中西思維模式比較課件

思維方式比較DifferenceinmodeofthinkingbetweenWesternandChineseWhatIs

themindset?Mindset(思維）Mindsetmeansanationoraregion,inthelong-termprocessofhistoricaldevelopment,formsahabitofthinkingandthinkingprogram.Itisadeepcoreofthenationalculture.Modeofthinking思維模式

Humanthinkingmainlyconsistsofsuchelementsasknowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,languageandhabits.Theinter-relationshipandinteractionoftheseelementsformadynamiccomplexsystemknownasthemodeofthinking.

人類思維主要由知識、觀念、方法、智力、情感、意志、語言、習慣等八大要素組成。這些要素相互聯系，相互作用，形成思維模式這樣一個動態(tài)復雜的系統。

Modeofthinking思維模式

Themodeofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtotheworldview.Itistheconcentratedembodimentofallculturalandpsychologicalpropertiesandisshapedinacertainhistorical,socialandgeographicalenvironment.

思維模式與世界觀密切相關，它是各種文化心理素質的集中體現，它在一定的歷史、社會、地理環(huán)境中形成。

Conversely,aperson’sestablishedmodeofthinkingconditionsandevendetermineshis/herformationofjudgmentandpatternofbehaviorinacertainsituation.

反過來，一個人定型的思維模式制約、甚至決定他/她在一定場合所形成的判斷和行為。W-CDifferenceinModeofthinking

中西思維模式差異Thewesternmodeislinear,inclinedtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationships,stressingabstractreasoningandcharacterizedmainlybyitsanalyticalnature.Linearanalysisandcircularsynthesis線析環(huán)綜TheChinesemodeiscircular,andtendstosynthesizepartsandexaminethewholeandemphasizetheacquisitionofintuitiveinsightwithholisticthinkingasitsmainfeature.西方模式如同直線切劃，細分明析，注重抽象推理，以分析性思維為其主要特點。中國模式猶如圓環(huán)內封，綜觀合察，尋求直覺頓悟，以綜合性思維為其主要特點。Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、邏輯性

Holistic,imaginal,intuitive

整體性、形象性、直覺性Concept,judgment,inference概念、判斷、推理

Intuition,insight,imagination直覺、頓悟、想象

WesternModeChineseModeHolistic整體Analytical分析1Whathaveyouseeninthepicture?MostAmericanStudents:(88.5%,May27,2011)SixtigersfrolickingTigersplayingaroundTigersskippingaboutGambolingtigersTigersfightingTigersattackingeachotherTigershuntingforfoodMostChineseStudents:(90.2%,April17,2011)Sixtigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,Astream,PinesandothertreesGrassAutographandsealWesternEncyclopediaarrangedbyclassificationAnimals,plants,objectsaredivided,sub-divided… 西方的百科全書層層切分，種類歸屬分明。ClassificationUnitsofPlantsandAnimals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種

ChineseLeishuAcollectionofpolitical,socialandethicaldataarrangedcircularlyinanemperor-centeredfashion.中國古代類書是以皇帝為中心的環(huán)式體例。唐代《藝文類聚》、宋代《太平御覽》、明代《永樂大典》、清代《古今圖書集成》

WesternArticles

Cleardivisionintheorganizationofarticlestitle,sub-title,chapters,sections, paragraphstopicsentences西方文章，標題、章、節(jié)、段細分明切，段中一般都有主題句，脈路清晰，一目了然。

ChineseArticles起承轉合:Introduction,elucidation,transitionandsumming-up著眼點：首尾呼應，通篇的過渡自然及和諧一致。

Unity,harmony,transitionandcorrespondencearegivenmuchattention.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,aseriesofsub-divisionsofthattopic,eachsupportedbyexamplesandillustrations,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatootherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideatoprovesomething,orperhaps,toarguesomething.英語說明文的語段通常以主題句開始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例證和解釋，以闡發(fā)中心思想，并使這一語段中心思想與全文的其它思想相關聯，以此來論證某一觀點或提出某一觀點。RobertB.KaplanRobertB.KaplanSomeorientalwritingismarkedbywhatmaybecalledanapproachbyindirection.Inthiskindofwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideningcircle.Thecirclesturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.東方人寫的文章具有間接入題的特點，可以說，這種文章語段的展開，就像一個不斷擴展的環(huán)在圍繞著主題旋轉，通過外圍的觀點展示主題，卻從不直接入題。Westernmedicine,examinepartsofthebodythroughtests,X-rays,NMR,etc.

