新概念英語(yǔ)第三冊(cè)語(yǔ)法

第一章英語(yǔ)從句Subordination英語(yǔ)從句主要有定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句）一．定語(yǔ)從句|定語(yǔ)從句：由關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關(guān)系副詞when,where,why引導(dǎo)。（下面十個(gè)句子請(qǐng)讀5遍并脫口譯出?。㏕hedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.Theman（whom）youspoketojustnowismyfriend.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行詞扌旨物時(shí)先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，后面常跟that而不是which.先行詞前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等詞修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。當(dāng)先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody時(shí)，后面要用who或whom；?Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句有兩種形式：引導(dǎo)限制性語(yǔ)從句。在此類定語(yǔ)從句中，as常與主語(yǔ)中作為其先行詞的such,thesame或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成，“such...as”,“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型，可代替先行詞。例如：Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個(gè)主句。（這是語(yǔ)法考試的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)）。［注意區(qū)別］：as引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句不能放在句首。例如：Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)外國(guó)代表團(tuán)將訪問(wèn)這個(gè)城市。二.狀語(yǔ)從句超級(jí)作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組，全部拿下！原因：because,since,nowthat（既然）as,for,thisreason....結(jié)果：sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult時(shí)間：after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...條件：if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent（that）,incase（that）,providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.讓步：though,although,eventhough（if）,nomatterwhat/how/when^whatever/however/whenever....目的：inorderthat,inorderto,to,比較：than,as...as,bycomparison（相比較），bycontrast（相對(duì)照）....三．名詞性從句王牌要點(diǎn)：通常由that或疑問(wèn)詞導(dǎo)出。Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.（主語(yǔ)從句）Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.（賓語(yǔ)從句）Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.（表語(yǔ)從句）Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.（同位語(yǔ)從句）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）:同位語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)，在寫(xiě)作中正確運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)可以使你的句型更加簡(jiǎn)潔得體。《新概念英語(yǔ)》第三冊(cè)第一課有這樣一個(gè)句子：WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.（當(dāng)倫敦動(dòng)物園接到報(bào)告說(shuō)，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時(shí)，這些報(bào)告并沒(méi)有受到重視。）在這里，awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位語(yǔ)從句，它本來(lái)應(yīng)該放在“reports”后面，這里卻被放在了謂語(yǔ)成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。簡(jiǎn)單記憶：同位語(yǔ)從句，就是對(duì)某些名詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分）Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.（that引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā)現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報(bào)告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識(shí)），opinion（觀點(diǎn)），likelihood（可能性）［大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。］III.王牌要點(diǎn)：同位語(yǔ)一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which,who,what和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how或whether引導(dǎo)。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級(jí)和托福作文，不妨一試！）：ontheassumption（在前提下），ontheground（由于原因），ontheconditionthat（在條件下），withtheexception（有例外）owingtothefact（由于事實(shí)）；ontheunderstanding（基于理解）；Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買(mǎi)一幢別墅。IV?分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以放到句子的末尾，（讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：）Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovie"Titanic".同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別簡(jiǎn)單記憶:定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that或which在句子中用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：I'vegotananswerthatAisright.（同位語(yǔ)從句，that不做成分）I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.（定語(yǔ)從句，that做定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)）王牌重點(diǎn)：可以充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的詞組或短語(yǔ)。1）名詞短語(yǔ)。（使句型更為簡(jiǎn)潔）BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2）動(dòng)名詞詞組亦可用作同位語(yǔ)：別忘了加逗號(hào)。