得整整齊齊

Sheisalldressedupandnowheretogo.她打扮得整整齊卻無處炫耀。allinall總的說來；最心愛的東西Thedaughterisallinalltohim.女兒是他的無價(jià)寶。allout竭盡全力Theywentallout.他們鼓足了干勁。allover全部結(jié)束；渾身，到處Glad,itisallover.這事全部結(jié)束了，好得很。I'mwetallover.我渾身都濕了。allset準(zhǔn)備就緒Heisallsetforanearlymorningstart.他已做好清晨出發(fā)的一切準(zhǔn)備。allyouhavetodo需要做得是Allyouhavetodoistocalmyourselfdownandwaitforthegoodnews.你需要做得是靜下心來等好消息。aseasyasfallingofalog/aseasyassnappingyourfingers/aseasyasABC容易得很Tome,agoodstoryteller,itwouldbeaseasyasfallingofalog對(duì)我來說，講個(gè)故事還不是隨手拈來。asbusyasabee非常忙Mumisalwaysasbusyasabeeinthemoring.媽媽每天早上都忙得不可開交。atone'sfingertips了如指掌Howtogetatthatlittleislandisathisfingertips.他知道怎么去那個(gè)小島。atone'swit'send智窮Don'taskhim.Itisalsoathiswit'send.不要問他了，他也不知道。bigshot大人物，大亨Heisabigshotinourlittletown.blacksheep敗家子，害群之馬Everyfamilyhasablacksheep.家家有本難念的經(jīng)。blackandblue遍體鱗傷Thethiefwascaughtofred-handedandbeatenblackandblue.那個(gè)小偷當(dāng)場被抓住并被打得青一塊紫一塊的。blackandwhite白紙黑字Theproofisinblackandwhiteandthemurdererhasnoanyexcuses.證據(jù)確鑿，兇手再也無話可說。blindalley死胡同Youareheadingintoablindalley.你正在鉆牛角尖。blowhotandcold搖擺不定Thisguyseemedtohavenoownidea.Healwaysblewhotandcold?；锖孟鬀]什么主張，總是搖擺不定。blowone'sowntrumpet自吹自擂D(zhuǎn)on'tblowyourowntumpet.Letusseewhatonearthyoucando.不要自吹自擂了，讓我們看看你到底能做什么。bornwithasilverinone'smouth出生在富貴人家Heisbornwithasilverinone'smouth.他是含著金鑰匙出生的。blandnew嶄新的ablandnewcoat新衣服breaktheice打破沉默Thecouplehadn'tspokentoeachotherforaweek.Theywerebothwaitingfortheotheronetobreaktheice.這對(duì)夫婦已經(jīng)一個(gè)星期沒說過話了。兩人都在等另一方先開口。byablow無意中的一擊Heisbeatentothegroundbyablow.他被擊到在地。can'tstanditanylonger不能再忍受了Ican'tstanditanylonger,Iquit.我再也忍受不了了，我走。carrysomethingtoofar過火了Youarecarryingyourjoketoofar.你玩笑開得太過分了。castleinthesky海市蜃樓Youplanisnearlyacastleinthesky.你的計(jì)劃簡直就是空想。catsgotone'stongue啞口無言chainsmoker老煙槍comeupwith產(chǎn)生，想出Letmecomeupwithsomeideas.讓我想一想。comeeasily容易Languagescomeeasilytosomepeople.有些人能夠很容易地掌握語言。cupoftea喜歡Moviesarenotmycupoftea.我不喜歡看電影。cutitout停止，住嘴Cutitout!Ican'tstandyouanylonger.callitaday不再做下去，停止（某種活動(dòng)）Letuscallitaday,stop.這一天工作夠了，停工吧！darkhorse黑馬NobodyconsideredthatJohnwouldwinthegame.Hewasadarkhorseinthefinal.dearJohnletter絕交信JackreceivedadearJohnletterfromhisgirlfriendbecausehehadbrokenherheart.dosomonegood對(duì)某人有好處Havingsomemoringexercisesdoesyougood.Doyougetme?你明白我的意思嗎？doesn'tcount這次不算Itdoesn'tcountthistime,tryagain.doesn'tmakesense不懂；沒有任何意義Thesentenceyoumadedoesn'tmakeanysensetome.downandout窮困潦倒Beingdownandout,hecouldn'tsupporthisfamily.driveat用意，意欲What'shedrivingat?他用意何在？dropin偶然拜訪Idroppedhiminonmywaytothehospital.dropmealine寫信給我OnarrivingtheUniversity,pleasedropmealine.earlybird早起的人Anearlybirdcatchsworms。捷足先登easycomeeasygo來得快去得也快eatmywords收回前言，認(rèn)錯(cuò)道歉Isaidsomethingbadtomymum.AlthoughIwanttoeatmywordsback,itdidn'twork,forIhadhurtmymum'sfeeling.facethemusic直面困難。Heknewhe'dnevergetawaywithitsohedecidedtofacethemusicandgivehimselfuptothepolice.