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【初中英語語法總結(jié)】【1
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
】
1)
經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語:
every…,
sometimes,
at…,
on
Sunday。例如:
I
leave
home
for
school
at
7
every
morning.
每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。
2)
客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:
The
earth
moves
around
the
sun.
地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
Shanghai
lies
in
the
east
of
China.
上海位于中國東部。
3)
表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride
goes
before
a
fall.
驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbus
proved
that
the
earth
is
round.
哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。
4)
現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如:
I
don't
want
so
much.
我不要那么多。
Ann
writes
good
English
but
does
not
speak
well.
安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。
比較:Now
I
put
the
sugar
in
the
cup.
把糖放入杯子。
I
am
doing
my
homework
now.
我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【2
一般過去時(shí)的用法
】
1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday,
last
week,
an
hour
ago,
the
other
day,
in
1982等。例如:
Where
did
you
go
just
now?
剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如:
When
I
was
a
child,
I
often
played
football
in
the
street.
我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever
the
Browns
went
during
their
visit,
they
were
given
a
warm
welcome.
那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It
is
time
for
sb.
to
do
sth
"到……時(shí)間了"
"該……了"。例如:It
is
time
for
you
to
go
to
bed.
你該睡覺了。
It
is
time
that
sb.
did
sth.
"時(shí)間已遲了"
"早該……了"
,例如It
is
time
you
went
to
bed.
你早該睡覺了。
would
(had)
rather
sb.
did
sth.
表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd
rather
you
came
tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4)
wish,
wonder,
think,
hope
等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如:I
thought
you
might
have
some.
我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine
was
an
invalid
all
her
life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine
has
been
an
invalid
all
her
life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs.
Darby
lived
in
Kentucky
for
seven
years.
(含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.
Darby
has
lived
in
Kentucky
for
seven
years.
(含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意:
用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動(dòng)詞want,
hope,
wonder,
think,
intend
等。例如:
Did
you
want
anything
else?
您還要些什么嗎?
I
wondered
if
you
could
help
me.
能不能幫我一下。
2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
could,
would。例如:
Could
you
lend
me
your
bike?
你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?【3
used
to
/
be
used
to
】
used
to
+
do:"過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother
used
not
to
be
so
forgetful.
老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf
used
to
take
a
walk.
斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be
used
to
+
doing:
對……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如:
He
is
used
to
a
vegetarian
diet.
Scarf
is
used
to
taking
a
walk.
斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。
典型例題
Your
phone
number
again?
I
___
quite
catch
it.
It's
69568442.
A.
didn't
B.
couldn't
C.
don't
D.
can't
答案A.
本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)?!?
一般將來時(shí)】
1)
shall用于第一人稱,常被will
所代替。will
在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如:
Which
paragraph
shall
I
read
first?
我先讀哪一段呢?
Will
you
be
at
home
at
seven
this
evening?
今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2)
be
going
to
+不定式,表示將來。
a.
主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What
are
you
going
to
do
tomorrow?
明天打算作什么呢?
b.
計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:The
play
is
going
to
be
produced
next
month。這出戲下月開播。
c.
有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look
at
the
dark
clouds,
there
is
going
to
be
a
storm.
看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3)
be
+不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如:
We
are
to
discuss
the
report
next
Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4)
be
about
to
+不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He
is
about
to
leave
for
Beijing.
他馬上要去北京。
注意:be
about
to
do
不能與tomorrow,
next
week
等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。【5
be
going
to
/
will
用于條件句時(shí),be
going
to表將來,will表意愿?!坷纾?/p>
If
you
are
going
to
make
a
journey,
you'd
better
get
ready
for
it
as
soon
as
possible.
Now
if
you
will
take
off
your
clothes,
we
will
fit
the
new
clothes
on
you
in
front
of
the
mirror.
【6
be
to和be
going
to】
be
to
表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be
going
to
表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如:
I
am
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm
going
to
play
football
tomorrow
afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)【7
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
】
1)下列動(dòng)詞come,
go,
arrive,
leave,
start,
begin,
return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The
train
leaves
at
six
tomorrow
morning.
