看圖作文寫作方法

看圖作文看圖作文簡介看圖作文是借助于圖畫或圖表進行寫作的一種文體。它要求作者將畫面直觀的內(nèi)容或圖片包含的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成傳神表意的文字形式，屬于說明文性質(zhì)。其目的是考察考生的觀察分析能力、想象力和語言表達能力?？磮D作文要求：（1）主題明確，即能概括畫面或圖表所反映的中心議題；（2）圖文一致，即要包括畫面或圖表中所反映的主要內(nèi)容。看圖作文一般分為兩種：（1）看圖畫或圖片作文；（2）看圖表、曲線圖作文。前者通常采用敘述式（narration）寫作方式，而后者采用議論式（argumentation）。從大學英語四、六級考試和研究生入學英語考試來看，圖表作文的命題模式基本如下：給出標題、圖畫或圖表、寫作提綱、半小時內(nèi)寫出一篇120-180字左右的評論性文章。一般要求寫三方面的內(nèi)容：第一段說明該圖畫或圖表所反映的一個現(xiàn)象；第二段分析該現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)的諸多原因；第三段對該現(xiàn)象進行評論或發(fā)表想法。有時候，命題要求盡可能少地引用圖表中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)，只要求概括圖表所反映的總情況和總趨勢。下面結(jié)合四、六級及研究生入學英語考試中圖表作文的模式，分別談一下兩類作文中有關(guān)圖畫和圖表的寫作要領(lǐng)?？磮D畫作文的寫作要領(lǐng)看圖畫作文實質(zhì)上就是描述、分析并評論一幅（或一組）圖所反映的社會現(xiàn)象。對圖畫進行描述時，一般以被觀察者為對象，聯(lián)系圖片中所包含的背景、插入的文字等，揣摩作者的繪畫意圖，以觀眾的口吻進行解說。如果看的是一組圖畫，就得按照圖示的順序，對畫面上的內(nèi)容進行整體分析，去除細枝末節(jié)，分清主次，抓住圖畫后隱藏的中心意思進行解說。切莫象記流水帳一樣把所看到的、想到的細節(jié)全部寫出來，這只會使讀者感到乏味無趣。想象你自己就是這位畫家，在畫這副畫之前，你首先要構(gòu)思畫的內(nèi)容；其次是構(gòu)思作畫的步驟，先畫什么，后畫什么；然后將你的構(gòu)思用文字敘述出來，你對該圖畫的描述就完成了。下面以1998年研究生入學考試的看圖畫作文為例進行詳細解釋。例圖與范文Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan150words.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEETII.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:Writeoutthemessageconveyedbythecartoon.Giveyourcomments.如此承諾各行各業(yè)興承諾歡迎監(jiān)督不推托原本皆為份內(nèi)事何須高唱文明歌SuchapromiseRecently,moreandmorepeoplehaveseenvarietiesofpromiseseitherfromTV,newspaperorfromothermedia.Asisshowninthecartoon,evenahenhaslearnedhowtopromise.Weallknowthatahen’sdutyistolayeggswhichshouldundoubtedlyconsistofmostelementaryparts.Butthehenpromiseswhatsheshoulddo.Withthedevelopmentofthesocietyandtheimprovementofpeoplelivingstandard,moreandmoreattentionispaidtotheimprovementofthequalityofservice.Therefore,manyenterprisesanddepartmentspromisetobettertheirservicessoastomeetpeople’sneedbetteTr.heyarealsopleasedtoinvitepeopletosupervisewhattheyhavedoneandwilldo.Butmuchtooursurprise,someofthemjustpromisewhattheyshoulddo.Thesepromisesareonlylaughedatbypeople.Inmyopinion,doingmoreisbetterthanpromisingmore.Weshouldlaymoreemphasisonwhatwedoandhowwecanvirtuallyimprovethelevelofservice.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakepeoplesatisfiedwithwhatwedo.看圖表作文的寫作要領(lǐng)我們常見的圖表大致可以分為兩類：一類是表（ table）或表格（chart）；另一類是示意圖（diagram）或曲線圖（graph）。前一類是傳達各種統(tǒng)計數(shù)字和數(shù)據(jù)的簡明形式；后一類是信息的視覺表現(xiàn)。圖表作文與看圖作文有較大區(qū)別。前者通常是用實實在在的科學數(shù)據(jù)反映和說明事物某方面的真實情況，重在說明事實，來不得半點想象和發(fā)揮，它往往要求作者通過運用圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)來進行說明、解釋、對比和對照，闡明某種事實，說明某種道理，反映某種變化等等，也就是要找出圖表內(nèi)規(guī)律性、概括性和趨向性的內(nèi)容，從而解釋圖表的含義。