他知道自己不可能逃脫，因此決定一人做事一人當(dāng)——向警察自首。faceupto勇敢地面對(duì)某事Youmustlearntofaceuptoyourresponsibilities.fedup厭倦Iamratherfedupwithyourcomplaints.feelfreetodosomething不要拘束Pleasefeelfreetomakesuggestions.fewandfarbetween很少，稀少Humanbeingsarefewandfarbetweeninthiszone.Frenchleave不辭而別givemeaheadache讓人頭痛Thenaughtyboygavemeaheadache.givemeahand幫我一下goDutchAA制Godblessyou上帝保佑你Godblessyouwithyourexaminations.Godknows天知道Gotit?明白了嗎？greenthumbs/fingers園藝技能handsarefull非常忙haveaball勇敢havehadit受夠了Ihavehaditwithallyourexcuses.我受夠了你的借口。holdwater站得住腳Nonofhisarguementsseemtoholdwater.ineverysenseofword在某種意義上說It'salieineverysenseofword.這是不折不扣的謊言。keepaneyeon提高警剔killtime打發(fā)時(shí)間lazybones懶骨頭Getuplazybones!leaveittome讓我來吧leavemealone別管我likefatherlikeson有其父必有其子likeitornot不管你喜不喜歡makeafoolofoneself愚弄某人makeabigmoney賺大錢makebothendsneed收支平衡Wehavetocutourexpensestomakebothendsneed.makewaves引起轟動(dòng)；興風(fēng)作浪Hisachievementmadewavesinhiscountry.makeyourselfathome別拘束nogood沒有好結(jié)果Badmamcomestonogood.nokidding不要開玩笑noneofyourbussiness不關(guān)你的事notreally也不是……oldhand老手Heisanoldhandatstealing.oldstory老一套Iamtiredofit,sameoldstory.onone'swordofhonor以某人的人格擔(dān)保onoccasion間或ofone'sownaccord自愿地packedlikesardins擁擠Duringtheholidays,peopleinthetrainsarepackedlikesardins.passaway去世paytheprice付出代價(jià)Youareplayingwiththefireandyoumustpaythepoiceoneday.putupwith忍受Icann'tputupwithyourrudenessanymore;leavemyroom.red-letterday重要的或值得紀(jì)念的日子redtape繁文縟節(jié)redcarpet紅地毯runinto偶遇Iranintoanoldfriendintheshopyesterday.runoutof用盡，缺少Q(mào)uick,quick,wearerunningoutoftime.showup炫耀smallpotatos小人物sowhat?那怎么樣呢？standupfor忍受suitone'staste對(duì)某人的胃口sundaydress最好的衣服surething十有把握的事takeone'stime盡情玩Takeyourtimeandenjoyit.takethewordsoutofone'smouth說出某人想說得話that'sit就是thatisreallysomething太好了thereisnothingIcando我什么都不能做thereyougo這邊請(qǐng)thereisnothingwrongwithme我沒事underthetable死底下，秘密地undertheweather身體不適what'sgoingon怎么了whataman多勇敢的人啊walkingdictionary活字典whatisup近來可好Hi,Ihaven'tseenyouforalongtime,what'sup?worldclass一流的

1)takearaincheck延期

2)lostcount弄不清楚3)beinanotherworld精神恍惚;魂不守舍4)makeyourselfathome隨意，隨便5)saveyourbreath省口氣吧;別白費(fèi)口舌了6)makesense有意義，理解

7)costsb.anarmandaleg非常昂貴8)burnaholeinone'spocket很快地被花光9)fillone'sshoes很好地頂替;令人滿意地替代10)isicecold表示理所當(dāng)然11)likeapplesandoranges用來表示無法相比的事物12)waituntilthelastminute直到最后一刻13)loseone'strainof忘記14)meeteachotherhalfway相互妥協(xié)，讓步15)onthedot準(zhǔn)時(shí);正點(diǎn)16)onceandforall最后一次;干脆17)outofearshot不在聽力所及范圍18)outofthisworld非常好19)playbyear隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，視情形而定20)ringabell令人想起某件事;聽起來耳熟21)shareacommonoutlook有共同的觀點(diǎn)22)sixofoneandhalf-a-dozenoftheother半斤八兩;沒什么區(qū)別23)stickaround在附近逗留或等待24)stickwith繼續(xù)25)straightenout扯平;結(jié)清26)tossandturn(身體)翻來覆去(通常表示難以入睡)27)turnone'sback(在別人遇到困難時(shí))不愿幫助28)undertheweather身體不適，生病29)biteoffmorethanonecanchew貪多嚼不爛;心有余而力不足;不自量力;力不從心30)breaknewground創(chuàng)新31)dothetrick做成功;達(dá)到理想的結(jié)果32)dragone'sfeet行動(dòng)緩慢;磨磨蹭蹭不情愿33)drawtheline拒絕，拒不容忍34)feeldowninthedumps心情不好;情緒低落35)fewandfarbetween不多;少而分散的;不常碰到或發(fā)現(xiàn)的;稀少的36)fitasafiddle身體很健康37)grinandbear任勞任怨;毫無怨言地忍受38)hitthespot(特指吃了食物，喝了飲料之后)精神完全恢復(fù)過來或感到滿足;恢復(fù)精力;提精神39)keepbetweenthetwoofus不讓第三者知道，保密40)knowathingortwoabout略知一二Lesson45