（使句型更為流暢）I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3）不定式短語(yǔ)。（陌生只是掌握的開(kāi)始）Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)）Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.同位語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級(jí)寫(xiě)作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成）分引導(dǎo)詞用來(lái)表示同位語(yǔ)與它所說(shuō)明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系：namely,thatitis,thatistosay（也就是說(shuō)），inotherwords（換句話說(shuō)），or,forshort表示等同關(guān)系。suchas,say,sotospeak（譬如說(shuō)），including（包括），forinstance（或forexample（e.g./eg），表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點(diǎn)，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。）第二章虛擬語(yǔ)氣THESUBJUNCTIVEMOOD虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表達(dá)不可能或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+did/were+...,...wouldshouldcould+do(動(dòng)詞原形)mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+haddone+...,...would(might)havedone...IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavephonedyou.(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemether.(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬：If+should+v.,...would+v.(可能性很小)(譯作“萬(wàn)一”)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?If+did/wereto+v...,would+v.(完全不可能)Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.金牌特殊重點(diǎn)：?。。酆?jiǎn)單聯(lián)想記憶］：?下列動(dòng)詞后的“賓語(yǔ)從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should+動(dòng)詞原形，shoud在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中要省略(TOEFL語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn))。此類常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest(建議)insist(堅(jiān)決要求)，advise,etc.例句：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishedwithinhalfanhour.?下列名詞后的同位語(yǔ)從句中要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(should可省去)的虛擬。suggestion,order,request,demand,importance,proposal.Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressparty.Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.Itis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+主語(yǔ)+should+v.Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformation.wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，asif后的狀語(yǔ)從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：主+wish+(that)+主+did/were(扌旨現(xiàn)在)haddone(扌旨過(guò)去)would+v.(指將來(lái))IwishthatImetmyunclenow.IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow.?Itis(high)timethat...+did/were...Itistimethatyouwenttobed.?wouldratherthat...+did/were...Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow.?wouldsoonerthat...+did/were...Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.第三章代替與省略

SUBSTITUTIONANDOMISSION英語(yǔ)中，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常用so,not,to,do,does代替前面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。女口：HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did代替wroteit)Doyouthinksheisclever?Ithinkso.(so代替sheisclever)從上兩例中看出，do/does/did代替動(dòng)詞。"so與not"代替某個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)、句子等，通常用于hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc后作賓語(yǔ)。g.—Isitcorrect?—I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)"to"用作不定式，常跟隨下列動(dòng)詞：want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gototheparty)"doso,dothat,doit"用來(lái)代替動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Eg.—HegaveupstudyingEnglish.—Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)—Thedishtastesnice.—Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)(此句不能用itdoesit或itdoesso,因taste屬靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。)為使語(yǔ)言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對(duì)話中常用省略形式。E.g.—Heisthinkingofbuyingacar?—Ishe?(這里，“thinkingofbuyingacar"被省略了。)—Willhecomebackintime?—Perhaps.(省略了hewillcomebackintime.)第四章倒裝