要寫好圖表作文，首先要看懂圖表，弄清圖表中各個數(shù)據(jù)間的關(guān)系，分清主次，明確主題，接著在文字敘述時，要做到：（1）反映出圖表所要表達的核心思想和重要內(nèi)容，避免簡單地將圖表不分主次地從頭到尾復述一遍；(2)必要時，可將圖表中列舉的數(shù)據(jù)或項目進行分類；(3)說明圖表時，盡量不要遺漏其特點或規(guī)律，分析要基于事實、合乎邏輯，不可主觀臆想，任意發(fā)揮。另外，有一些細節(jié)問題不可忽視：(1)注意圖表的參照時間和圖表所使用的單位(2)注意時態(tài)的選擇，即采用什么時態(tài)寫作。一般來說，沒有參照時間的表格和圖表， 通常用一般現(xiàn)在時；有參照時間的表格和圖表，用一般過去時；但如果敘述的是現(xiàn)在的情況， 就必須采用一般現(xiàn)在時?，F(xiàn)將這兩類圖表的寫作要領(lǐng)分別舉例說明如下：(一)表格對表格的敘述可以自上而下，從左到右進行。下面以1991年6月全國大學英語四級看表格作文為例，分析其寫作思路。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople'sDiet?Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphstostatethechangesinpeople'sdietinthepastfiveyears;givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;drawyourownconclusions.Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.yearfood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%]Milk10%11%11%12%13%]Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%nFruitandVegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%看過表格后，具體寫作步驟如下:.細讀作文要求，如什么標題，要求多少段落，多少字數(shù)。從表格外提供給我們的要錄來看，我們知道：該作文標題為 ChangesinPeople'sDje摸求作者分三段描繪并限制字數(shù)不少于一百。.接下來，看表格內(nèi)提供的文字信息，著重尋找“變化” 。從左往右看，表格的第一列列舉了人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钏牡母黝愂称访Q；從上往下看，表格的第一行是從 1986至1990五個連續(xù)的年份；從每一豎欄看，所列百分數(shù)是各類食品在每年中占全部食品消耗量的百分比，且谷類食品在五年內(nèi)所占全部食品的比例均為最大，為人們的主要食物，而牛奶所占比例最??；從每一橫欄看，每一類食品所占比例均有變化，其中糧食的消費量逐年減少，牛奶、肉類的消費量逐年增多，而水果和蔬菜有升有降，在表格中表示的意義不明顯，可以忽略不記。通過以上步驟，我們可以得出結(jié)論：近年來，人們的食品結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了顯著變化，這個變化就是我們要重點說明或闡釋的事實和依據(jù)，它構(gòu)成文章的第一段。3．組織材料，構(gòu)思每一段的主題句，注意文章各段落間的銜接和過渡。第一段的主題句必須交代四個要素：表格研究的時間段（1986－1990年）、研究的對象（人們的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)）、研究所采用的數(shù)據(jù)形式（百分比而非具體的數(shù)字）和研究的結(jié)論（存在巨大變化）。第二段寫“可能的理由 （possiblereasons）”。由于主要變化是谷物消耗降低，牛奶、肉類消費與年上升。而前者下降源于后者上升。那么，作者要思考的問題就簡化為：為什么牛奶和肉類的消費增加？作者可以根據(jù)自己的認識、體驗來闡釋，只要言之有理，思路清晰，即可得分。第三段基于第二段的分析得出相應的結(jié)論。根據(jù)上述構(gòu)思，參考范文如下：ChangesinPeople'sDietAscanbeseenfromthetable，greatchangeshavetakenplaceinpeople'sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrain,themainfoodofpeopleisdecreasingyearbyyear，whilethatofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilkandmeat,isincreasingsteadily.Therearetwomainreasonsforthesechangesinpeople'sdiet．First，withtheeconomicdevelopment,commonpeopleearnmoremoney,sotheycanaffordmilkandmeat.Second,moreandmorepeoplecometorealizetheimportanceofabalanceddiettotheirhealthandtheyneedtoconsumeacertainamountofmilkandmeat.Fromtheabove-mentioned，weareverygladtoseethatthelivingstandardsofourpeoplearebeingimproved．Butontheotherhand，ifpeopleeattoomuchhigh-nutritionfood,someproblemswillarise.Inmyopinion,weshouldalwayskeepbalanceinourdiet．（二）曲線圖對于曲線圖，可以從圖中某一曲線的起點著手，沿線向前推進，加以說明。下面以1991年6月大學英語六級看曲線圖作文為例，分析其寫作思路。Directions:Youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionbasedonthegraphbelow.Yourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline:Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph.Possiblereason（s）forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity.Yourpredictionofwhatwillhappenthisyear.Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.