Thepowerofthepress

新聞報(bào)道的威力

Indemocraticcountriesanyeffortstorestrictthefreedomofthepressarerightlycondemned.However,thisfreedomcaneasilybeabused.Storiesaboutpeopleoftenattractfarmorepublicattentionthanpoliticalevents.Thoughwemayenjoyreadingaboutthelivesofothers,itisextremelydoubtfulwhetherwewouldequallyenjoyreadingaboutourselves.Actingonthecontentionthatfactsaresacred,reporterscancauseuntoldsufferingtoindividualsbypublishingdetailsabouttheirprivatelives.Newspapersexertsuchtremendousinfluencethattheycannotonlybringaboutmajorchangestothelivesofordinarypeoplebutcanevenoverthrowagovernment.Thestoryofapoorfamilythatacquiredfameandfortuneovernight,dramaticallyillustratesthepowerofthepress.ThefamilylivedinAberdeen,asmalltownof23,000inhabitantsinSouthDakota.Astheparentshadfivechildren,lifewasaperpetualstruggleagainstpoverty.Theywereexpectingtheirsixthchildandwerefacedwithevenmorepressingeconomicproblems.Iftheyhadonlyhadonemorechild,thefactwouldhavepassedunnoticed.Theywouldhavecontinuedtostruggleagainsteconomicoddsandwouldhavelivedinobscurity.Buttheysuddenlybecametheparentsofquintuplets,fourgirlsandaboy,aneventwhichradicallychangedtheirlives.Thedayafterthebirthofthefivechildren,anaeroplanearrivedinAberdeenbringingsixtyreportersandphotographers.Therisetofamewasswift.Televisioncamerasandnewspaperscarriedthenewstoeveryoneinthecountry.Newspapersandmagazinesofferedthefamilyhugesumsfortheexclusiverightstopublishstoriesandphotographs.Giftspouredinnotonlyfromunknownpeople,butfrombabyfoodandsoapmanufacturerswhowishedtoadvertisetheirproducts.Theoldfarmhousethefamilylivedinwastobereplacedbyanew＄500,000home.Reporterskeptpressingforinterviewssolawyershadtobeemployedtoactasspokesmenforthefamilyatpressconferences.Whilethefivebabieswerestillquietlysleepinginoxygententsinahospitalnursery,theirparentswerepayingthepriceforfame.Itwouldneveragainbepossibleforthemtoleadnormallives.Theyhadbecomethevictimsofcommercialization,fortheirnameshadacquiredamarketvalue.Insteadofbeingfivenewfamilymembers,thesechildrenhadimmediatelybecomeacommodity.在民主國家里，任何限制新聞自由的企圖都理所當(dāng)然地受到譴責(zé)。然而，這種自由很容易被濫用。常人軼事往往比政治事件更能引起公眾注意。我們都喜歡看關(guān)于別人生活的報(bào)道，但是否同樣喜歡看關(guān)于自己生活的報(bào)道，就很難說了。記者按事實(shí)至上的論點(diǎn)行事，發(fā)表有關(guān)別人私生活的細(xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)會(huì)給當(dāng)事人造成極大的痛苦。新聞具有巨大的威力。它們不僅可以給尋常人家的生活帶來重大的變化，甚至還能推翻一個(gè)政府。下面這戶窮人一夜之間出名發(fā)財(cái)?shù)墓适聭騽⌒缘卣f明了新聞報(bào)道的威力。這戶人家住在南達(dá)科他州一個(gè)人口為23，000的小鎮(zhèn)上，鎮(zhèn)名為阿拜丁。家里已有5個(gè)孩子，全家人常年在貧困中掙扎。