火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。
When
does
the
bus
star?
It
stars
in
ten
minutes.
汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here,
there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如:
Here
comes
the
bus.
=
The
bus
is
coming.
車來了。
There
goes
the
bell.
=
The
bell
is
ringing.
鈴響了。
3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:
When
Bill
comes
(不是will
come),
ask
him
to
wait
for
me.
比爾來后,讓他等我。
I'll
write
to
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
there.
我到了那里,就寫信給你。
4)在動(dòng)詞hope,
take
care
that,
make
sure
that等的賓語從句中。例如:
I
hope
they
have
a
nice
time
next
week.
我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make
sure
that
the
windows
are
closed
before
you
leave
the
room.
離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。【8
用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
】
下列動(dòng)詞come,
go,
arrive,
leave,
start,
begin,
return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如:
I'm
leaving
tomorrow.
明天我要走了。
Are
you
staying
here
till
next
week?
你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?【9
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
】
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have
(has)
+過去分詞?!?0
比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)】
1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday,
last
week,…ago,
in1980,
in
October,
just
now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for,
since,
so
far,
ever,
never,
just,
yet,
till/until,
up
to
now,
in
past
years,
always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。
共同的時(shí)間狀語:this
morning,
tonight,
this
April,
now,
already,
recently,
lately
等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,
teach,
learn,
work,
study,
know.。
4)一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,
go,
leave,
start,
die,
finish,
become,
get
married等例如:
I
saw
this
film
yesterday.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)
I
have
seen
this
film.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)
Why
did
you
get
up
so
early?
(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)
Who
hasn't
handed
in
his
paper?
(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He
has
been
in
the
League
for
three
years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He
has
been
a
League
member
for
three
years.
(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
5)句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday,
last,
week,
in
1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tom
has
written
a
letter
to
his
parents
last
night.
(對)Tom
wrote
a
letter
to
his
parents
last
night.【11.
比較since和for
】
Since
用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。例如:
I
have
lived
here
for
more
than
twenty
years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I
have
lived
here
since
I
was
born.
我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:并非有for
作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I
worked
here
for
more
than
twenty
years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I
have
worked
here
for
many
years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1)(對)
Tom
has
studied
Russian
for
three
years.
=
Tom
began
to
study
Russian
three
years
ago,
and
is
still
studying
it
now.
2)(錯(cuò))
Harry
has
got
married
for
six
years.
=
Harry
began
to
get
married
six
years
ago,
and
is
still
getting
married
now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應(yīng)改為
Harry
got
married
six
years
ago.
或
Harry
has
been
married
for
six
years.
【12.
since的四種用法】
1)
since
+過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,
last
month,
half
past
six)。例如:
I
have
been
here
since
1989.
1989起,我一直在這兒。
2)
since
+一段時(shí)間+
ago。例如:
I
have
been
here
since
five
months
ago.
我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3)
since
+從句。例如:
Great
changes
have
taken
place
since
you
left.
你走后,變化可大了。
Great
changes
have
taken
place
since
we
were
here.
我們走后,變化可大了。
4)
It
is
+一段時(shí)間+
since從句。例如:
It
is
two
years
since
I
became
a
postgraduate
student.
我考上研究生有兩年了。【13.
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞】
1)
用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷;
瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如:
He
has
completed
the
work.
他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。
(表結(jié)果)
I've
known
him
since
then.
我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2)
用于till
/
until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……"
瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He
didn't
come
back
until
ten
o'clock.
他到10
點(diǎn)才回來。
He
slept
until
ten
o'clock.
他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1.
You
don't
need
to
describe
her.
I
___
her
several
times.
A.
had
met
B.
have
met
C.
met
D.
meet
答案B.
首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2.
I'm
sorry
to
keep
you
waiting.
Oh,
not
at
all.
I
___
here
only
a
few
minutes.
A.
have
been
B.
had
been
C.
was
D.
will
be
答案A.