Thenumberofcaraccidentsinthiscityfluctuatedduringtheyearof1990.Itincreasedinthefirstthreemonthsanddecreasedinthefollowingthreemonths.Afterthat,thenumberofcaraccidentswentupagain.InAugust,thenumberreachedthetop.Sincethen,caraccidentshadbeenreducedremarkably.Therewereonly16caraccidentsinDecember.Therewereseveralreasonsforthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity.First,somenewroadswerebuiltandsomenarrowstreetswerewidened,whichreducedtheflowoftraffic.Second,anewtrafficlawwasmadeandcameintoforce.Thenewtrafficregulationslaiddowninthelawaremorestrictthantheoldones.Third,thecityadministrationstrengthenedtheeducationofkeepingtrafficrules.People,especiallydriversrealizedtheimportanceofkeepingtherules.Fromtheriseandfallrateofcaraccidentsinthegraph,wecanpredictthattherateofcaraccidentswillgoonfallingbecausethenewmeasuresaffordsomeguarantee.（三）條狀圖條狀圖由長方形的圖形組成。 這些長方形表示某一整體的各個組成部分，也表示各種數(shù)據(jù)資料或材料物體的比較與對比的關(guān)系。條狀圖往往使這種關(guān)系形象化、 視覺化。下面以2002年6月大學英語四、六級看條狀圖作文為例，分析其寫作思路。Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:StudentUseofComputers.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2000年某校大學生使用計算機的情況，請描述其變化；.請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機的用途、價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）；.你認為目前大學生在使用計算機中有什么困難或問題。StudentUseofComputersThisbarchartrevealsthetremendousgrowthinstudentuseofcomputers.Whilein1990,theaveragenumberofhoursastudentspentonthecomputerwasaboutonehourperweek,itgrewtonearlyfourhoursby1995,andanotherfiveyearslatertoapproximately20hours.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.First,computersdofacilitatepeopleinsuchaspectsaswordprocessing,bookkeepingandmultimediapresentations.Second,since1990,thepricesofcomputerhardwareandsoftwareaswellastheInternetusagechargeshavedroppedsignificantly,whichenablesmorestudentstoaffordthem.Finally,studentscangetentertainedandrelaxedbyplayingcomputergames,listeningtomusicorwatchingmoviesontheInternetWhilecomputersareofgreatassistancetostudents,theyalsoposesomechallenges.Foronething,computers'poorqualityorout-of-datedesignsbotherusalot.Foranother,toomanystudentsindulgeinplayingcomputergamesandneglecttheirstudy.（四）餅狀圖整個餅狀圖當然等于百分之一百， 圖中的各個部分代表一定的百分比。在分析餅狀圖時，首先要明確餅狀圖的主題，即圖形表達的是什么。其次，應該看一下整個圖形分成幾個小部分，各代表什么項目以及其所占整個餅狀圖的百分比是多少。 然后再對其各個部分進行比較、分析、解釋和描寫。切記餅狀圖的表達方式：整個餅狀圖劃分為各個小部分。每部分以百分比表示相互間的關(guān)系。各部分可以用線條隔開或用不同色彩來表示。