第6個(gè)孩子即將問世，他們面臨著更為嚴(yán)峻的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。如果他們只是添了1個(gè)孩子，這件事本來就不會(huì)引起任何人的注意。這家人會(huì)繼續(xù)為克服經(jīng)濟(jì)上的拮據(jù)而奮斗，并默默無聞地活下去。但是他們出人意料地生了個(gè)五胞胎，4女1男。這事使他們的生活發(fā)生了根本的變化。五胞胎降生第二天，一架飛機(jī)飛抵阿拜丁，隨機(jī)帶來60名記者與攝影師。這一家迅速出了名。電視攝像機(jī)和報(bào)紙把消息傳送到全國。報(bào)紙、雜志出高價(jià)向他們購買文字、圖片的獨(dú)家報(bào)道權(quán)。不但素昧平生的人寄來了大量的禮物，而且嬰兒食品、嬰兒肥皂制造廠商為了替自己產(chǎn)品做廣告也寄來了大量的禮物。這家人住的舊農(nóng)舍將由一座價(jià)值50萬美元的新住宅所取代。由于記者紛紛要求會(huì)見，他們不得不請(qǐng)了律師充當(dāng)他們家的發(fā)言人舉行記者招待會(huì)。眼下，五胞胎還靜靜地躺在醫(yī)院嬰兒室的氧氣帳里，他們的父母卻為這名聲付出了代價(jià)，他們?cè)僖矡o法過正常的生活。他們成了商業(yè)化的受害者，因?yàn)樗麄兊拿志哂辛耸袌鰞r(jià)值。這些孩子立即成了商品，而不是5個(gè)新的家庭成員。Lesson53

Inthepublicinterest

為了公眾的利益

TheScandinaviancountriesaremuchadmiredallovertheworldfortheirenlightenedsocialpolicies.Swedenhasevolvedanexcellentsystemforprotectingtheindividualcitizenfromhighhandedorincompetentpublicofficers.Thesystemhasworkedsowell,thatithasbeenadoptedinothercountriestoo.TheSwedeswerethefirsttorecognizethatpublicofficialslikecivilservants,policeofficers,healthinspectorsortax-collectorscanmakemistakesoractover-zealouslyinthebeliefthattheyareservingthepublic.Aslongagoas1809,theSwedishParliamentintroducedaschemetosafeguardtheinterestoftheindividual.AparliamentarycommitteerepresentingallpoliticalpartiesappointsapersonwhoissuitablyqualifiedtoinvestigateprivategrievancesagainsttheState.Theofficialtitleofthepersonis‘Justiteombudsman’,buttheSwedescommonlyrefertohimasthe‘J.O.’or‘Ombudsman’.TheOmbudsmanisnotsubjecttopoliticalpressure.Heinvestigatescomplaintslargeandsmallthatcometohimfromalllevelsofsociety.Ascomplaintsmustbemadeinwriting,theOmbudsmanreceivesanaverageof1,200lettersayear.Hehaseightlawyerassistantstohelphimandheexamineseverysingleletterindetail.ThereisnothingsecretiveabouttheOmbudsman'swork,forhiscorrespondenceisopentopublicinspection.Ifacitizen'scomplaintisjustified,theOmbudsmanwillactonhisbehalf.Theactionhetakesvariesaccordingtothenatureofthecomplaint.Hemaygentlyreprimandanofficialorevensuggesttoparliamentthatalawbealtered.ThefollowingcaseisatypicalexampleoftheOmbudsman'swork.AforeignerlivinginsSwedishvillagewrotetotheOmbudsmancomplainingthathehadbeenill-treatedbythepolice,simplybecausehewasaforeigner.TheOmbudsmanimmediatelywrotetotheChiefofPoliceinthedistrictaskinghimtosendarecordofthecase.Therewasnothingintherecordtoshowthattheforeigner'scomplaintwasjustifiedandtheChiefofPolicestronglydeniedtheaccusation.ItwasimpossiblefortheOmbudsmantotakeaction,butwhenhereceivedasimilarcomplaintfromanotherforeignerinthesamevillage,heimmediatelysentoneofhislawyerstoinvestigatethematter.Thelawyerascertainedthatapolicemanhadindeeddealtroughlywithforeignersonseveraloccasions.Thefactthatthepolicemanwasprejudicedagainstforeignerscouldnotberecordedintheofficialfiles.ItwasonlypossiblefortheOmbudsmantofindthisoutbysendingoneofhisrepresentativestocheckthefacts.Thepolicemaninquestionwasseverelyreprimandedandwasinformedthatifanyfurthercomplaintswerelodgedagainsthim,hewouldbeprosecuted.TheOmbudsman'spromptactionatonceputanendtoanunpleasantpracticewhichmighthavegoneunnoticed.