新編英語(yǔ)教程第三版第二冊(cè)u(píng)nit3

Unit3ILead-inIILanguageStructuresModalauxiliarieswould+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“unfulfilledwish”.Iwouldhavelikedtosignup,butIsprainedmyankle.should/oughtto+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“unfulfilledobligation ”needn’t+perfectinfinitiveexpressing“unnecessarypastactions”.1)Sheshould/oughttohavehadmoreoralpracticeduringtheterm.Sheneedn’thavelearnedallthedialoguesbyheart.may/might+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“speculationsaboutpastactionscan/couldnot+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“negativedeductionaboutpastactions”.1)Hemay/mighthavegonetothelibrary.Shecan’t/couldn’thavegonetothelibrary.must+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“affirmativedeductionaboutpastactionsmay/mightaswellusedwiththesecondpersonpronounexpressing“suggestions.1)Shemusthavegonetothelanguagelab.2)Youmay/mightaswellusemybike.PreparatoryQuestionsDirections:Recastthefollowingsentencesusingthefollowingphrases:“wouldhavelikedto(do)”Notice:wouldhavelikedto(do)isusedwiththefirstpersontoexpressthespeakerwishthatwasnotfulfilled．IintendedtogoskatingwithyouyesterdaybutIcouldn’betcausemymotherdidn’lett

me.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtogoskatingwithyouyesterday,butmymotherdidn’letme.)ImeanttositinonProfessorWangimportantmeetingtoattend.thismorningbutIdidnbtecauseIhadanthismorningbutIdidnbtecauseIhadan(Response:IwouldhavelikedtositinonProfessorWang’sclassthismorning,butIhadanimportantmeetingtoattend.)IintendedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoonbutIcouldnbecauseIhadabadfallyesterdaymorning.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoon,butIhadabadfallyesterdaymorning.)Iplannedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butIdidn’t,becauseitwasoutoforder.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butitwasoutoforder.)should/oughtto+perfectinfinitiveNotice:should/oughtto+perfectinfinitive,indicatingapastobligationthatwasnotfulfilledTheexhibitionwasagoodone.AllofusvisiteditexceptJohn.(Response::Johnshould/oughttohavecomewithus.)Wealllearnedalotfromthelecture,butLididn’tattendit.(Response::Lioughtto/shouldhaveattendedthelecture.)Theengineerwenttotheresearchinstitutewithoutanumbrellaandwascaughtintherain.(Response::Theengineeroughtto/shouldhavetakenanumbrellawithhim.)TheyboughtabookforMarybutshedidnlikeit.(Response::Theyoughtn’t/tsohouldn’thaveboughtthebookforMary.)needn’+tperfectinfinitiveNotice:needn’+tperfectinfinitive,indicatingsomethingthatwasunnecessarilydoneinthepastIwroteasummaryinmorethanfivehundredwords.Buttheteacheronlyaskedfor200words.(Response::Ineedn’htavewrittensuchalongsummary.)Linansweredallthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.Butwewereonlyrequiredtoanswereightofthem.(Response::Linneedn’thaveanswereadllthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.)Marywenttothestationanhourbeforethetrainstarted.(Response::Maryneedn’htavegonetothestationsoearly.)Yaocarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Shedidn’ktnowtheywoulddeliverthemif

sheaskedthem.)(Response::Yaoneedn’thavecarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Theywouldhavedeliveredthemifshehadaskedthem.)may/might+perfectinfinitiveNotice:may/might+perfectinfinitive,indicatingspeculationsaboutpastactionsWhereisSusanIwanttogotothecanteenwithher.(Response::Shemay/mighthavegonetherealready.)It’safortnightsinceSunwenttotheSouthandwehaven’tgotawordfromhim.Iwonderifhe’sforgottenusall.(Response::Hemay/mighthavebeenverybusywithhisworkthere.)3)Sidtoldmehedletmehavethelibrary3)Sidtoldmehedletmehavethelibrarydlsasatgivebookafterhe’dfinishedwithit.Itsincehesaidthatandhestillhasnthebook.(Response::Hemay/mighthavereturnedthebooktothelibrary.4)I’vbeeenlookingformybicyclekeyforthreedays,andit’sstillnowheretobefound.(Response::Youmay/mighthavelostit.)can’t/couldn’+tperfectinfinitiveNotice:can’t/couldn’+tperfectinfinitive,indicatingnegativedeductionaboutpastactionsThefirstpartoftheresponsecanbegiventothestudentsasaprompt.WhereismytypewriterSomeonemusthavestolenitlastnight.(Response::Itwashereamomentago.Itcouldn’thavebeenstolleanstnight.)Keithoughttobeherenow.Perhapshe’slosthisway.(Response::ItoldhimhowtocomeandIevendrewhimamap.Hecan’thaveloshtisway.)WhobroughttherefrigeratorupstairsPerhapsitwasTim.(Response::Tim’snotthatstrong.Hecouldn’thavebrougihttbyhimself.)Amanansweredthephone.Isupposeitwasherhusband.(Response::Butherhusbandhasn’ctomebackfromabroadyet.Itcouldn’hatvebeenherhusband.)must+perfectinfinitiveNotice:must+perfectinfinitive,indicatingaffirmativedeductionaboutpastactions1)Thefilmhesawlastnightwaswonderful.(Response::Hemusthaveenjoyedseeingit.)2)Helookstired,doesn’the(Response::Hemusthaveworkedhard./Hemusthavestayeduplatelastnight.)Thechildrenweremakingalotofnoiseuntilfiveminutesago.Nowitissoquiet.(Response::Thechildrenmusthavegoneaway.)Jameshascheckedallthefigurestwiceover,buthecan’tgetthecorrectanswer.