請參考例圖和范文： ADiagramofExpenditureAscanbeseenfromthepiediagram,themainexpenditureofanaverageBritishfamilyisspentonfood,whichaccountsfor25%ofitstotalexpenditure.Thenexttwosignificantexpendingitemsaretransportandhousing,whichare15%and12%respectively.Ifwetakeclothingandfootwearintoaccount,whichmakesup10%,theabove-mentionedfouressentialsoflifeamountto62%ofthetotalexpenditure.FromthesefiguresonecaneasilyseethatthecostoflivinginEnglandisveryhigh.Bytheway,bothtobaccoandalcoholicdrinkexpendituresare5%respectively,soitisnotsurprisingtosaythattheBritishmustbegreattobaccoandalcoholicconsumers.（五）樹狀圖分類法是寫作的一種邏輯組織形式， 按一定的標準把一些具有相同特性的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料（物體、項目、概念、觀點等）加以歸類，會使讀者對某一類事物了解得更清楚， 印象鮮明。樹狀圖比之文字更直觀、準確、形象、例圖和范文：AClassificationofDrinksDRINKSAlcoholic non-alcoholice.g.spiritswinebeer hot colde.g.teacoffeecocoa aeratednon-aeratede.g.lemonadetonicwatersodawaterCoca-Cola ksquashesorcordials fruitjuices(e.g.dilutedwithwater) (e.g.normallyundiluted)Fromthisdiagramitcanbeseenclearlythatdrinksmaybeclassifiedintotwomaingroups:alcoholicandnonalcoholic.Theformermaybedividedintospirits,wineandbeer,whilethelatterfallsintohotandcolddrinks.Examplesofhotdrinksaretea,coffee,cocoa.Colddrinksmaybeagaingroupedaccordingtowhetherornottheyareaerated.Lemonade,tonicwater,sodawaterandCoca-Colaareexamplesofaerateddrinks.Non-aerateddrinksmaybesubdividedintosquashes,fruitjuicesandotherssuchasmilk.Inaddition,ascanbeseenfromthediagram,non-alcoholicdrinksareabiggerfamilythanalcoholicdrinks.四.看圖表作文常用句式描述圖表的主要特征和總的變化趨勢 (段首句)Thechartbelowdisplays/shows/reveals/illustrates/describes/demonstrates/represents…Thetableoffersusinformationabout…Itcanbeseenfromthetablethat…TOC\o"1-5"\h\zFromthegraph,itisnoted/clearthat …Asisshown/canbeseeninthechart, ???.Aswecanseeclearlyfromthefigures/chart, …Afterconsideringtheinformationinthegraph,wemightconcludethat…Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graph/diagram/chart,wecansee/discover/concludethat …Thefiguresshowevidencethat …描述增減變化Thenumberof…grew/rose/increased(decreased/declined/dropped/fell)(from…)to….-increased(decreased)threefold/by 3times/significantly/substantially/dramatically/marginally/steadily/gradually/inbigleaps/sharply/steeplyto…333Therewasabig/huge/dramatic/massive/marked/sharp/sudden/gradual/steady/significant/increase(increase)in…Chinaexperienced/sawasignificantrise/declinein…描述高峰和低谷狀態(tài)Mobilephoneusereachedapeakof/peakedat32millionin1990.ThepopulationofChinaamountedto1,300millionin2001Thepercentagereachedthebottomof13%in1995.描述波動或變動.…fluctuate…描述平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)Therewaslittlechangein …remainstatic/stable/unchanged/thesame.…experiencenochange.Noincreasewasshownin1995.