參考譯文斯堪的納維亞半島各國實(shí)行的開明的社會(huì)政策，受到全世界的推崇。在瑞典，已逐漸形成了一種完善的制度以保護(hù)每個(gè)公民不受專橫的和不稱職的政府官員的欺壓。由于這種制度行之有效，已被其他國家采納。是瑞典人首先認(rèn)識(shí)到政府工作人員如文職人員、警官、衛(wèi)生稽查員、稅務(wù)人員等等也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤或者自以為在為公眾服務(wù)而把事情做過了頭。早在1809年，瑞典議會(huì)就建立了一個(gè)保護(hù)公民利益的制度。議會(huì)內(nèi)有一個(gè)代表各政黨利益的委員會(huì)，由它委派一位稱職的人選專門調(diào)查個(gè)人對(duì)國家的意見。此人官銜為“司法特派員”，但瑞典人一般都管他叫“J．O．”，即“司法特派員”。司法特派員不受任何政治壓力的制約。他聽取社會(huì)各階層的各種大小意見，并進(jìn)行調(diào)查。由于意見均需用書面形式提出，司法特派員每年平均收到1，200封信。他有8位律帥做他的助手協(xié)助工作，每封信都詳細(xì)批閱。司法特派員的工作沒有什么秘密可言，他的信件是公開的，供公眾監(jiān)督。如果公民的意見正確，司法特派員便為他伸張正義。司法特派員采取的行動(dòng)因意見的性質(zhì)不同而有所不同。他可以善意地批評(píng)某位官員，也可以甚至向議會(huì)提議修改某項(xiàng)法律。下述事件是司法特派員工作的一個(gè)典型例子。一個(gè)住在瑞典鄉(xiāng)村的外國人寫信給司法特派員，抱怨說他受到警察虐待，原因就是因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)外國人。司法特派員立即寫信給當(dāng)?shù)氐木炀珠L，請(qǐng)他寄送與此事有關(guān)的材料。材料中沒有任何文字記載證明外國人所說的情況符合事實(shí)，警察局長矢口否認(rèn)這一指控。司法特派員難以處理。但是，當(dāng)他又收到住在同一村莊的另一個(gè)外國人寫的一封內(nèi)容類似的投訴信時(shí)，他立即派出一位律師前去調(diào)查。律師證實(shí)有個(gè)警察確實(shí)多次粗魯?shù)貙?duì)待外國人。警察歧視外國人的事在官方檔案中不可能加以記載，司法特派員只有派他的代表去核對(duì)事實(shí)才能了解真相。當(dāng)事的警察受到嚴(yán)厲斥責(zé)，并被告知，如果再有人投訴他，他將受到起訴。司法特派員及時(shí)采取的行動(dòng)，迅速制止了這一起不愉快的事件，不然這件事可能因未得到人們注意而不了了之。Lesson6Thesportingspirit體育的精神

IamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield．Evenifonedidn'tknowfromconcreteexamples(the1936OlympicGames,forinstance)thatinternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatred,onecoulddeduceitfrom

generalprinciples.Nearlyallthesportspracticednowadaysarecompetitive．Youplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin．Onthevillagegreen,whereyoupickupsidesandnofeelingoflocalpatriotismisinvolved,itispossibletoplaysimplyforthefunandexercise:butassoonasthequestionofprestigearises,assoonasyoufeelthatyouandsomelargerunitwillbedisgracedifyoulose,themostsavagecombativeinstinctsarearoused．Anyonewhohasplayedeveninaschoolfootballmatchknowsthis．Attheinternationallevel,sportisfranklymimicwarfare．Butthesignificantthingisnotthebehavioroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators:and,behindthespectators,ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontests,andseriouslybelieveatanyrateforshortperiodsthatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.當(dāng)我聽人們說體育運(yùn)動(dòng)可創(chuàng)造國家之間的友誼，還說各國民眾若在足球場或板球場上交鋒，就不愿在戰(zhàn)場上殘殺的時(shí)候，我總是驚愕不已。一個(gè)人即使不能從具體的事例（例如1936年的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）了解到國際運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽會(huì)導(dǎo)致瘋狂的仇恨，也可以從常理中推斷出結(jié)論?，F(xiàn)在開展的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎都是競爭性的。參加比賽就是為了取勝。如果不拚命去贏，比賽就沒有什么意義了。