文稿案例教案ap-biology

AAPBiologychapterAnimalStructureandTThedigestivesystemThecirulatorysystemTheimmunesystemTheexcretorysytemTheneroussystemorinesystemThereproductivesystemMorphogenesis,orPageDDigestiveWWhatdoanimalsneedtoAnimalsmakeenergy–––foodforraw?aminoacids,sugars,fats,nucleotides–ATPenergyforO2PagePage HerbivoreseatmainlyCarnivoreseatotherOmnivoreseatanimals&PageDigestiveDigestiveEverybody’sgotwithinfoodvaculesPageDDigestiveEverybody’sgotinagastrovascular腔腸.mouth口crop嗉囊rectum直腸PageHHumandigestivemouth,escophagus,stomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,andaccessoryorgans(liver,pancreas,gallbladder,andsalivaryglands)fourgroupsofmoleculesmustbebrokendown:starch,protein,fats,andnucleicacids.PagemmechanicalbreakingupfoodintosmallerchemicalbreakingdownfoodintomoleculessmallenoughtobeabsorbedintocellsPage咽肝胃HumandigestivePagePageTThemechanicalbreakupchemicaldigestion(saliva唾液腺salivaamylasedigestsstarchintoPageFoodmovesthroughescophagusinawavelikemotionknownasperistalsis蠕動(dòng).involuntary無意識(shí)musclecontractionstomovefoodalongPageTheThedisinfecthydrochloricacid=pH–killsfoodcanstretchtofit~2Ldigestspepsin胃蛋白酶PageSecretesgastricjuices胃液，whichcontainPepsinworksbestinechyme糜ButthestomachismadeoutofWhatstopsthestomachfromdigestingmucussecretedbystomachcellsprotectsstomachliningTThesmalldigestamylasefromdigesttrypsin&chymotrypsinfromdigestlipidsbilefromliver&lipasefromthreePagePagePageTTheProducesdigestivedigesttrypsin胰蛋白酶,digestpancreaticdigestpancreaticdigestnucleicribonucleaseandPagePagePagePPageLLiver&GallProducesbilebreaksupgallbladderonlystoresthat’swhyyoucanhaveyourgallbladder化劑,mechanicallybreaksupfatsintosmallerfatdroplerts.PageAAbsorptioninSmallAbsorptionthroughvilli絨毛µvillifinger-likeincreasessurfaceareaforPageEEnlargeHHormonesindigestiveGastrin促胃泌素stimulatesstomachcellstoproducegastricjuiceSecretin分泌素stimulatesthepancreasproducebicarbonateanddigestiveCholecystokinin膽囊收縮素:stimulatesthesecretionofpancreaticenzymesandthereleaseofbile.PageTThelargeintestinesre-absorbsuse~9litersofwatereverydayindigestivejuices–ifdon’treabsorbwaterwoulddieofdehydration>90%ofwaterre-absorbedreabsorbby--re-absorbbyPageLastsectionoflargeeliminatewhat’sleftmainlycellulosefromcalledroughageorkeepseverythingmoving&cleansoutmassesofPagebreakupdigestkillmoistenkillsbreakupdigeststoreproduces-storedingallbreakupsmallbreakdownproducesenzymestodigestproteins&absorbabsorbwaterPPageTTherespiratoryWWhydoweneedarespiratoryNeedO2forcellularmakeNeedCO2wastePagesomesomeanimalssuchassegmentedworms分節(jié)蠕蟲gasexchangeoccursdirectlythroughtheirskin.someanimalshavespecialtubecalledtracheae氣管andairenterthesetubesthroughtinyopeningcalledspiraclesPagelungslungs&PageTThehumanrespiratory鼻氣Page膈PPageTThenosecleans,warms,andmoistensingairandpassesitthroughthepharynx咽andlarynx喉(viocebox).epiglottiscoverthetracheawhenPagebronchus(leftbronchus(leftbronchusandrightPagetinyairsacalongsidethePageMMovinggasesintoInhaleO2passesfromalveolitobyExhaleCO2passesfrombloodtobyPageTTransportofOxygenistransportedthroughoutthebodybytheiron-containingproteinhemoglobininredbloodcells.97%inhemoglobinand3%dissolvedinthePagePPagettransportofcarbinMostofCO2entersredbloodcellsandcombineswithwatertoeventuallyformbicarbonateSometimes，CO2cancombineswiththeaminogroupinhemoglobinandmixeswithplasmaorittransportedtothePageAAutomaticBrainYoudon’thavetothinktotakeadeepPagemmechanicsofDiaphragm膈肌movesdown&expandschestairintolungsPageGGills:gettingO2outofGillsaregasexchangemembranesoutsideofthethinhighsurfacemuststaylotsofbloodgas??O2intoCO2outtoPageTThecirculatoryPPageIInWhatneedstobenutrients&fromdigestiverespiratoryO2&CO2from&togasexchangesystems:lungs,wasteproductsfromwater,salts,nitrogenouswastesimmunewhitebloodcells&bloodclottingregulatoryPage48?CirculatoryCirculatoryAllanimalscirculatoryfluid=tubes=bloodmuscularpump= OOpencirculatoryBloodiscarriedbyopen-spillbloodintothebody.PageCClosedcirculatoryBloodflowscontinuouslyearthworms蚯蚓squid烏賊,PageTThehumancirculatoryleft左心right右心leftrightPagesystsystemiccirculationLeavetheBloodleaveleftventricleofheartandenteralargebloodvesselcalledtheaorta主動(dòng)脈.arteries動(dòng)脈:smalledPageAArteries:BuiltforhighpressureArteriesthickerprovidestrengthforhighpressurenarrowerelasticityofelasticrecoilhelpsmaintainbloodpressureevenwhenheartrelaxesPagearterioles小動(dòng)脈arterioles小動(dòng)脈thearteriessmallervesselsecapillaries毛細(xì)血管thesmallestPageCCapillaries:Builtforverythinonlyendotheliumn–enhancesexchangeacrossexchangebetweenblood&Pageventicleviatheacorta.toarterioles,andeventuallytothecapillaries.Gasandnutrient/wasteexchangeoccursbetweenthecapillarywalls.PageBBacktothevenules小靜veinssuperiorvenacava上腔靜脈andinferiorvenacava下腔靜PagePageVVeins:BuiltforlowpressurewiderBloodflowstowardOpenbloodtravelsbacktoheartatlowvelocity&pressurelowerdistantfrombloodmustflowbyskeletalmusclecontractionswhenwemovesqueezebloodthroughveins–valves瓣膜inlargerveinsone-wayallowbloodtoflowonlytowardClosedPagePagePageTThepulmonarysystemrightpulmonarysemilunarvalvepulmonaryartertypulmonaryleftPagePPagePagePageHHeartconductionsystole收縮contractiondiastole舒張relaxationimpulsebegininsinoatrialinrightspreadsthroughatriaandatrioventricularnode 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PageThermoregulationistheprocessbywhichanimalsmaintainaninternaltemperaturewithinatolerablerange.Birdsandmammalsaremainlyendothermic溫血的,meaningthattheyarewarmedmostlybyheatgeneratedbymetabolism.Page""warmedcountercurrentthetransferofheatbetweenfluidsthatareflowinginoppositedirections.Pagesnsnakes,andmostinvertebratesaremainlyectothermic冷血的,meaningthattheygainmostoftheirheatfromexternalsources."coldBBloodRedbloodcellsaredesignatedastypeAiftheyhavethetypeAcarbohydrateontheirsurface.Similarly,thetypeBcarbohydrateisfoundontypeBredbloodcells;bothAandBcarbohydratesarefoundontypeABredbloodcells;andneithercarbohydrateisfoundontypeOredbloodPageTThelymphaticandimmuneLLymphaticLymphaticsystem淋巴系統(tǒng)madeupofanetworkofvesselsthatconductlymph,aclear,wateryfluidformedfrominterstitialfluids.PageLLymphaticitcollects,filters,andreturnsfliudstothebloodbythecontractionofadjacentmuscles.itfightsinfectionusinglymphocytes,cellsfoundinlymphnodes.itremovesexcessfliudfrombodyPage胸胸脾Pagellymphocytesinlymphnodeareimportantinfightinginfection.lymphnodeswellwhentheyarefightingPageiimmuneWhyanimmunePageAttackAttackfromlotsoforganismswantyouforanimalsareatastynutrient-&vitamin-packedcellsarepackagesofanimalsmustdefendthemselvesagainstinvaders–HIV,flu,cold,measles,chicken?pamoeba,onia,meningitis,Attackfrom–cancers=abnormalbodyPageLLinesof1stline:Non-specificbroad,external“walls&skin&mucous2ndline:Non-specificbroad,internal“patrolling3rdline:Trueimmunespecific,acquired“elitetrainedlymphocytes&Bcells&TPage1st1stline:Non-specificExternalmucousmembranes,cilia,hair,coughing,sneezing,urination,Unfavorablestomachacid,sweat,saliva,digestsbacterialcellPage83?tears,22ndline:Non-specificpatrollingattackpathogens,butdon’t“remember”fornextphagocyticwhitebloodmacrophages,neutrophils,naturalkillercomplementproteinsthatdestroyinflammatoryresponseincreaseinbodyincreasecapillaryattractPage3rd3rdline:Acquired(active)SpecificdefensewithBBTResponds–?cellularnamespecificspecificabnormalbodycellsPageBBmatureinbonemarrowhumoralresponsesystem“humors”=bodyattackpathogensstillcirculatinginblood&lymphproduceTmatureinthymuscellularresponsesystemattackinvadedlearntodistinguish“self”from“non-self”PageBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYPageBcellimmuneYYBcells(inblood&YYY(foreignmemoryBcells+YY 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PagePPeripheralnervouscontrolinvoluntary無意識(shí)的activities.voluntary有意識(shí)的activities.TwosystemisPageaautonomicnervoussympatheticnervoussystemwhenanorganismconfrontedwiththreateningsituationpreparesto“fightofflee”effectiveparasympatheticnervoussystemafterthethreathasbringthebodytohomeostasis-backtoPagesymsympatheticdivisioncorrespondstoarousalandenergygeneration(thefight-or-flightresponse).parasympatheticdivisiongenerallycausesoppositeresponsesthatpromotecalmingandareturntofunctions(restanddigest).NervousNervousspinalPageCerebrum2left=rightsideofright=leftsideofcontrolallvoluntaryactivities,receivesandinterpretssensorylargepartofhumanPageCCorpuscallosum胼胝majorconnectionbetween2nervewhitematter白whitegrayPagececerebellum--coordinatesmuscleactivityandrefinementofhypothalamus--regulateshomeostasisandsecretesregulatespituitaryglandPageppons腦connectspartofthebrainwithoneanotherandcontainsrespiratorycentermidbraincenterforvisualandauditoryreflexes(pupilreflexesandblinking)PagemainsensoryrelaycenterforconductinginformationbetweenthespinalcordandPagemmedulla脊controlsinvoluntaryactionssuchasbreathing,swallowing,heartbeat,andrespirationPageTThemusculoskeletalmovesPagedigestivesystemarteries,veinseexoskeleton&skeletonscomeinmanydifferentforms.supportstructurescanbeexternal(asinexoskeletons外骨骼),internal(asinendoskeletons內(nèi)骨骼),orevenabsent.PageHumanHumanPageTThehumanskeletal＊madeofcollagenandcalcium*jiontsetissuescalledligaments韌帶ds腱aretissuess 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