等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。【14.
用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)】
1)
兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but
等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
When
she
saw
the
mouse,she
screamed.
她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My
aunt
gave
me
a
hat
and
I
lost
it.
姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2
)
兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:
When
I
heard
the
news,
I
was
very
excited.
3)
敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
Our
teacher
told
us
that
Columbus
discovered
America
in
1492.【15.
不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞】
1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如have,
belong,
possess,
cost,
owe,
exist,
include,
contain,
matter,
weigh,
measure,
continue等。例如:I
have
two
brothers.
我有兩兄弟。
This
house
belongs
to
my
sister.
這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如know,
realize,
think
see,
believe,
suppose,
imagine,
agree,
recognize,
remember,
want,
need,
forget,
prefer,
mean,
understand,
love,
hate等。例如:I
need
your
help.
我需要你的幫助。
He
loves
her
very
much.
他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動(dòng)詞,如accept,
receive,
complete,
finish,
give,
allow,
decide,
refuse等。例如:
I
accept
your
advice.
我接受你的勸告。
4)系動(dòng)詞,如seem,
remain,
lie,
see,
hear,
smell,
feel,
taste,
get,
become,
turn等。例如:
You
seem
a
little
tired.
你看上去有點(diǎn)累?!?6.
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)】
1)概念:表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3)
常用的時(shí)間狀語有this
morning,
the
whole
morning,
all
day
yesterday,
from
nine
to
ten
last
evening,
when,
while等。例如:
My
brother
fell
while
he
was
riding
his
bicycle
and
hurt
himself.
我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來,受了傷。
It
was
raining
when
they
left
the
station.
他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。
When
I
got
to
the
top
of
the
mountain,
the
sun
was
shining.
我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1)
Mary
___
a
dress
when
she
cut
her
finger.
A.
made
B.
is
making
C.
was
making
D.
makes
答案C.
割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí),when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2)
As
she
___
the
newspaper,
Granny
___
asleep.
A.
read;was
falling
B.
was
reading;
fell
C.
was
reading;
was
falling
D.
read;fell
答案B.句中的as
=
when,
while,意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí),用過去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為
"在她看報(bào)紙時(shí),奶奶睡著了。"句中的
fell(fall的過去時(shí)),是系動(dòng)詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall
sick?!局攸c(diǎn)部分提要】一.詞匯⑴單詞1.介詞:in,on,under,behind,near,at,of1).in表示"在……中","在……內(nèi)"。例如:inourclass在我們班上inmybag在我的書包里inthedesk在桌子里intheclassroom在教室里2).on表示"在……上"。例如:onthewall在墻上onthedesk在桌子上ontheblackboard在黑板上3).under表示"在……下"。例如:underthetree在樹下underthechair在椅子下underthebed在床下4).behind表示"在……后面"。例如:behindthedoor在門后behindthetree在樹后5).near表示"在……附近"。例如:neartheteacher'sdesk在講桌附近nearthebed在床附近6).at表示"在……處"。例如:atschool在學(xué)校athome在家atthedoor在門口7).of表示"……的"。例如:apictureofourclassroom我們教室的一幅畫amapofChina一張中國地圖2.冠詞a/an/the:冠詞一般位于所限定的名詞前,用來署名名詞所指的人或事物。冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種。不定冠詞有兩個(gè)形式,即a和an。a用在以輔音音素開頭的詞前,如abook;an用在以元音音素開頭的字母前,如anapple.a或an與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,泛指某類人或某物中的一個(gè)。Thisisacat.這是一只貓。It'sanEnglishbook.這是一本英語書。Hisfatherisaworker.他的爸爸是個(gè)工人。the既可以用在可數(shù)名詞前,也可以用在不可數(shù)名詞前,表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或事物,也可以指上文提到過的人或事物。Who'stheboyinthehat?戴帽子的男孩是誰呀?Whatcanyouseeintheclassroom?Icanseeabag.Where'sthebag?It'sonthedesk.