在鄉(xiāng)間的草坪上，當(dāng)你隨意組成兩個(gè)隊(duì)，并且不涉及任何地方情緒時(shí)，那才有可能是單純?yōu)榱藠蕵泛湾憻挾M(jìn)行比賽?？墒且坏┥婕暗綐s譽(yù)問題，一旦你想到你和某一團(tuán)體會(huì)因你輸了而丟臉時(shí)，那么最野蠻的爭斗天性便會(huì)被激發(fā)起來。即使是僅僅參加過學(xué)校足球賽的人也有這種體會(huì)。在國際比賽中，體育簡直是一場模擬戰(zhàn)爭。但是，要緊的還不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為，而是觀眾的態(tài)度，以及觀眾身后各個(gè)國家的態(tài)度。面對(duì)著這些荒唐的比賽，參賽的各個(gè)國家會(huì)如癡如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信——至少在短期內(nèi)如此——跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是對(duì)一個(gè)民族品德素質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)。Lesson16

Themoderncity現(xiàn)代城市Intheorganizationofindustriallifetheinfluenceofthefactoryuponthephysiologicalandmentalstateoftheworkershasbeencompletelyneglected．Modernindustryisbasedontheconceptionofthemaximumproductionatlowestcost,inorderthatanindividualoragroupofindividualsmayearnasmuchmoneyaspossible．Ithasexpandedwithoutanyideaofthetruenatureofthehumanbeingswhorunthemachines,andwithoutgivinganyconsiderationtotheeffectsproducedontheindividualsandontheirdescendantsbytheartificialmodeofexistenceimposedbythefactory．Thegreatcitieshavebeenbuiltwithnoregardforus．Theshapeanddimensionsoftheskyscrapersdependentirelyonthenecessityofobtainingthemaximumincomepersquarefootofground,andofofferingtothetenantsofficesandapartmentsthatpleasethem．Thiscausedtheconstructionofgiganticbuildingswheretoolargemassesofhumanbeingsarecrowdedtogether．Civilizedmenlikesuchawayofliving．Whiletheyenjoythecomfortandbanalluxuryoftheirdwelling,theydonotrealizethattheyaredeprivedofthenecessitiesoflife．Themoderncityconsistsofmonstrousedificesandofdark,narrowstreetsfullofpetrolfumesandtoxicgases,tornbythenoiseofthetaxicabs,lorriesandbuses,andthrongedceaselesslybygreatcrowds．Obviously,ithasnotbeenplannedforthegoodofitsinhabitants.參考譯文在工業(yè)生活的組織中，工廠對(duì)工人的生理和精神狀態(tài)的影響完全被忽視了。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的基本概念是：以最低成本獲取最多產(chǎn)品，為的是讓某個(gè)個(gè)人或某一部分人盡可能多地賺錢。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)發(fā)展起來了，卻根本沒想到操作機(jī)器的人的本質(zhì)。工廠把一種人為的生存方式強(qiáng)加給工人，卻不顧及這種生存方式給工人及其后代帶來的影響。大城市的建設(shè)毫不關(guān)心我們。摩天大樓完全是按這樣的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他滿意的辦公室和住房。這樣就導(dǎo)致了許多摩天大廈拔地而起，大廈內(nèi)眾多的人擠在一起。文明人喜歡這樣一種生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒適和庸俗的豪華時(shí)，卻沒有意識(shí)到被剝奪了生活所必需的東西。大得嚇人的高樓和陰暗狹窄的街道組成了今日現(xiàn)代化的城市。街道上充斥著汽油味和有毒氣體，出租汽車、卡車、公共汽車的噪音刺耳難忍，絡(luò)繹不絕的人群擠來擠去。顯然，現(xiàn)代化的城市不是為居民的利益而規(guī)劃的。Lesson34Adolescence青春期Parentsareoftenupsetwhentheirchildrenpraisethehomesoftheirfriendsandregarditasaslurontheirowncooking,orcleaning,orfurniture,andoftenarefoolishenoughtolettheadolescentsseethattheyareannoyed.Theymayevenaccusethemofdisloyalty,ormakesomespitefulremarkaboutthefriends'parents.Suchalossofdignityanddescentintochildishbehavioronthepartoftheadultsdeeplyshockstheadolescents,andmakesthemresolvethatinfuturetheywillnottalktotheirparentsabouttheplacesorpeopletheyvisit.Beforeverylongtheparentswillbecomplainingthatthechildissosecretiveandnevertellsthemanything,buttheyseldomrealizethattheyhavebroughtthisonthemselves.Disillusionmentwiththeparents,howevergoodandadequatetheymaybebothasparentsandasindividuals,istosomedegreeinevitable.Mostchildrenhavesuchahighidealoftheirparents,unlesstheparentsthemselveshavebeenunsatisfactory,thatitcanhardlyhopetostanduptoarealisticevaluation.Parentswouldbegreatlysurprisedanddeeplytouchediftheyrealizedhowmuchbelieftheirchildrenusuallyhaveintheircharacterandinfallibility,andhowmuchthisfaithmeanstoachild.Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescentreaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwasgrowingupanddevelopingvaluablepowersofobservationandindependentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andthereforewouldnotdrivethechildintooppositionbyresentingandresistingit.Theadolescent,withhispassionforsincerity,alwaysrespectsaparentwhoadmitsthatheiswrong,orignorant,oreventhathehasbeenunfairorunjust.Whatthechildcannotforgiveistheparents'refusaltoadmitthesechargesifthechildknowsthemtobetrue.Victorianparentsbelievedthattheykepttheirdignitybyretreatingbehindanunreasoningauthoritarianattitude;infacttheydidnothingofthekind,butchildrenwerethentoocowedtoletthemknowhowtheyreallyfelt.Todaywetendtogototheotherextreme,butonthewholethisisahealthierattitudebothforthechildandtheparent.Itisalwayswiserandsafertofaceuptoreality,howeverpainfulitmaybeatthemoment.參考譯文當(dāng)家長聽到孩子贊揚(yáng)自己朋友的家時(shí)，總感到不安，認(rèn)為這是孩子在嫌棄自家的飯菜、衛(wèi)生、或家具，而且愚蠢地讓孩子看出自己的煩惱。他們甚至責(zé)備孩子不忠，或者講些小朋友家長的壞話。家長這種有失身份和孩子氣的作法使青春期的孩子大為震驚，決心以后不再向父母講述去過的地方和見過的人。不要很久，家長就會(huì)抱怨孩子守口如瓶，什么事也不告訴他們，殊不知這是他們自找的。不管家長的人品有多么好，作為父母又多么合格，孩子們對(duì)家長幻想的破滅在某種程度上是不可避免的。除非父母自身不能令人滿意，大多數(shù)孩子對(duì)父母估價(jià)過高，以致這種估價(jià)很難指望經(jīng)受住現(xiàn)實(shí)的考驗(yàn)。如果家長意識(shí)到孩子們通常是多么相信家長的品行和絕對(duì)正確，意識(shí)到孩子們的這種信念會(huì)對(duì)孩子產(chǎn)生多么大的影響，那么家長會(huì)大為吃驚和深受感動(dòng)的。如果家長對(duì)青少年的這種反應(yīng)有思想準(zhǔn)備，并且意識(shí)到這象征著孩子們正在成熟和正在發(fā)展寶貴的觀察力、獨(dú)立判斷力，那么他們就不會(huì)那樣傷心，也就不會(huì)由于怨恨和抵觸這種反應(yīng)，而把孩子推到自己的對(duì)立面去。青少年酷愛真誠，對(duì)于能夠承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤或無知、甚至承認(rèn)自己做得不公平或不公正的父母，他們總是尊敬的。孩子們所不能原諒的是：父母錯(cuò)了，孩子們也看出來了，可是做父母的還不肯承認(rèn)。維多利業(yè)時(shí)代的父母認(rèn)為，他們可以靠無理的權(quán)威氣派來維護(hù)自己的尊嚴(yán)，實(shí)際上那是根本不行的。孩子們只不過被嚇得不敢讓父母知道自己的想法罷了。雖然現(xiàn)在我們傾向于走向另一個(gè)極端，但總地來看，孩子和家長雙方態(tài)度都比較端正。遇事采取面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度總是比較明智和穩(wěn)妥的，盡管會(huì)有暫時(shí)的痛苦。