(Response::Jamesmusthavemadeamistakesomewhere.)may/mightaswellNotice:may/mightaswell,usedwiththesecondpersonpronountoexpressthespeaker’ssuggestion(s)Iamsoexhaustedafterwork.(Response::Youmay/mightaswellgotosleep.)vegotI’mnotfeelingwell.IthinkI ’vegot(Response::Beingsoweak,youmay/mightaswellseeadoctor.)ItistoohotforKarenandmetogoforapicnic.(Response::Whydon’tyouchangeittoanotherdayYoumay/mightaswellgotoamovietoday.)Nickwon’ttakeuptheadditionalwork.Hejustwantstodohispart.(Response::Youmay/mightaswellaskLucytodoit.Togetaheadonherjob,sheiswillingtotrynewthings.)Dialogue PollutionControlListeningtotherecordingQuestionsonthedialogueWhyisLondonnolongeracityfulloffogWhatisthecauseofairandwaterpollutioninthecitywhereAlivesWhatproblemsdocarbringWhatshouldbedonetobringpollutioninChinacompletelyundercontrolDoyouthinkthatenvironmentalpollutioninChinahasbeeneffectivelyreducedIfso,pleasecitesomefactsorexamples.C.LanguagePointsItmustbeterriblelivingthere.—Livingtheremustbeterrible.Theintroductoryitisaformalsubject,whereasthe-ingparticiplelivingistherealsubject.Anotherexample,.Itisgreatfunboatingonthelake.theCleanAirAct—ThiswastheresultoftherecommendationsmadebytheBeaverCommitteewhichwassetuptoinquireintothequestionofurbanpollutioninBritain.ThecommitteewassonamedbecauseitschairmanwasSirHughBeaver.enforcev.giveemphasisorstrengthtosth.加強(qiáng)；makesth.(alaw)obeyedoreffectivebyforce強(qiáng)迫服從，實(shí)施；forceorcausesth.tobedoneortohappen迫使(某事)發(fā)生.1)Mikemustprovideenoughexamplestoenforcehisargument.Youhavenorighttoenforceyourownviewsonme.Thegovernmentisunabletoenforceitsownlawsandregulations.theThames/temz/isswarmingwithfish—theRiverThamesisfulloffishthatmoveaboutbusily.Thenamesofriversareprecededbythedefinitearticlethe,.,theYangziRiver,theYellowRiver,theHudsonRiver,theRiverMississippi..1)Eachsummertheswimmingpoolswarmswithpeople.Thattownisalwaysswarmingwithtouristsfromallovertheworld.double:twiceasmuchorasmanyasusual;成雙的，雙重的，兩倍的a.n.v.adoublebed/room at/onthedouble迅速地，立即地；以跑步方式Thebosswillgivehimdoublepayforworkingovertime.Thedatehadadoublesignificance.You’dbetterbedoublecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.ThepopulationofJapandoublesthatofCanada.Thechildbirthrateinthatareahasdoubled.tormentn.extremesuffering,especiallymentalsuffering;apersonorthingthatcausesthis.痛苦,折磨v..1)Loveisasweettorment.Davidhasneversufferedthetormentofrejection.3)Theynevertormentthemselvesoreachotheroverimperfections.devices—devicesusedtotreatsmoke,dust,andwaterpollution治理三廢設(shè)備.1)Thetelevisionreceiverisanelectronicdevice.Sendingadvertisingbyemailisveryeffectivemarketingdevice.Hisillnessismerelyadevicetoavoidseeinghisgirlfriend.8.residentiala.containingorsuitableforprivatehouses;connectedwithorbasedonresidence住宅的，與居住有關(guān)的Graduallythesurroundingfarmlandturnedintoresidentialareas.2)Itisaniceresidentialsection,equippedwithmodernconveniences.residenta.居住的；n.居民，居住者residencen.居住，住宅residev.居住，定居v.makeab.angry,annoyedorimpatient激怒，使煩躁；causediscomfortto(apartofbody)使不舒服，刺激.1)Ourfaultsirritateusmostwhenweseetheminothers.Hereffusivemannerofgreetingherfriendsfinallybegantoirritatethem.Thesetightshoesirritatemytoes.moreandmorepeoplehavecometoknowhowharmful...