你能在教室里看到什么呀?我能看見一個(gè)書包。書包在哪呀?在桌子上。3.some和any①在肯定句中用some.例如:Therearesomebooksonthedesk.桌子上有一些書。Lucyhassomegoodbooks露西有一些好書。②在疑問句和否定句中用any。例如:Isthereanyinkinyourpen?你的鋼筆里有墨水嗎?Doyouhaveanybrothersandsisters?你有兄弟姐妹嗎?Thereisn'tanywaterintheglass.杯子里沒有水。⑵記住它們的特殊用法。①some亦可用于表示盼望得到對方肯定的答復(fù)或表示建議、委婉請求的疑問句中,這一點(diǎn)我們不久就會(huì)學(xué)到。例如:Wouldyouliketohavesomeapples?你想吃蘋果嗎?②any也可用于肯定句中,表示"任何的"。例如:Anyoneofuscandothis.我們當(dāng)中任何一個(gè)都能做這個(gè)。some和any的用法是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn),希望大家能準(zhǔn)確地掌握它們的用法。4.familyfamily看作為一個(gè)整體時(shí),意思是"家庭",后面的謂語動(dòng)詞be用單數(shù)形式is;如把family看作為家庭成員時(shí),應(yīng)理解為復(fù)數(shù),后面的謂語動(dòng)詞be應(yīng)用are。Myfamilyisabigfamily.我的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。Myfamilyareallathomenow.我的家人現(xiàn)在都在家。Family強(qiáng)調(diào)由家人組成的一個(gè)集體或強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的成員。home指個(gè)人出生、被撫養(yǎng)長大的環(huán)境和居住地點(diǎn)。house指"家"、"房屋",側(cè)重居住的建筑本身。Hisfamilyareallworkers.他的家人都是工人。MyhomeisinBeijing.我的家在北京。Heisn'tathomenow.他現(xiàn)在不在家。It'sapictureofmyfamily.這是一張我全家的照片。5.little的用法alittledog一只小狗,alittleboy一個(gè)小男孩。little常用來修飾有生命的名詞。*但little還可表示否定意義,意為"少的",加不可數(shù)名詞。Thereislittletime.幾乎沒時(shí)間了。Thereislittlewaterinthecup.杯中水很少。⑵詞組onthedesk在桌子上behindthechair在椅子后underthechair在椅子下面inherpencil-box在她的鉛筆盒中nearthedoor在門附近apictureofaclassroom一個(gè)教室的圖片lookatthepicture看這張圖片theteacher'sdesk講桌amapofChina一張中國地圖familytree家譜haveaseat坐下,就坐thisway這邊走二.日常用語1.Comeandmeetmyfamily.2.Goandsee.Ithinkit'sLiLei.3.Gladtomeetyou.4.Whatcanyouseeinthepicture?Icanseeaclock/somebooks.5.Canyouseeanorange?Yes,Ican./No,Ican't.6.Where'sShenzhen?It'snearHongKong.7.Letmesee.(口語)讓我想想看。see在這是"明白、懂了",不可譯作"看見"。例如:8.Pleasehaveaseat.seat表示"座位",是個(gè)名詞。haveaseat表示"就坐",也可以說takeaseat,和sitdown的意思相同。三.語法1.名詞所有格名詞如要表示與后面名詞的所有關(guān)系,通常用名詞所有格的形式,意為"……的"。一般有以下幾種形式:(1).一般情況下在詞尾加"'s"。例如:Kate'sfatherKate的爸爸mymother'sfriend我媽媽的朋友(2).如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞以s結(jié)尾,只加"'"。例如:Teachers'Day教師節(jié)Theboys'game男孩們的游戲(3).如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞不以s結(jié)尾,仍加"'s"。例如:Children'sDay兒童節(jié)Women'sDay婦女節(jié)(4).表示兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)共有時(shí),所有格應(yīng)加在后一個(gè)名詞上。例如:LucyandLily'sroomLucy和Lily的房間KateandJim'sfatherKate和Jim的爸爸動(dòng)物和無生命事物的名詞的所有格一般不在詞尾加"'s",而常常用介詞of的短語來表示。amapofChina一幅中國地圖thenameofhercat她的貓的名字apictureofmyfamily我的家庭的一張照片thedoorofthebedroom臥室的門2.祈使句祈使句主要用來表示說話人的請求、命令、建議、叮囑等意圖。祈使句一般不用主語,讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。為使語氣委婉、禮貌,常在句首或句尾加please。在句尾時(shí),please前多用逗號(hào)。(1).祈使句肯定形式的謂語動(dòng)詞一律用動(dòng)詞原形。Goandsee.去看看。Comein,please.請進(jìn)。(2).祈使句的否定形式常用don't于句首。Don'tlookatyourbooks.不要看書。Don'tplayontheroad.不要在馬路上玩。3.Therebe的句子結(jié)構(gòu)Therebe是一個(gè)"存在"句型,表示"有"的意思,肯定句的形式為:Therebe+名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))+地點(diǎn)狀語或時(shí)間狀語。be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)的確定,看be后邊第一個(gè)名詞,當(dāng)所接主語為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),be動(dòng)詞形式為is;當(dāng)所接主語為復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),be動(dòng)詞為are;當(dāng)be動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)以上主語時(shí),be動(dòng)詞與最臨近主語保持?jǐn)?shù)上的一致。意思為"某地有某人或某物"。如:Thereisaneraserandtwopensonthedesk.桌子上有一塊橡皮和兩支鋼筆。Therearetwopensandaneraseronthedesk.桌上有兩支鋼筆和一塊橡皮。(1)therebe的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。否定形式為:Therebe+not+(any)+名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語。Thereisnotanycatintheroom.房間里沒貓。Therearen'tanybooksonthedesk.桌子上沒書。(2)therebe句型的疑問句就是將be提到句首:Bethere+(any)+名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語?