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上海交通大學(xué)考博英語真題及答案PartIIvocabularysectionA31.TherewasnobuttoclosetheroaduntilFebruary.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.IwhenIheardthatmygrandfatherhaddied.A.fellapartB.fellawayC.felloutD.fallback33.I'mpassinganewlawthathelpspoorchildrengetbettermedicine.A.takingadvantageofB.standingupforC.lookinguptoD.takingholdofInfrontoftheplatform,thestudentsweretalkingwiththeprofessoroverthequizzesoftheirsubjects.A.compulsoryB.compulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant.Thetutortellstheundergraduatesthatonecanacquireinaforeignlanguagethroughmorepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency.Theteacherexplainedthenewlessontothestudents.A.atrandomB.atalossC.atlengthD.athandIshallthelossofmyreading-glassesinnewspaperwitharewardforthefinder.A.advertiseB.informC.announceD.publishThepoornutritionintheearlystagesofinfancycanadultgrowth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retardShehadaterribleaccident,butshewas'tkilled.A.atalleventsB.inthelongrunC.atlargeD.invain.Hisweakchesthimtowinterillness.A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSectionB.Thecompanywaslosingmoney,sotheyhadtolayoffsomeofitsemployeesforthreemonths.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon.ThenorthAmericanstatesagrreedtosigntheagreementofeconomicalandmilitaryunioninOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontationThestatuewouldbeperfectbutforafewsmalldefectsinitsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors.Whenhefinallyemergedfromthecaveafterthirtydays.Johnwasstartlinglypale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramaticallyIfyouwanttosetupacompany,youmustcomplywiththeregulationslaiddownbytheauthorities.A.abidebyB.workoutC.checkoutD.succumbto.Theschoolmasterapplaudedthegirl'sbraveryinhisopeningspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped.Thelocalgovernmentleadersaremakingeveryefforttotackletheproblemofpoverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter.Thisreportwouldbeintelligibleonlytoanexpertincomputing.A.intelligentB.comprehensiveC.competentD.comprehensible.Readingabookandlisteningtomusicsimultaneouslyseemstobemoproblemforthem.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously.Hewasgivenalaptopcomputerinacknowledgementofhisworkforthecompany.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionD.commitmentPartIIICloseInMr.Allen'highschoolclass,allstudentshaveto“getmarried”.However,thweddingceremoniesarenotrealonesbut51.Thesemockceremoniessometimesbecomeso52thattheloudlaughterdrownsoutthevoiveofthe“minister”.Eventhetwostudentsgettingmarriedoftenbegintogiggle.TheteacherMr.Allen,believesthatmarriageisadifficultandseriousbusiness.Hewantsyoungpeopletounderstandthattherearemanychangesthat53takeplaceaftermarriage.Hebelievesthattheneedforthesepsychologicalandfinancial54_shouldbeunderstoodbeforepeoplemarry.Mr.Allendoes'onlyintroducehisstudentstomajorproblems55inmarriagesuchasillnessorunemployment.Healsoexposethemtonitty-grittyproblemstheywillfaceeveryday.Hewantstointroduceyoungpeopletoallthetrialsand56thatcanstrainamarriagetothebreakingpoint.Heeven_57hisstudentswiththeproblemsofdivorcedmenmustpaychildsupportmoneyfortheirwives.Ithasbeenupsettingforsomeofthestudentstoseetheproblemsthatamarriedcoupleoftenfaces,58theytookthecourse,theyhadnotworriedmuchabouttheproblemsofmarriage.However,bothstudentsandparentsfeelthatMr.Allenscourseisvaluableandhave59thecoursepublicly.Therestatementsandletterssupportingtheclasshave,60-theschooltoofferthecourseagain,51.A.duplicationsB.imitationsC.assumptionD.fantasies52.A.noisyB.artificialC.gracefulD.real53.A.mightB.wouldC.mustD.need54.A.issuesB.adjustmentsC.mattersD.expectancies55.A.tofaceB.facingC.havingfacedD.faced56.A.tribulationsB.errorsC.triumphsD.verdicts57.A.informsB.concernsC.triumphsD.associates58.A.UntilB.BeforeC.AfterD.As.59.A.takenB.suggestedC.endorsedD.reproched60.A.confinedB.convincedC.compromisedD.conceivedpassageoneWhydopeoplealwayswanttogetupanddancewhentheyhearmusic?Theusualexplanationisthatthereissomethingembededineveryculture——thatdancingisa“cituraluniversal”.AresearcherinManchesterthingkstheimpulsemaybemoredeeplyrootedthanthat.Hesaysitmaybeareflexreaction.NeilTodd,apsychologistattheUniversityofManchester.toldtheBAthathefirstgotaninklingthatbiologywasthekeyafterwatchingpeopledancetodeafeninglyloudmusic.Thereisacompulsionaboutit."hesays.Hereckonedtheremightbeamoredirect,biological,explanationforthedisretodance,sohestartedtolookattheinnerear.Thehumanearhastwomainfunctions:hearingandmaintainingbalance.Thestandardviewisthatthesetasksaresegregatedsothatorgansforbalance,forinsance,donothaveanacousticfunction.ButToddsaysanimalstudieshaveshownthatthesacculus,whichispartofthebalance---regulatingvestibularsystem,hasretainsomesensitivitytosound.Thesacculusisespeciallysensitivetoextremelyloudnoise,above70decibel.“There'nosquestionthatinacontemporarydanceenvironment,thesacculuswillbestimulated."saysTodd.Theagerave,hesays,blaresmusicatapainful110to140decibels.Butnoonereallyknowswhatanacousticallystimulatedsacculusdoes.Toddspeculatesthatlisteningtoextremelyloudmusicisaformof“vestibularself-stimulation”:itgivesightenedsensationofmotion."Wedon'tknowexacwhyitcausespleasure/'hesays."Butweknowthatpeogletoextraordinarylengthtogetit."Helistbungeejumping,playingonswingsorevenrockingtoandfroinarockingchairasotherexampleofpursuitsdesignedtostimulatethesacculus.Thesamepulsingthatmakesusfeelasthoughwearemovingmaymakeusgetupanddancesaswell,saysTodd.Loudmusicsendssignalstotheinnerearwhichmaypromptreflexmovement."Thetypicalpulserateofdancemusiisaroundtherateoflocomotion."hesays,"It'squitepossibleyou'retriggeringaspinalreflex.”.ThepassagebeginswithA.anewexplanationofmusicB.aculturaluniversalquestionedC.acommonpsychologicalabnormalityD.adeepinsightintohumanphysicalmovenents.WhatintriguedToddwasA.humaninstinctreflexesB.people'sbiologicalheritagesC.people'scompulsionaboutloudmusicD.thedamagesloudmusicwrecksonhumanhearing.Todd'sbiologicaxelanationforthedesiretodancereferstoA.themechanismofhearingsoundsB.theresponseevokedfromthesacculusC.thetwomainfunctionsperformedbythehumanearD.thesegregationofthehearingandbalancemaintainingfunction.Whenthesacculusisacousticallystimulated,accordingtoToddA.functionalbalancewillbemaintainedintheearB.pleasurewillbearousedC.decibelwillshootupD.hearingwilloccur.