Lesson44Patternsofculture文化的模式Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividual,asagainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirth,thecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.Thestudyofcustomcanbeprofitableonlyaftercertainpreliminarypropositionshavebeenaccepted,andsomeofthesepropositionshavebeenviolentlyopposed.Inthefirstplace,anyscientificstudyrequiresthattherebenopreferentialweightingofoneoranotheroftheitemsintheseriesitselectsforitsconsideration.Inallthelesscontroversialfields,likethestudyofcactiortermitesorthenatureofnebulae,thenecessarymethodofstudyistogrouptherelevantmaterialandtotakenoteofallpossiblevariantformsandconditions.Inthisway,wehavelearnedallthatweknowofthelawsofastronomy,orofthehabitsofthesocialinsects,letussay.Itisonlyinthestudyofmanhimselfthatthemajorsocialscienceshavesubstitutedthestudyofonelocalvariation,thatofWesterncivilization.Anthropologywasbydefinitionimpossible,aslongasthesedistinctionsbetweenourselvesandtheprimitive,ourselvesandthebarbarian,ourselvesandthepagan,heldswayoverpeople'sminds.Itwasnecessaryfirsttoarriveatthatdegreeofsophisticationwherewenolongersetourownbeliefagainstourneighbor’ssuperstition.Itwasnecessarytorecognizethattheseinstitutionswhicharebasedonthesamepremises,letussaythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,ourownamongtherest.風(fēng)俗一般未被認(rèn)為是什么重要的課題。我們覺得，只有我們大腦內(nèi)部的活動(dòng)情況才值得研究，至于風(fēng)俗呢，只是些司空見慣的行為而已。事實(shí)上，情況正好相反。從世界范圍來看，傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗是由許多細(xì)節(jié)性的習(xí)慣行為組成，它比任何個(gè)人養(yǎng)成的行為都更加引人注目，不管個(gè)人行為多么異常。這只是問題的一個(gè)次要的側(cè)面。最重要的是，風(fēng)俗在實(shí)踐中和信仰上所起的舉足輕重的作用，以及它所表現(xiàn)出來的極其豐富多采的形式。沒有一個(gè)人是用純潔而無偏見的眼光看待世界。人們所看到的是一個(gè)受特定的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、制度和思想方式剪輯過的世界。甚至在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域的探索中，人們也無法超越這些定型的框框。人們關(guān)于真與偽的概念依然和特定的傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗有關(guān)。約翰·杜威曾經(jīng)非常嚴(yán)肅地指出：風(fēng)俗在形成個(gè)人行為方面所起的作用和一個(gè)人對(duì)風(fēng)俗的任何影響相比，就好像他本國語言的總詞匯量和自己咿呀學(xué)語時(shí)他家庭所接納的他的詞匯量之比。當(dāng)一個(gè)人認(rèn)真地研究自發(fā)形成的社會(huì)秩序時(shí)，杜威的比喻就是他實(shí)事求是觀察得來的形象化的說法。個(gè)人的生活史首先就是適應(yīng)他的社團(tuán)世代相傳形成的生活方式和準(zhǔn)則。從他呱呱墜地的時(shí)刻起，他所生于其中的風(fēng)俗就開始塑造他的經(jīng)歷和行為規(guī)范。到他會(huì)說話時(shí)，他就是傳統(tǒng)文化塑造的一個(gè)小孩子了；等他長大了，能做各種事了，他的社團(tuán)的習(xí)慣就是他的習(xí)慣，他的社團(tuán)的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社團(tuán)不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一個(gè)和他誕生在同一個(gè)社團(tuán)中的孩子和他一樣具有相同的風(fēng)俗；而在地球的另一邊，誕生在另一個(gè)社團(tuán)的孩子與他就很少有相同的風(fēng)俗。沒有任何一個(gè)社會(huì)問題比得上風(fēng)俗的作用問題更要求我們對(duì)它理解。直到我們理解了風(fēng)俗的規(guī)律性和多樣性，我們才能明白人類生活中主要的復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象。只有在某些基本的主張被接受下來、同時(shí)有些主張被激烈反對(duì)時(shí)，對(duì)風(fēng)俗的研究才是全面的，才會(huì)有收獲。首先，任何科學(xué)研究都要求人們對(duì)可供考慮的諸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切爭議較小的領(lǐng)域里，如對(duì)仙人掌、白蟻或星云性質(zhì)的研究，應(yīng)采取的研究方法是，把有關(guān)各方面的材料匯集起來，同時(shí)注意任何可能出現(xiàn)的異常情況和條件。例如，用這種方法，我們完全掌握了天文學(xué)的規(guī)律和昆蟲群居的習(xí)性。只是在對(duì)人類自身的研究中，各主要的社會(huì)學(xué)科才用對(duì)一個(gè)局部地區(qū)各種情況的研究（如對(duì)西方文明的研究）來代替對(duì)全人類的研究。只要我們同原始人，我們同野蠻人，我們同異教徒之間存在的區(qū)別在人的思想中占主導(dǎo)地位，那么人類學(xué)按其定義來說就無法存在。我們首先需要達(dá)到這樣一種成熟的程度：