肯定回答:Yes,thereis/are.否定回答:No,thereisn't/aren't.Isthereadoginthepicture?畫上有一只狗嗎?Yes,thereis.有。Arethereanyboatsintheriver?河里有船嗎?No,therearen't.沒有。(3)特殊疑問句:Howmany...arethere(+地點(diǎn)狀語)?"某地有多少人或物?"回答用Therebe...There'sone./Therearetwo/three/some...有時(shí)直接就用數(shù)字來回答。One./Two...Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?教室里有多少學(xué)生?There'sonlyone./Therearenine.只有一個(gè)。/有九個(gè)。(4)如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,用:Howmuch+不可數(shù)名詞+isthere+地點(diǎn)狀語?Howmuchwateristhereinthecup?杯中有多少水?Howmuchfoodisthereinthebowl?碗里有多少食物?【課題專練】專題一、英語構(gòu)詞法匯總及練習(xí)一.概念英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法,轉(zhuǎn)化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和詞首字母縮略法.二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1.轉(zhuǎn)化法英語中,有的名詞可作動(dòng)詞,有的形容詞可作副詞或動(dòng)詞,這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞很多動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,大多意思沒有多大的變化(如下①);有時(shí)意思有一定變化(如下②);有的與一個(gè)動(dòng)詞和不定冠詞構(gòu)成短語,表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作(如下③)。例如:①Let'sgooutforawalk.我們到外面去散散步吧。②Heisamanofstrongbuild.他是一個(gè)體格健壯的漢子。③Let'shaveaswim.咱們游泳吧。2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞很多表示物件(如下①)、身體部位(如下②)、某類人(如下③)的名詞可以用作動(dòng)詞來表示動(dòng)作,某些抽象名詞(如下④)也可作動(dòng)詞。例如:①Didyoubookaseatontheplane?你訂好飛機(jī)座位了嗎?②Pleasehandmethebook.請把那本書遞給我。③Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.她看護(hù)丈夫,使他恢復(fù)了健康。④Welunchedtogether.我們在一起吃了午餐。3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞有少數(shù)形容詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如:Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。4)副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞有少數(shù)副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。例如:Murderwillout.(諺語)惡事終必將敗露。5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞表示顏色的形容詞??赊D(zhuǎn)化為名詞(如下①);某些形容詞如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等與the連用,表示一類人,作主語時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)(如下②)。例如:Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.你在葬禮中該穿黑色衣服。Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。2.派生法在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫作派生法。1)前綴除少數(shù)前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,不改變詞性;后綴一般改變詞類,而不引起詞義的變化。(1)表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等,在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構(gòu)成與該詞意義相反的新詞。例如:appear出現(xiàn)→disappear消失correct正確的→incorrect不正確的lead帶領(lǐng)→mislead領(lǐng)錯(cuò)stop停下→non-stop不停(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構(gòu)成表語形容詞),anti-(反對;抵抗),auto-(自動(dòng)),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再;又),sub-(下面的;次;小),tele-(強(qiáng)調(diào)距離)等。例如:alone單獨(dú)的antigas防毒氣的autochart自動(dòng)圖表cooperate合作enjoy使高興internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng)reuse再用subway地鐵telephone電話2)后綴英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構(gòu)成新詞,也可加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。后綴通常會(huì)改變單詞的詞性,構(gòu)成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會(huì)改變詞義,變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。(1)構(gòu)成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence,-(e)r/-or(從事某事的人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ful(一……),-ian(精通……的人),-ist(專業(yè)人員),-ment(性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-ness(性質(zhì);狀態(tài)),-tion(動(dòng)作;過程)等。例如:differ不同于→difference區(qū)別write寫→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演員mouth口→mouthful一口music音樂→musician音樂家(2)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容詞之后),-fy(使……化),-ize(使……成為)。