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Thehumaneardoesmorethanhearingthanexpcted.B.DancingiscapableofheightenthesensationofhearingC.LoudmusicstimulatestheinnerearandgeneratestheurgetodanceD.Thehumaninnereardoesmoretohelphearthantohelpmaintainbalance.passage2Haveyouswitchoffyourcompter?Howaboutyourtelevision?Yourvideo?YourCDplayer?Andevenyourcoffeepercolator?Reallyswitchedthemoff,notjustpressedthebuttononsomeconrtolpanelandleftyourmachinewithatelltalebrightredlightwarningyouthatitisreadytojumpbacktolifeatyourcommand?Becauseifyouhaven't,youareoneoftheguiltypeoplewhohelppollutetheplanet.Itdoesmatterifyou'vjoinedtheneighborhoodrecyclingscheme,conscientiouslysortedyourgarbageandavoideddrivingtowork.Youstillcan'tsleepeasywhilejustoneofthoselittlereghtsisglowinginthedark.Theawfultruthisthathouseholdandofficeelectricalappliancesleftonstand-bymodearegobblingupenergy,eventhoughtheyaredoingabsolutelynothing.Someelectronicproducts——suchasCDplayers——canusealmostasmuchenergyonstand-byastheydowhenrunning.Othersmayusealotless,butasyourvideoplayerspendfarmorehoursonstand-bythanplayinganything,thewastagesoonaddsup.IntheUS.alone,idleelectronicdevicesconsumeenoughenergytopowercitieswiththeenergyneedsofChicagoorLondon----costingconsumersaround$1billionayear.Powerstationsfilltheatmospherewithcarbondioxidejusttodoabsolutelynothing.Thoughtlessdesignispartlyresponsebleforthewaste.Butmanufacturesonlygetawaywithdesingingproductsthatwasteenergythiswaybecauseconsumersarenotsensitiveenoughtotheissue,indeed,whilerecyclinghascaughtthepublicimagination,reducingwastehasattractedmuchlessattention.But“sourcereduction”,asthegarbageexpertsliketocalltheartofnotusingwhatyoudonneedtouse,offersenormouspotentialforreducingwasteofallkinds.Withalittleintelligentshopping,youcancutwastelongbeforeyoureachtheendofthechain.Packagingremainsthebigvillain.Oneofthehiddenconsequencesofbuyingproductsgrownormadeallaroundtheworld,ratherthanproducedlocally,isthehugeamountofpackaging.Tohelpcutthewasteandencourageintelligentmanufacturersthesimplesttrickistolookforultra-lightpackage.Thesameargumentsapplytotheverylightbutstrongplasticbottlesthatarereplacingheavierglassalternatives,thin-walledaluminumcans,andcartonsmadeofcompositesthatwrapupanythingdrinkableinanultra-lightpackage.Therearehundredsofothertricksyoucandiscusswithcolleagueswhilegatheringaroundtheproverbialwatercooler—fillingup,naturally,yourownmugratherthanadisposableplasticcup.Butyoudon'rteedtogoasfarasonewebsitewhichtellsyouhowtogiveyourfriendsunwrappedChristmaspresents.Therearelimitstosourcecorrectness..Fronthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthorimpliesthatA.hitchhasmadelifeeasyeverywhereB.nobodyseemstobeinnocentinpollutingtheplanetC.recyclingcanpotentiallycontrolenvironmentaldeterioration0.everybodyisjoiningtheglobalbattleagainstpollutioninonewayoranother.Thewastecausedbyhouseholdandofficeelectricalappliancesonstand-bymodeseemstoA.bealong-standingindoorproblemB.causenothingbuttroubleC.getexaggeratedD.gounnoticed.Byidleelectronicdevices,theauthormeansthoseappliancesA.leftonstand-bymodeB.fillingtheatmospherewithcarbondioxideC.usedbythosewhoaremotenergy-consciousD.usedbythosewhosewordsspesklouderthanactions.Ultra-lightpackagingA.isexpectedtoreduceAmericanwastebuone-thirdB.isanillustrationofwhatiscalled“sourcereduction”C.canmakebothmanufacturersandconsumersintelligentD.isavillainofwhatthegarnageexpertscall“sourcereduction”.TheconclusiontheauthoristryingtodrawisthatA.onepersoncannotwinthebattleagainstpollutionB.anybodycanpickuptricksofenvironmentalprotectiononthewebC.noybodycanbeabsolutelyrightinallthetricksofenvironmentalprotectionD.anybodycanpresentorlearnatrickofcuttingdownwhatisnotneededpassage3Youcanhavetoomuchofagoodthing,itseems---atleastwhenitcomestophysiotherapyafterastroke.Manydoctorsbelievethatitisthekeytorecovery:exetcisingapartiallyparalyzedlimbcanhelpthebrain“rewire“itselfandreplacenneotiolnsDdestroyedbyaclotinthebrain.Butthelatestanimalexperimentssuggestthattoomuchexercisetoosoonafterabraininjurycanmakethedamageworse."Itsomethingthatcliniciansarenotawareof,“saysmothySchallertoftheUniversityatAustin,wholedtheresearch.Insometrials,strokevictimsaskedtoputtheirgoodarminasling---toforcethemtousetheirpartiallyparalyzedlimb---hadmademuchbetterrecoveriesthanthosewhousedtheirgoodarm.Butthesepatientsweretreatedmanymonthsaftertheirstrokes.Earlierintervention,Schallertreasoned,shouldleadtoevenmoredramaticimprovements.Totestthistheory,Schallertandhiscolleaguesplacedtinycastsonthegoodforelimbsofratsfortwoweeksimmediatelyaftertheyweregivenasmallbraininjurythatpartiallyparalyzedoneforelimb.Severalweekslater,theresearcherswereastonishedtofindthatbraintissuesurruoudingtheoriginalinjuryhadalsodied."Thesizeoftheinjurydoubled.It'sverydramyaticeffect.Schallert.Brain-injuredratsthatwerenotforcedtooverusetheirpartiallyparalyzedlimbsshowednosimilardamage,andthecastsdidnotcauseadramaticlossofbraintissueinanimalsthathadnotalreadysufferedminorbraindamage.Insubsequentexperiments,theresearchershavefoundthatthecriticalperiodforexercise-induceddamageinratsisthefirstweekaftertheinitialbraininjury.ThespreadingbraindamagewitnessedbySchaller'steamwasprobablycausedbythereleaseofglutamate,aneurotransmitter,frombraincellsstimulatedduringlimbmovement.Athighdoses,glutamateistoxiceventohealthynervecells.AndSchallertbelievesthatabraininjurymakesneighboringcellsunusuallysusceptibletotheneurotransmitter'stoxiceffects.RandolphNudooftheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,whostudiesbraininjuryinprimates,agreesthatglutamateisthemostlikelyculprit.Inexperimentswithsquirrelmonkeyssufferingfromstroke-likedamage,Nudotriedbeginningrehabilitationwithinfivedaysofinjury.Althoughthetreatmentwasbebeficialinthelongrun,Nudonoticedaninitialworseningoftheparalysisthatmightalsohavebeenduetobraindamagebroughtonbyexercise.Schallertstressesthatmildexerciseislikelytobebeneficialhoweversoonitbegins.Headdsthatitisunclearwhetherhumanvictimsofstrokes,likebrain-injuredrats,couldmaketheirproblemsworsebyexercisingtoovigorously,toosoon.Someclinicsdoencouragepatientstobeginphysiotherapywithinafewweeksofsufferingatraumaticheadinjuryorstroke,saysDavidHovda,directorofbraininjuryresearchattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Butevenifhumansdohaveasimilarperiodofvulnerabilitytorat,hespeculatesthatitmightbepossibletousedrugstoblocktheeffectsofglutamate..SchallertissuedawarningtothosewhoA.believeinthepossibilityofrewiringthebrainB.areignorantofphysiotherapyintheclinicC.addexercisetopartiallyparalyzedlimbsD.are_onthevergeofastroke.WhichofthefollowingisSchallert'shypothesisforhisinvestigation.?A.Earlierinterventionshouldleadtoevenmoredramaticimprovements.B.Thecriticalperiodforbraimdamageisoneweekafterinjury.C.ApartiallyparalyzedlimbcancausebraindamagesD.Physiotherapyisthekeytobrainrecovery..TheresultsfromSchallertarchsreseA.reinforcedthesingificanceofphysiotherapyafterastrokeB.indicatedthefaultwithhisexperimentdesignC.turnedouttheoppsiteD.verifiedhishypothesis.TheresultsmadeSchallert'steamawareofthefactthatA.glutamatecanhavetoxiceffortsonhealthynervecellsB.exercisecanboostthereleaseofglutamateC.glutamateisaneurotransmitterD.alloftheabove.SchallertwouldprobablyadvisecliniciansA.toadministerdrugstoblicktheeffectsofglutamateB.tobewatchfuloftheamountofexerciseforstrokevictimsC.toprescribevigorousexercisetostrokevivtimsoneweekafterinjuryD.toreconsiderthesignificanceofphusiotherapytobraindamagePssageFourOurunderstandingofcitiesinanythingmorethancasualtermsusuallystartswithobservationsoftheirspatialformandstructureatsomepointorcross-sectionintime.Thisiseasiestwaytobegin,foritishardtoassembledataonhowcitieschangethroughtime,and,inanycase,ourperceptionsoftenbetrayusintothinkingofspatialstructuresasbeingresilientandlonglasting.Evenwherephysicalchangeisveryrapid,thisonlyhasanimpactonuswhenwevisitsuchplacesinfrequent—ly,afteryearsaway.Mostofoururbantheory,whetheritemanatesfromthesocialsciencesorengineering,isstructuredaroundthenotionthatspatialandspatialandsocialstructureschangeslowly,andaresufficientlyinertforustoinferreasonableexplanationsfromcross-sectionalstudies.Inrecentyears,theseassumptionshavecometobechallenged,andinpreviouseditorialsIhavearguedtheneedforamoretemporalemphasistoourtheoriesandmodels,wheretheemphasisisnolongeronequilibriumbutontheintrinsicdynamicsofurbanchange.Eventheseviews,however,implyaconventionalwisdomwheretherealfocusofurbanstudiesisonprocessesthatleadtocomparativelyslowchangesinurbanorganization,wherethefunctionsdeterminingsuchchangeareverylargelyroutine,accomplishedovermonthsoryears,ratherthananylessercycleoftime.Thereisatacitassumptionthatlongertermchangesubsumesroutinechangeonaday-to-dayorhour-basis,whichisseenassimplysupportingthefixedspatialinfrastructuresthatweperceivecitiestobebuiltaround.Transportationmodeling,forexample,isfashionedfromthesstandpointinthatroutinetrip-makingbehavioristhefocusofstudy,itsexplanationbeingcentraltothenotionthatapatialstructuresareinertandlonglasting..We.accordingtothepassage,tendtoobservecitiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally.wethinkaboutacityasA.aspatialeventB.asymbolicaworldC.asocialenvironmentD.anintertelatedsystem.Cross-sectionalstudiesshowthatcitiesA.arestructuredinthreedimensiosB.aretransformedrapidlyinanyaspectC.areresilientandlonglastingrhrougytimeD.changeslowlyinspatialandsocialstructrues.TheauthorisdrawingourattentiontoA.theequilibriumofurbanspatialstructuresB.theintrinsicdynamicsofurbanchangeC.thefixedspatialinfrastructureD.alloftheabove.Theconventionalnotion,theaurhorcontends,A.presentstheinherentnatureofacityB.underliesthefixedspatialinfrastructuresC.placesanemphasisonlessercyclesoftimeD.hindersthephysicalchangeofurbanstructurePassanefiveWhenitissunnyinJune,myfathergetsinhisfirstcuttingofhay.Hestartsonthecreekmeadows,whichareflat,sandy,andhot.Theyarehisdriestland.Thisyear,vacationingfrommymedicalpractice,IreturnedtoVermonttohelpwiththehaying.Theheftofabalethroughmyleatherglovesisfamiliar:thetautnessofthetwine,theheaveofthebale,thesweatriversthatrunthroughthehaychaffonmyarms.Thisworkhasthesmellofsweetgrassandbreeze.Iwalkbehindthechugandclackofthebaler,movingthebalesintopilessomybrothercandotherealworkofpickingthemuplater.Ashotastheairis,myfaceishotter.IamsurprisedathowsoonIgettired.Itakeabreakandsitintheshade,watchingmyfatherbale,tryingnottothinkabouthowoldheis,howtheheataffectshisheart,whatmighthappen.Thisisnotmyusualwork,ofcourse.Myusualworkistositwithpatientsandlistentothem.OccasionsllyItouchthem,andamgladthatmyhandsaresoft.Idon'thinkmypatientswouldlikefarmercallousesanddirtyhandsontheirtenderspots.ReluctantlyIfeelforlumpsinbreastsandtesticles,hiddenswellingsoforgansandjoints,andprobeallthepainfulplacesinmypatients'lives.Therearemany,PerhapsIamtoosoft,couldstandcallousesofadifferentsort.Ifeelheavyafteraday'swork,asnenrt^wereinsideme,lettingmecarrythem.Idon'tmeanto.ButwheredoIputtheirstories?Thechildhoodbeatings,ulcersfromstress,incapacitatingdepression,fears,illness?Thesearenotmyexperiences,yetIfeelthemandcarrythemwithme.Trytofindhealthiermeanings,Ispenttheweekbeforevacationcrying.Thehayfieldisgettingorganized.Pilesofthreeandfourbalesarescatteredaroundthefield.Theywillbeeasytopickup.Dadclimbs,tiredandlame,fromthetractor.Ihandhimajaroficewater,andhelookswithsatisfactiononhisjobjustdone.I'llstackafewmorebalessndmaytdrivethetruckformybrother.Myfatherwillhavesomeappreciativecustomersthiswinter,ashesellshisbalesofhay.I'vneededtofeelthisheavinessinmymuscles,theheatonmyface.Iamtauntedbythesimplicityofthiswork,thepurposeandresults,thedefiniteboundariesofthefields,thedimensionsofthebales,forillnessisnotdefinedbytheboundariesofbodies;itspillsintofamilies,homes,schools,andmyoffice,likehaytumblingovertheedgeofthecutterbar.Ifeeltheroughstubbleleftinitswake.IneedtorememberthestoriesI'vehelpedreshape,newmeaningsstackedagainstthedespairofpain,IneedtorememberthesmellofhayinJune..WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothestory?A.Themuscularworkinthefieldhasanemotionalimpactonthenarrator.B.Thenarratorgetstiredeasilyworkinginthefield.C.ItisthefirsttimeforthenarroatortodohayingD.Thenarratorisasphysician82.Inretrospection,thenarratorA.feelsguiltybeforehisfatherandbrotherB.defendshissofthandsinameaningfulwayC.hateslosinghismuscularpowerbeforeheknowsitD.isshamedforthefarmercallouseshedoesnotpossess.Asaphysician,thenarratorisA.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile.HisassociationspunctuateA.thesimilaritiesbetweenmedicineandagricultureB.thesimplicityofmuscularworkC.thehardshipoflifeeverywhereD.thenatureofmedicalpractice.ThenarratorwouldsaythatA.itcandophysiciansgoodtospendavacationdoingmuscularwork□.everythingisinterlinkedandanythingcanbeanythingC.heisashametohisfatherD.histripisworthitPassageSixEveryonehasseenithappen,Acolleaguewhohasbeenexcited,involved,andproductiveslowlybeginstopullback,loseenergyandinterest,andbecomesashadoworhisorherformerself.Or,apersonwhohasbeenabeaconofvisionandidealismretreatsintodespairorcynicism.Whath
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