—moreandmorepeoplebegintoknowhowharmful...Theinfinitiveaftertheverbcomeexpressesanactionthattakesplacegraduallyoversometime.workingwithMrs.Brown,whoappearedquitehard-hearted,inthesameofficeformanyyears,I’vecometoseethatshehasaheartofgold.makestricterlawstothateffect—makestricterlawswiththeintentiontoforbidcarhornsblowinginthestreets.ThewordeffectreferstowhatBsaysintheprecedinglineagainstthelawtoblowcarhornsinanystreetintown.”tothateffect:usedtoshowthatyou’regivingthegeneralmeaningofwhatsb.hassaidorwrittenratherthanteexactwords表示那個(gè) /這個(gè)意思，大意如此)Hesaidhewasgreatlyworried,orwordstothateffect.MarysaidshehatedtoseeJohn,orhearofthewordstothateffect.tothis/theeffect大意是說togood/great/dramaticeffect產(chǎn)生好的結(jié)

果tonoeffect無(wú)效果，不起作用ExpressionsinFocusabolishsth..1.doawaywith...terminate,1.doawaywith...terminate,getridof;.1)WhynotdoawaywithallthejunkinyourroomItisgettingmoreandmoreuntidy!HowcouldtheydoawaywithalovelyoldbuildinglikethatandputacarparkthereinsteadTheseridiculousrulesandregulationsshouldhavebeendoneawaywithyearsago.“addtS--increaseorhaveanincreasedeffect;“addsth.tosth.”—putsth.togetherwithsth.elsesoastoincrease.Hiswordsdidnothingbutaddedtomyanger.Thebadweatheronlyaddedtoourdifficulties.Teachersshouldexercisetheirimaginationandaddarttotheirteaching.bring…undercontrol”—subdueormastersth.Tobringthenoisychildrenundercontrol,theteacherstoldthemthestoryof“BuzzyBees”.Hundredsoffiremenhavebroughtawildfirespreadoverninesquarekilometersoflandundercontrolafterbattlingtoputouttheflamesfortwodays.ThePrimeMinistersaidyesterdaythatthegovernmentismakingalleffortstobringthehighinflationundercontrol.D.RetellingSampleoutlineforretellingB,astudentfromEngland,istalkingtoAaboutthepollutionproblem.BtellsAaboutLondonatpresent:thestepsthathavebeentakenbythegovernmentandthechangethathastakenplace.AandBtalkaboutthepollutionprobleminChina:airpollutioninfactoryzones;noisepollutionincitystreets;AtellsBthattheChinesegovernmenthastakensomemeasurestocontrolpollution.ReadingIEnvironmentPollutionPre-ReadingActivityTheenvironmentalpollutiononourplanethascausedundesirablechangeandharmfullyaffectedhealth,survivalandactivitiesofhumansandotherlivingorganisms.Now,pleasethinkaboutthefollowingquestionsbeforeyoureadthetext.WhatarethemajorcausesofenvironmentalpollutionSample:DevelopmentofindustryandUrbanization.IstheplacewhereyoulivepollutedorevenseriouslypollutedIfso,describetoyourpartner.WhatcanwedotoreduceenvironmentalpollutionSample:Weshouldcurbthesewageandsmokefromfactories,performgarbageclassificationandrecyclewastes.BackgroundNotesParticlePollution（PM10）and（n.顆粒，微粒；微量，極小量）pollution（alsoknownas"particulate<n.微粒，顆粒，粒子>matter"）intheairincludesamixtureofsolidsandliquiddroplets（液體的小滴）.Someparticlesareemitteddirectly;othersareformedintheatmospherewhenotherpollutantsreact.Particlescomeinawiderangeofsizes.Thoselessthan10micrometersindiameter直徑（PM10）aresosmallthattheycangetintothelungs,potentiallycausingserioushealthproblems.Tenmicrometersissmallerthanthewidthofasinglehumanhair.Fineparticles.Particleslessthanmicrometersindiameterarecalled"fine"particles.Theseparticlesaresosmalltheycanbedetectedonlywithanelectronmicroscope.Sourcesoffineparticlesincludealltypesofcombustion,includingmotorvehicles,powerplants,residentialwoodburning,forestfires,agriculturalburning,andsomeindustrialprocesses.Coarse（粗糙的，粗魯?shù)模淮忠暗?