例如:wide→widen加寬beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提純r(jià)eal→realize意識(shí)到organ→organize組織(3)構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al,-able(有能力的),-(a)n(某國人的),-en(多用于表示材料的名詞后),-ern(方向的),-ese(某國人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less(表示否定),-like(像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y(表示天氣)等。例如:nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美國→American美國的China中國→Chinese中國人的gold金子→golden金的east東→eastern東方的child孩子→childish孩子氣的snow雪→snowy雪的(4)構(gòu)成副詞的常用后綴有-ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如:angry生氣的→angrily生氣地to到→towards朝……,向……east東方→eastward向東(5)構(gòu)成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen(十幾),-ty(幾十),-th(構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞)。例如:six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十3.合成法1)合成名詞構(gòu)成方式例詞名詞+名詞weekend周末名詞+動(dòng)詞daybreak黎明名詞+動(dòng)名詞handwriting書法名詞+及物動(dòng)詞+er/orpain-killer止痛藥名詞+介詞+名詞editor-in-chief總編輯代詞+名詞she-wolf母狼動(dòng)詞+名詞typewriter打字機(jī)動(dòng)名詞+名詞reading-room閱覽室現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞flying-fish飛魚形容詞+名詞gentleman紳士副詞+動(dòng)詞outbreak爆發(fā)介詞+名詞afternoon下午2)合成形容詞名詞+形容詞snow-white雪白的名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking講英語的名詞+to+名詞face-to-face面對面的名詞+過去分詞man-made人造的數(shù)詞+名詞one-way單行的數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞two-year-old兩歲的數(shù)詞+名詞+edfive-storeyed五層的動(dòng)詞+副詞see-through透明的形容詞+名詞high-class高級的形容詞+名詞+ednoble-minded高尚的形容詞+形容詞light-blue淺藍(lán)色的形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking相貌好看的副詞+形容詞ever-green常青的副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working勤勞的副詞+過去分詞well-known著名的副詞+名詞fast-food專門提供快餐服務(wù)的介詞+名詞downhill下坡的3)合成動(dòng)詞名詞+動(dòng)詞sleep-walk夢游形容詞+動(dòng)詞white-wash粉刷副詞+動(dòng)詞overthrow推翻4)合成副詞形容詞+名詞hotfoot匆忙地形容詞+副詞everywhere到處副詞+副詞however盡管如此介詞+名詞beforehand事先介詞+副詞forever永遠(yuǎn)5)合成代詞代詞賓格+selfherself她自己物主代詞+selfmyself我自己形容詞+名詞anything任何東西6)合成介詞副詞+名詞inside在……里面介詞+副詞within在……之內(nèi)副詞+介詞into進(jìn)入4.截短法(縮略法)截短法,即將單詞縮寫,詞義和詞性保持不變,主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。1)截頭telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2)去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3)截頭去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞。后半部分表示主體;前半部分表示屬性。newsbroadcast→newscast新聞廣播televisionbroadcast→telecast電視播送smokeandfog→smog煙霧helicopterairport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場6.首尾字母縮略法首尾字母縮略法,即用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式,即各字母分別讀音;作為一個(gè)單詞讀音。veryimportantperson→VIP(讀字母音)要人;大人物television→TV(讀字母音)電視TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福Nato三.鞏固練習(xí)1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words;a600-wordsB.600-word;a600-wordsC.600words;a600-wordD.600words;a600-words10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident;youdidit________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionallyD.intentional13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.A.practiceB.practiseC.practicalD.practiced14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing17.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness18.Canadaismainlyan________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-EnglishC.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken19.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.A.foolish;foolishly;foolB.fool;foolish;foolC.foolish;fool;foolD.foolishly;foolish;fool20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.A.indangerB.dangerC.dangerousD.dangerless22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.A.soundB.silentC.silenceD.sounded23.Thechildlookedatme________.