INVERSION根據(jù)語(yǔ)法要求，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)前，稱為部分倒裝。副詞如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語(yǔ)不能是代詞）Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthfloor.IncameMissGreen.（特別注意：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí)不倒裝。）Awayshewent!（她走了?。〩ereyouare!（你在這兒!）only+副詞（介詞短語(yǔ)）位于句首，句子要倒裝。Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首，句子形成倒裝。Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時(shí)，句子須倒裝。此類詞有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcelyrarely，seldom，not，never，notonly，barely，atnotime，nowhere等。e.g.—Jackcouldnotswim.—NeithercouldTom.NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，須倒裝。（準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是將需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞提到s的前面。）Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifully.在表示祝愿的句子中。Mayyoumakegreaterprogress!（愿你取得更大進(jìn)步?。┰谔摂M條件句中，連詞if省略時(shí)，句型要倒裝，即將were,had,should等詞提到句首。WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.我要是你，就出國(guó)進(jìn)修了。Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettletheproblem.他要是明天來(lái)的話，他會(huì)幫我們解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的。百分特例重點(diǎn)：Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant.（NCEBookIIILesson26）盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無(wú)法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。第五章形容詞ADJECTIVES定義：形容詞是用來(lái)修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點(diǎn)等。功能：形容詞可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)助語(yǔ)。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。描繪性形容詞主要用來(lái)描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。限定性形容詞主要用來(lái)限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，必須與冠詞連用：alovelygirl,thenaughtyboy形容詞可與系動(dòng)詞連用，做表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性狀。常用系動(dòng)詞有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，looktaste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱Ifeel,smell,taste,look,keep有時(shí)可以用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，并可以用副詞修飾。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheritwassalty.形容詞用作后置定語(yǔ)。（簡(jiǎn)單理解：一般的形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在名詞的后面）arivernavigable（一條可通航的河）sightvisible可見(jiàn)的景象personresponsible（負(fù)責(zé)人）注意：responsibleperson（有責(zé)任心的人）thebestwaypossible（盡可能好的辦法）thenumbernecessary（必要的數(shù)量）thepeoplepresent（在場(chǎng)的人）4．只能作表語(yǔ)的形容詞1．某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well（身體好的），ill（病的），faint（虛弱的），poorly（身體不好的）示例：Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特別注意：sick是個(gè)特例。它既可做表語(yǔ)，又可做定語(yǔ)。Heissickforacoupleofdays.（他病兩三天了）Heisasickperson.（他是個(gè)病人。）某些以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞。如:afraid（害怕的），alone（獨(dú)自的），alive（活著的），asleep（睡著的），awake（醒著的），aware（意識(shí)到的）Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.（老人一個(gè)人在家。）Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.（這位老師熱情洋溢。）Heisasleepinhismother'sarms.（他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。）Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.（我已經(jīng)意識(shí)到了困難。）5．當(dāng)一系列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，須注意排列順序：代明形容詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+名詞。（下圖看起來(lái)費(fèi)勁，看透了絕對(duì)實(shí)用代明形容詞數(shù)量形容詞性狀形容詞名詞1234567891011用于冠詞前的形容詞冠詞序數(shù)基數(shù)性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長(zhǎng)短形狀新舊溫度顏色國(guó)籍材料名詞指示代詞物主代詞動(dòng)名詞不定代詞AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwoodboxBothA(n)secondtwobadsmallnewyellowIndianstonethiscageSuchthat?????????roundcold??????Ironyour???SomeEg.abrokensmalloldgraystonebridge.suchagoodyellowpen.第六章副詞ADVERBS定義：副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞（系動(dòng)詞除外），形容詞，其它副詞或整個(gè)句子。功能：表示時(shí)間、方式、程度、范圍等。分類：?時(shí)間及頻度副詞：before,frequently,always,usually等地點(diǎn)副詞：here,northward,anywhere,above,below等方式副詞：rapidly,quickly,clearly,hard,well等程度副詞：quite,much,nearly,just,enough,perfectly,only等疑問(wèn)副詞：how,why,when,where等例：Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要點(diǎn)：幾個(gè)重要副詞的使用：enough:修飾形容詞或副詞，須置于被修飾詞后；而修飾名詞時(shí)放在修飾詞的前面。Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.too：位于形容詞或副詞前。Sheistooeagertoseeme.very:置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.much:修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞及副詞比較級(jí)。Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.still:“依舊，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。Hestillremembersthedaystheyspenttogether.Istillcannotcatchhiswords.yet:位于疑問(wèn)句末尾時(shí)意思是“已經(jīng)”；用于否定句時(shí)意思是“還”。Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.only:根據(jù)句意靈活運(yùn)用。（請(qǐng)翻譯下面三個(gè)句子）！Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否定意義副詞，注意使用。Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道嗎？幾個(gè)易混淆的副詞：easy:standeasy（=comfortably）easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow（=directly）clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.（=obviously）high:Hecanjumpveryhigh.（高地）highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoodteacher.（高度地）just:Wehavejustknowthenews.（剛剛）justly:Hewasjustlypunished.（公正地）hard:Youmustthinkhard.（努力地）hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.（幾乎不）pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.（非常）prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.（漂亮地）near:Helivesneartheschool.（附近）nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.（幾乎）late:Don'tcomelatenexttime.（遲至U）lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.（最近）formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.（正式地）formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany（.以前）free（免費(fèi)地）freely（自由地）most（最）mostly（大部分）sharp（準(zhǔn)時(shí)地）sharply（嚴(yán)厲地）第七章冠詞

ARTICLES不定冠詞“a”用來(lái)表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，用于輔音音素前，an用于元音音素前。如：aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman...I.定冠詞用法如下：（英語(yǔ)剛啟蒙時(shí)你就知道冠詞了，可你真正掌握了嗎？再背一遍又何妨？?。?.用于雙方都知道的名詞前：Pleasecleantheclassroom.2．用于單數(shù)名詞前，表示一類人或物：Thehorseisausefulanimal.（馬是有用的動(dòng)物）Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.（對(duì)于老師這是一項(xiàng)很難的工作。）3.用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的東西前：thesun,thespring.4．用于方位名詞前：Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.用于樂(lè)器名詞前：playtheviolin.用于計(jì)量單位前：Gasolineissoldbythegallon.形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前：Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.用于江河湖海山脈名稱前：thePacific，theThames，theRockyMountains雜志、報(bào)刊名稱前：theTimes，theOverseasDigest用于建筑物、和組織前：theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前，表“某某夫婦，某某一家人”theSmiths，theGreens用于形容詞前，表一類人/物：therich,theblind用于English，Chinese，F(xiàn)rench等名詞前，表“全體國(guó)民”theEnglish，theChineseII.以下情況不用冠詞：三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，...Haveyouhadlunch？體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目前playchess，...Ihavenointerestintennis.在由by引出的交通工具前byair（乘飛機(jī)），bycar在稱呼或職位前Hehasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)前atschool，daybyday，attable（在吃飯），gotochurch（做禮拜）…第八章介詞

Prepositions金牌要點(diǎn)：“英語(yǔ)是介詞和動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)言”，由此可見(jiàn)，掌握介詞的用法何其重要。學(xué)習(xí)介詞的最好方法是要弄清楚介詞與介詞之間位置上的關(guān)系，請(qǐng)參考下圖：aboveoverto—onfffromInfthroughinto//\outofbyunderbelowI.分類：常用簡(jiǎn)單介詞：about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until等。合成介詞：inside，outside，onto，outof，within等。短語(yǔ)介詞：accordingto，aheadof，alongwith，asfor，becauseof，bemeansof，dueto，inspiteof，onbehalfof，owingto，withregardto等。II.介詞與“……的”之關(guān)系:在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，一遇到“……的”，大家就會(huì)立刻想到'所有格或者of,實(shí)際上，在很多情況下，“……的”必須借助于介詞才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。以下請(qǐng)學(xué)員重復(fù)記憶：美國(guó)的冬天fthewinterinAmerica停車(chē)場(chǎng)的入口ftheentrancetotheparkinglot穿過(guò)森林的小路fthepaththroughtheforest魯迅的著作ftheworksbyLuXun水中的月亮fthemoonreflectedinwater歷史的見(jiàn)證fthewitnesstohistory對(duì)愛(ài)的渴望falongingforlove對(duì)我們不利的證據(jù)ftheevidenceagainstus陽(yáng)光下的漫步fawalkinthesunlight追求名譽(yù)的女人faladyafterfame兩人之間的爭(zhēng)論fanargumentbetweenthetwopersons重要介詞的重要用法:（1）from：此介詞表示“to”相反的方向。HecamefromLondon.HewenttoLondon.二詞常搭配使用“from...to...”WestudiedEnglishfrommorningtoafternoonHe'llstartfromBeijingtoShanghai.經(jīng)典用法：由于fThegirlistremblingfromfear.免除fTrampsarealwaysfreefromcare.流浪漢們總是無(wú)憂無(wú)慮。分開(kāi)fThecouplepartedfromeachotherattheairport.由……制成fTheredwineismadefromgrapes.