描述比較對象的相同點ThedifferencebetweenAandBisverysmall.ThedifferencebetweenAandBdiminishedafter1995.AandBwassimilarinthat...(aboutA).AsimilartrendwasseeninB.AisexactlythesameasBinsize/cost.描述比較對象的相異點ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweenAandBAdiffersfromBbecause ……(abutA).Thisstands/isinmarkedcontrastto/withB…(aboutA).Incontrast,almosttheoppositeoccurredwithB.AandBistotallydifferentineveryway/respect.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin …大小高低排序*LessthanAwasslightlylessexpensivethanB.Hamburgeristhemostpopularfastfood,pizzacomingaclosesecond.Americahasthehighestrateofimprisonment,followedbyEuropeandfinallyAustralia.*MorethanIn1970and2000,morepeopledidmanuallaborinBritainthaninChina.Inbothcases,teenagersandretiredpeoplespendaroundtwiceasmuchtimeasthosewhoareatworkingage.PeopleworkinginthecomputerindustryinChinaoutnumberedthoseofBritainintheyear2000.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesexperiencesadeclineinimprisonmentrates,itstillremainedaheadofCanada.Theyieldofgraininourcountryin1996was5timesasmuchasthatof1966.百分比的描述Amakesup/occupies30%ofthetotaloutput/income/expenditure/consumption.描述圖表時間inthesecondquarterofthisyearin/around/before/after/since1985from1985onwardsintheyear1985and1986from1985to1986between1985and1986intheyears1985~1995overtheperiodfrom1985to199during/inthe1985~1995periodduringthisdecadeoverthe10-yearperiodbythenextdecadein/duringthe1980 'sduringthepasthalfcentury（五）縱向和橫向描述在描述較為復雜的曲線圖和條狀圖時， 涉及到縱向和橫向描述的問題。所謂縱向描述就是追尋某一事物的狀態(tài)隨時間推移而發(fā)生的變化（見圖一）。而橫向描述則是指我由不同比較對象在某一方面的相同和相異之處（見圖二）。在審圖時，要看清究竟是要描述縱向的發(fā)展，還是要做橫向之間的對比。單純的橫向或縱向描述比較簡單，但在大多數(shù)情況下，是縱向橫向兼有（見圖三），需要作者從橫向和縱向兩個方面同時進行觀察和描述，兩者缺一不可。六.看圖作文練習題1.ExerciseOneDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingandPerformance.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writeyourcompositionaccordingtothefollowingoutlines:1.Statethemainfacts2.Analyzethefacts3.DrawyourownconclusionsThenumberPercentageofThetotalReadingPerformanceofstudentsthetotalamountofspeed（words（scores）readinginaterm20040%400,0003,600>8016032%300,0003,00070~7911022%250,0002,40060~69306%<100,0001,800<60ReadingandPerformanceFromthischartwecanknowtherelationshipbetweenscoresandtheamountofreadinginthestudentsEnglishstudy.Therearetwohundredstudentswhoreadabout400,000wordsinatermwithareadingspeedof3,600wordsperhour(WPH),andtheirperformancescoresaremorethan80.Meanwhile,thetotalamountofreadingofthosewhogotscoreslowerthan60isnomorethan100,000eachterm,andthereadingspeedisonly1,800WPH.Thesestudentsaccountforsixpercent.Wecanseethatthemoreyouread,thefasteryouread,andthehigherscoreyouwillget.Infact,readingcannotonlyenrichyourvocabulary,butimproveyourlanguageawareness.Throughreading,youcanmastermanyreading