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless24.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees25.Whatyousaidsounded________butinfactitwasuntrue.A.reasonableB.reasonfulC.reasonlessD.unreason26.Wehavetolearn________technologyfromothercountries.A.advanceB.advancingC.advantageD.advanced27.Thechildrenliveinavillage________.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.nearby28.MrBlackisan________inthearmy,notan________inthegovernment.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis________.A.official;officer;officeB.officer;office;officialC.official;official;officialD.officer;official;office29.You’dbettergiveupsmokingifyouwanttokeep________.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier30.________speaking,Ididn’tdoitonpurpose.A.HonestlyB.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest[參考答案]1-5BDACB6-10CBDCB11-15ACDCB16-20BAAAB專題二、英語語法匯總及練習(xí)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):
初中英語的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)主要有五種:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
1.
一般現(xiàn)時(shí)的用法:主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示,但在第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)要在詞尾加-s。否定句和疑問句要用助動(dòng)詞do,does.
A.
經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如Thetreesgetgreeninspring.。
B現(xiàn)在特征或狀態(tài)。如TheChangjiangRiveristhelongestinourcountry.
Hedoesn`tworkinthefactory.
C.普遍真理。如Thesunrisesintheeast.Fiveandtwoinseven.
2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:
Wherearetheyswimming?
Theyareswimmingintheriver.
有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示近期按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這些動(dòng)詞是:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,worksleep,stay,play,do,have,wear…..
Sheiscomingtoseemetomorrow.
3.
一般將來時(shí):主要表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。
由助動(dòng)詞shall或will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。/
begoingto加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成
Itwon’traintonight.
Ishallmeetyouatthestation.
Heisgoingtohaveaswimtomorrow.
4.一般過去時(shí):由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示。
表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。包括過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如;
Didyouknockatthedoorjustnow?/
Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):由have的人稱形式加過去分詞構(gòu)成
A到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如:
IhavelentmybooktoAnn.我把書借給了安。
Hehasneverseenarealtiger.他從來沒有見過真老虎。
B、從過去開始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:
Shehaslivedheresince1991.從一九九一年起她就住在這里。
時(shí)態(tài)
常用的時(shí)間副詞
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
every(year,otherday,twodays,week,month…),often,always,usually,sometimes,inthemorning,insummer,onSunday
一般過去時(shí)
lastweek,justnow,yesterday,yeaterdaymorning,thedaybeforeyesterday,then,
atthatmoment,(afewdays)ago,
一般將來時(shí)
tomorrow,nextmonth,intwodays,
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
now
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
since,for(oneyear….),just,already,yet,inthelastfiveyears,…before.sofar
被動(dòng)語態(tài):
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。Be有人稱,數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài)變化。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):be(isamare)+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
一般過去時(shí):be(waswere)+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過去分詞:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)填空:
1.
Light_________(travel)fasterthansound.He_______(get)upearlyinthemorning
2.
Johnusually________(go)homeonSundaymorning.
3.
Cats________(like)fishwhiledogs_______(like).
4.
Healways__________(sleep)withhiswindowsopen.
5.
Onetree___________(notmake)awood.
Twoandthree_______(be)five.
6.
I______(say)youarewrong.Everything_______(go)wellinspring.
7.
He_________(notwok)onSundays.He_______(take)awalkaftersupper.
8.
Lucy________(prefer)coffeetomilk.Lily________(hate)traveling.
9.
Children_______(love)toplaygames.Theboy_____(look)likehismother.
10.
Thesun_______(rise)intheeastand______(go)downinthewest.
11.
Where______you______(go)justnow?I_______(go)
tothelibrary.
12.
He______(live)inChinalastyear,buthe________(live)inJapannow.He_________(live)there
forthreemonths.He________(live)therebytheendofthisyear.
13.
He_______(pay)tenyuanforhisnewbookyesterday.It______(cost)himsolittle.
14.
What_____you_____(wear)yesterday?I_______(wear)ablueskirt.
15.
He______(feel)verytiredlastnight,he____(fall)asleepveryquickly.
16.
He______(say)he______(will)writetomeassoonashecamehome.
17.
He______(take)histemperaturehalfanhourago.
18.
We________(win)theleaguematchlastweek,we______(be)thewinners.
19.
She______(keep)mewaitingforanhourlastnight.She______(be)late.
20.
He______(find)itdifficulttogettosleep.becausehe_______(be)tooglad.
21.
He________(read)abookwhenI______(see)her
.
22.
Greatchanges_______(happen)inthevillagelastyear.
23.
He____(drive)toShanghailastweek,he________(choose)manypresentsforhisfamily.
24.
Justnow,he______(mistake)meforLucy.
25.
What______you_____(do)now?I________(look)formypen.
26.
Look,they______(read)overthere,others_______(dance)underthetalltree.
27.
Listen,someone___________(sing)Englishsongsnextroom.
28.
It’sfiveo’clock..I________(do)myhomework,Mybrother
__________(play)games,mymother_________(cook)supper,myfather________(mend)hiscarinthegarden.
29.
Tom__________(fly)kiteswithhisclassmatesonthehillnow.
30.
Who____________(wash)clothesoverthere?It’smymother.
31.
______you_______(look)foraball?Yes.Iam.
32.
He_______always_______(try)outhisnewideas.
33.
Theworldpopulation__________(grow)fasterandfaster.
34.
What_______Lucy_________(wear)today?She_______(wear)adarkblueskirt.
35.
______you_______(make)acake?No.I__________(make)dumplings.
36.
It________(rain)hardnow.Ifit_________(notstop),we________(notgo)tothepark.
37.
Thechildren________(go)theparknextweek.They________(have)agoodtimethere.
38.
Hewithhisfather_________(play)footballtomorrow.
39.
Myfriend_________(come)toseemeintwodays.
40.
What______you_______(do)thisSunday?
Nothingmuch.______we______(go)shopping?
That’sagoodidea.When______we______(meet)?
41.
There__________(be)afootballmatchthedayaftertomorrow.
42.
Jim__________(have)aswimthisevening.Afterthat,he________(do)hishomework.
43.
ClassThree__________(not
have)anyclassesnextweek.
44.
I________(buy)askirtformydaughternextmonth.
45.
_______you_______(start)yourhomework?
Yes,butI_________(notfinish)ityet.
46.
What________you________(do)withthelibrarybook?I_____just_______(return)it.
47.
Excuse
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