紅葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的由from引導(dǎo)的慣用法：fromfar從遠(yuǎn)處fromnow/thenon從現(xiàn)在/那時(shí)起frombadtoworse每況愈下fromtimetotime（occasionally時(shí)而）習(xí)語(yǔ)：Shecomestovisitmefromtimetotime（2）outof：表示與“into”相反的語(yǔ)意Hewillbeoutoftown.Isteppedoutofthedarkroom.outof+名詞（=lack,tobewithout用完，用光）Hewenttotheshopbecausehewasoutofpaper.outofdate（=old-fashioned過(guò)時(shí)的）Thebookhasbeenoutofdate.outofwork（=jobless失業(yè)的）Heneedsmoneybecausebeisoutofwork.outofthequestion（=impossible不可能的）Finishingthehardworkisoutofthequestion.outofquestion（=doubtless毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的）Thathecandoitwellisoutofquestion.outoforder（=notfunctioning失靈的）Herradioisoutoforder,soshecan'tlistentoit.（3）by:表示從旁經(jīng)過(guò)或在……附近。經(jīng)典用法：?通過(guò)一Thisisthenearestroadbywhichtheycame.在時(shí)候fTheyoungmanworksbydayandstealsmoneybynight.由……所生一Hehastwosonsbyhersecondwife.抓住fShecaughtherchildbyhiscoatintheflood.?按計(jì)算fThefarmersselltheirapplesbythepound.?就（氣質(zhì)，特征）而言fHeisanartistbytemperament（氣質(zhì)）。Hepassedbymewithoutsayinghello.Helivesbythesea.用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)意，導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.by+具體時(shí)間：Theyusuallyhavedinnerby8o'clock.by+交通工具（bus,train,plan...）HetravelledtoParisbyair/plane.bytheendof+時(shí)間名詞：到末為止。Bytheendoflastyear,theyhadlearnt100texts.Bytheendofthisterm,theywillhavelearnt100texts.bythen:到那時(shí)Hewillgraduatein1999,bythenhewillleaveBeijing.bywayof（=via）經(jīng)由，取道TheyaregoingtotheUnitedStatesbywayofHongKong.bytheway順便問(wèn)Bytheway,doyouknowwhereMr.Lihasgone?byfar:得多（用于修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)）Thebookisbyfarthebestonthesubjectbyaccident［不小心，與onpurpose（故意地）語(yǔ)意相反］Thewronginformationwasputintothecomputerbyaccident.（4）in:在內(nèi)部，與"out"語(yǔ)意相反。Allthestudentsareintheclassroom.In+month/year:在某月/年InJanuary,in2000Intime及時(shí)Theyarrivedatthestationintime.Inthestreet在街上Inthepast在過(guò)去Inthefuture在未來(lái)Inthebeginning開(kāi)始，起初Intheend最后，終于Intheway擋住去路Hecouldn'tdrivehiscarawaybecauseabigstonewasintheway.onceinawhile時(shí)而Onceinawhile,hewenttotheMuseum.innotimeatall立刻，迅速Hhemeantime同時(shí)Hewashavingsupper,andinthemeantimehewatchedTV.inarow坐在某一排上Wheeventthat如果Intheeventthatyoupasstheexam,I'lltelephoneyou.incase萬(wàn)一，如果Bringyouraincoatincaseitrains.getintouchwith與……取得聯(lián)系keepintouchwith與……保持聯(lián)系（5）on:位于某物體表面上。Thedishesareontheroundtable.onaday/date在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上onWednesday,onFebruary9th,1999onFridayafternoon,onadarknight.ona/the+（bus,plane,ship,train,bike）Hewenttoschoolonabus.ona...street在某條街道Mrs.Smithliveson5th'Avenue.onthefloorofabuilding.位于某層樓ontime準(zhǔn)時(shí)（比intime具體）onthecorner（oftwostreets）在兩條街道相交的一角Thatshoestoreisonthecornerof2ndStreetand5thAvenue.onthesidewalk在人行道上ontheway在途中ontheright/left在右側(cè)/左側(cè)onthetelevision/theradio在電視/收音機(jī)里ThemanagerwillmakeaspeechontheTV.onthetelephone打電話Youarewantedonthephone.有您的電話onthewhole總的來(lái)說(shuō)，總體上ontheonehand,ortheotherhand一方面，另一方面onsale出售Thebooksareonsalefor$7each.onfoot步行（6）at:此介詞通常用來(lái)指某一特定時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。at+地點(diǎn)Mr.Smithlivesat15,16thAvenue.注：在某條街道On...street，而在某街某號(hào)應(yīng)用atat+特定時(shí)間At7:00inthemorning,hegoestowork.athome/school/work在家上學(xué)上班atnight在晚上atbest充其量attimes有時(shí)atpeace和平狀態(tài)atleast至少atworst最差atintervals間或，時(shí)而atrandom隨意，胡亂地atmost至多atpresent目前，現(xiàn)在atwar交戰(zhàn)atleisure悠閑自得地ataloss不知所措atlarge逍遙法外（7）其它介詞短語(yǔ)：inplaceof/insteadof代替forthemostpart—mainly主要地inhopesof希望……offandon時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)allofasudden突然forgood永遠(yuǎn)（8）動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)+介詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)語(yǔ)breakoff結(jié)束Thetwocountriesbrokeofftheirdiplomaticrelationship.bringup撫養(yǎng)，提出callonsb.要求，拜訪，呼吁Hecalledontheworkerstostruggle.carefor關(guān)心，照顧，喜愛(ài)|Sheonlycaresfornewclothes.Ihavetocareformysonafterschoolcheckon調(diào)查comealongwithsb.伴隨，和某人在一起comedownwith因……而生病Lastsummer,manypeoplecamedownwithintestinaldisorders.counton依靠、指望doawaywith擺脫drawup起草dropoutof（school...）退（學(xué)）figureout弄明白，弄清楚findout發(fā)現(xiàn)，查明（事實(shí)）getby:設(shè)法生存Despitethehighcostofliving,wewillgetbyonoursalary.getthrough完成，接通（電話）It'snoteasytogetthroughtheworkinaday.HowcanIgetthroughtoyou?getup起床，組織|Apartywillbegotupinmyhouse.goalongwith同意holdonto抓住，堅(jiān)持Inspiteofbeingamillionaire,heholdsontohisusuallivingways.holdup|搶劫I(mǎi)，忍受，停止|Thebankwashelduplastnight.Heheldupverywellafterthedeathofhiswife.Theworkhadbeenheldup.