，粗俗的）dustparticles.Particlesbetweenand10micrometersindiameterarereferredtoas"coarse."Sourcesofcoarseparticlesincludecrushingorgrindingoperations,andduststirredupbyvehiclestravelingonroads.fogandhaze霧霾Fogandhazedifferinthatfogisathick,opaque（不透明的，晦澀的；難以理解的）effectthatlastsashorttime,whilehazeisathin,translucent（a.半透明的）effectthatlastsalongtime.FogWhethercreatedbynatureormachine,fogconsistsofliquiddropletssuspended（v.使懸??；懸，掛；停止，終止；延緩，暫緩執(zhí)行）intheair.Fogmachinescreatefogbyvaporizing（v.使蒸化，使汽發(fā)；吹牛，吹噓）fogfluid-thatis,theyconvertthefogfluidfromaliquidformtoanaerosol（n.懸浮微粒,浮質(zhì)；煙霧機(jī)，氣霧劑）form.HazeLikefog,hazeconsistsofliquiddroplets,butthedropsareveryfineandaredistributedevenlyoveralargeareatoformamist.QuestionsonP35.LanguagePoints—theconditions,scenery,etc.aroundaperson,placeorthing;environment.Theword“surroundingh”ow,ever,isgenerallyusedasanadjective..Theymakeregularchecksonthesurroundingareasforpollutionlevels.2.Theadjective“dirty”andthenoun“areusedasverbshere,whichrespectivelymean“tomake…dirty”and“toputpoisoninor“tocausepoisoning”.n.chemicalsubstanceusedtokillpests,esp.insectsbiotechnologycompanyisdevelopingarangeofnewpesticide.2)Theinsectshavebecomeresistanttothepesticide.v.n.severedamageordestruction毀滅，破壞；廢墟Themostgloriouscityatthetimewasburneddowntobefieryruins.2)WhomGodwouldruin,hefirstdeprivesofreason.3)Oneindiscreetremarkatthewrongmomentcouldruinthewholeplan.若時(shí)機(jī)不當(dāng)，一言不慎，可能毀掉整個(gè)計(jì)劃。—thingsthatareconsideredasuselessoroflittlevalue.Doyouknowwhatjunkshop,junkmailandjunkfoodmeanCanyoutellthedifferencebetweenjunkandlitterv.throwordropthingsindifferentdirectionssothattheycoveranareaofground;moveormakepeopleoranimalsmoveveryquicklyindifferentdirections.使分散，散播thinkslovewillscatterherconcentrationonwork,soshepayszeropercenttoit.2)Thebirdsscatteratthesoundofthegun..pollutionproblemisascomplicatedasitisserious—thepollutionproblemisserious,itiscomplicatedaswell—wastefumes,gases,steam,etcexpelledfromanengineoramachine.—reduceor(makesomething)becomeless.Thesuffix-en“”canbeaddedtoanadjectiveoranounandthusformanewverb,forexample,worsen,strengthen,darkenect.“e-n”canalsobeaddedbeforeanounasaprefixandformanewverb,forexample,enforce,encourage,enrichetc.abalanceddietcansignificantlylessentheriskofheartdisease.2)Listeningtothespeechthroughaninterpreterlesseneditsimpactsomewhat.less+en=lessen sharp+en=sharpensoft+en=soften deep+en=deepenpersuadebusinessestotakeactiontowardreducingpollution—Theprepositiontowardheremeans“forthepurposeof”;he1700sand1800s—Duringthe1700s,theIndustrialRevolutionbeganinGreatBritain.ItstartedspreadingtootherpartsofEuropeandtoNorthAmericaintheearly1800s.TheIndustrialRevolutioncreatedanenormousincreaseintheproductionofmanykindsofgoods,whichresultedfromtheintroductionofpower-drivenmachineryandthedevelopmentoffactoryorganization.ad.atasteadyrateorpace;inasteadymanner.1)Ihadtolevelthetable’slegstomakeitsteady.Thegirlhadmadeaseriousdecisiononherownaboutgivingupasteadyjob.Mybrotherwassteadyfellow,whoalwaysbroughthomethebacon.v.haveaplan,resultorpurposeinyourmindwhenyoudosth.;planthatsth.shouldhaveaparticularmeaning..1)Thechairwasintendedforyou,butmysistertookitaway.2)Iintendedtocatchtheearlytrain,butIdidn’tarriveatthes