passout昏迷runacross遇見(jiàn)，見(jiàn)到Iranacrosssomeoldfriendsyesterday.runinto偶然碰見(jiàn)WhenTomwasinLondon,heranintohisgoodfriendatthetheatre.seeabout|考慮Theyoungmanisseeingaboutgettingaticketforthefootballgame.takeoverfor替代ItookoverforJanetbecauseshewasill.talkover討論tryout試驗(yàn)，試行Theyaretryingoutanewideatohelpthepoorstudents.Turnin上交，睡覺(jué)Afteratiringday,heturnedinearly.watchoutfor警覺(jué)Pleasewatchoutforthieves.

weighonsb.壓迫，使焦慮Someproblemsareweighingonme,soIcan'tsleepwell.第九章反意疑問(wèn)句TagQuestion1．一般用法：Heisastudent,isn'the?Heisn'tastudent,ishe?“haveto,hadbetter,usedto”要用下列方式反問(wèn)：Hehastofinishthework,doesn'the?Theyusedtosmoke,didn't/usedn'tthey?You'dbettergetupimmediately,hadn'tyou?“has,have”作為助動(dòng)詞和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，反問(wèn)形式不同。Wehavedoneallthework,haven'twe?Youhavesometime,don'tyou?金牌要點(diǎn)如下2．“seldom,barely,hardly,scarcely,few,little”語(yǔ)意本身是否定，因此反意問(wèn)句應(yīng)為肯定形式。Sheseldomcomestovisitus,doesshe?Hehardlyknewit,didhe?3．當(dāng)主句為祈使句，反意問(wèn)句提出要求，命令應(yīng)用“willyou”Doitatonce,willyou?但如表示邀請(qǐng)，勸告，反意問(wèn)句用“won'tyou”Haveacupoftea,won'tyou?4．否定祈使句應(yīng)用“willyou”來(lái)反問(wèn)。

Don'topenthewindow,willyou?5．“Let's”短語(yǔ)?當(dāng)其為肯定形式，“shallwe”提出反問(wèn)Let'splaybasketball,shallwe??當(dāng)其為否定形式，“allright,ok”提出反問(wèn)Let'snotgototheparty,allright??如為“l(fā)etus...”其反問(wèn)形式應(yīng)為“willyou”提出請(qǐng)求Letusgohome,willyou?6．當(dāng)“think,suppose,consider,believe”etc被用作為主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其后帶有賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)問(wèn)句應(yīng)與從句保持一致。Idon'tthinkthatheisanhonestman,ishe?第十章獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

AbsoluteStructure此獨(dú)立形式只是一個(gè)小短語(yǔ)，而不是主謂完整的簡(jiǎn)單句，又稱之為獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句。當(dāng)分詞意義上的主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語(yǔ)，否則語(yǔ)意不通。（定義有點(diǎn)費(fèi)解，多看幾遍示例：Beingillinbed,Ican'tgotoschool.Motherbeingillinbed,Ican'tgotoschool.（1）獨(dú)立主結(jié)構(gòu)形式可用以表時(shí)間，理由，條件，伴隨狀態(tài)等Helayonthegrass,thesunshininguponhim.=Helayonthegrass,andthesunwasshininguponhim.Weatherpermitting,I'llstarttomorrow.=Ifweatherpermits,I'llstarttomorrow.Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.=Whenschoolwasover,theboyswenthome.Thesunhavingset,wearrivedatthestation.=Afterthesunhadset,wearrivedatthestation.王牌重點(diǎn)：當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)表示“一般人”如：we,one,you時(shí)，主語(yǔ)可省略，此用法常用于下列表達(dá)方式中：generallyspeaking一般來(lái)說(shuō)strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)talkingof...談到speakingof...說(shuō)到j(luò)udgingfrom...由……來(lái)判斷takingallthingsintoconsideration把一切都考慮在內(nèi)considering...考慮到……［示例］：Ifwejudgefromhisface,hemustbeill.=Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.Hehaslotsofbooksifweconsiderthatheisyoung.=Hehaslotsofbooks,consideringthatheisyoung.（2）with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語(yǔ)（表示原因，方式，伴隨等）和定語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)緊隨被修飾名詞后。1．with+名詞+介詞短語(yǔ)：Thewomanwithababyonherbackismysister.Theboyrushedintotheroom,withhisschoolbaginhishand.2．with+名詞+adj.withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.3．with+名詞+adv.Withtheglovesoff,shefeltcold.Withthelightson,thebuildinglooksbeautiful.4．with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞（主動(dòng)）with+名詞+過(guò)去分詞（被動(dòng)）Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.Theboywascryingwiththevasebroken.5．with+名詞+不定式Withthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.第十一章平行結(jié)構(gòu)

ParallelStructures許多句子在描述一個(gè)人或一件物品時(shí)往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一系列修飾語(yǔ)；動(dòng)詞的修飾語(yǔ)，即副詞往往也會(huì)幾個(gè)同時(shí)使用，構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)要求語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)須保持一致，如：1．系列動(dòng)詞：afterschool,wesang,dancedandplayedthepianointheclassroom.2．系列形容詞：Sheisslim,tall,blondandbeautiful.3．系列副詞：Thestudentsarelisteningtomecarefullyandeagerly.平行結(jié)構(gòu)不僅包括動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，也包括分詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，名詞短語(yǔ)和句子等的平行用法，務(wù)必提高辨別力。第十二章容易混淆的動(dòng)詞

SomeConfusingVerbs在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一些初學(xué)者常碰到大量易混淆的同義詞，下面就幾組常用的動(dòng)詞加以比較。rise，raise，arise，arouse“rise”是不及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式為rose,過(guò)去分詞為risen，其基本詞義“上升，上漲”Thesunrisesintheeast.Agoodidearoseinmymind.“raise”是及物規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，“舉起，提高”。Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.Theboycanraisetheheavystone.“arise”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式為arose,過(guò)去分詞arisen，其語(yǔ)義為“出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生”。Hiscuriosityaroseduetothequestionhismotherasked.“arouse”是及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞為aroused，其語(yǔ)義為“喚醒，引起”arousesomebodyfromsleep把某人喚醒a(bǔ)rousesuspicion引起懷疑lay，lie，lie“l(fā)ay”及物動(dòng)詞，“放置，生蛋”，過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞為“l(fā)aid”I'velaidthebookontheself.Thehenlaysaneggeveryday.“l(fā)ie”不及物動(dòng)詞“位于，平躺”，過(guò)去式為“l(fā)ay”過(guò)去分詞“l(fā)ain”Helayonthefloorandsleptsoundly.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.“l(fā)ie”及物動(dòng)詞“說(shuō)謊”它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。Heliedtohisteacher.sit，seat“sit”不及物動(dòng)詞，過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞均為“sat”。Hesatintheclassroomreadingnewspaper.“seat”及物動(dòng)詞，“使就坐”“容納”Heseatshimselfhere.Heisseatedthere.Heseatsthebabyonhisknees.Thehallwillseat5000people.affect，effect“affect”及物動(dòng)詞，“對(duì)……有影響，感動(dòng)，觸及”Therelationsbetweenthenwillbeaffected.“effect”及物動(dòng)詞，“導(dǎo)致，造成，帶來(lái)(變化)，產(chǎn)生”Thechangesinmethodseffectedsomeimprovementinhisstudy.hang(hanged,hanged)/(hung,hung)當(dāng)hang過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞為“hanged”，其含義是“絞死”而當(dāng)hang的過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞為“hung”時(shí)，其含義是“懸掛”Theman