西醫(yī)看病，先給病人胸透、胃透、驗血、驗尿、核磁共振，分而檢之，再作診斷。

Chinesemedicine,generalphysicalcondition,pulse,complexion,tonguecoating 中醫(yī)看病，望、聞、問、切，注意的是全身性的綜合癥狀。

Westernpainting

accurateone-by-onelikenessinappearancewithemphasisondetails:lines,shadesofcolor,lightspectrum…西方油畫注重一一對應的精確形似，通過線條、色彩、光線等細節(jié)刻意仿真。

ChinesePainting

fuzzyresemblanceinspiritoressencewithemphasisongeneraleffectbyusingimagination,

exaggeration

…

中國畫追求總體模糊神似，運用概括、夸張的手法及豐富的聯想表現物象的神韻。Intuitive直覺Logical邏輯2WesternLogicSyllogism（三段論法）

A3-stepargument:1.Majorpremise（大前提）2.Minorpremise（小前提）3.Conclusion（結論）Aristotle–formallogicBacon–inductivemethodofscienceRussell–mathematicallogicHegel–dialecticallogic亞里士多德—形式邏輯培根—科學歸納法實證科學羅素—數理邏輯黑格爾—辯證邏輯ExamplesofSyllogism（三段論法舉例）Allwomenlikeshopping.Aliceisawoman.ThereforeAlicelikesshopping.WhateverisMisP;SisM; ThereforeSisP.Allfruitsgrowontrees.Theappleisafruit.Therefore,theapplegrowsontrees.EitherPorQ.NotP.Therefore,Q.EitherClassAorClassBwins.ClassAdoesnotwin.Therefore,ClassBwins.

ChineseIntuition“豁然貫通”，成語Understandthethoroughmeaningsuddenly.“恍然大悟”成語Besuddenlyenlightened.心凈自悟，頓悟成佛

。 禪宗《六祖壇經》

ZenBuddhism

ApurifiedmindspontaneouslyattainsperceptivenessandthenaturalinsightenablesonetobecomeaBuddha.Logic（邏輯）

Intuition（直覺）rational理性

perceptual感性definite明晰

fuzzy模糊precise嚴謹

sagacious睿智deductive演繹

inductive歸納Imaginal形象Abstract抽象3awesterndiagramoflinesofabstraction線型抽象aChinesepictureofdouble-fishimages雙魚形象天有不測風云，人有旦夕禍福。

Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature；badluckbefallsmenovernight.

YangHsien-yi

Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.

Hawkes人無千日好，花無百日紅。Mancannotbealwaysfortunate;flowersdonotlastforever.Nobodycanalwaysbehappy.

疾風知勁草，患難見真情。Strongwindsteststurdygrass;calamitiesrevealtruefriendship.Incalamitiesoneseestruefriendship.

在天愿作比翼鳥，在地愿為連理枝。

Inthesky,wewillbetwolovebirdsflyingtogether;onearthwewillbetwinbranchesonatree.Wewillloveandbeloyaltoeachotherforever.病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikealandslidebutgoeslikereelingsilk.Sicknesscomessuddenlybutgoesslowly.

Abstractconceptsardentloyaltytotalexhaustionwithgreateagernessfeedonfancies athighspeeddisappearcompletelybustlingactivity赤膽忠心gall,heart筋疲力盡tendon,sinew如饑似渴hunger,thirst畫餅充饑drawncake風馳電掣wind,lightening煙消云散smoke,cloud龍騰虎躍dragon,tiger

figuresofspeechEthical倫理Cognitive認知4Ethical倫理Cognitive認知Westernmodeofthinkingisexterior-oriented,givingmoreattentiontothecognitiveexplorationofNature(theobjectiveworld),withemphasisonscienceandtheories.

Chinesemodeofthinkingisinterior-oriented,focusingmoreonthemoralinquiryintohumannature(thesubjectiveworld)withemphasisonethicsandsocialpractice.

西方思維模式是外向的，關注對客觀世界（大自然）進行認知探索，重視科學與理論。中國思維模式是內向的，關注對主觀世界（人性）進行道德探索，重視人倫與社會實踐。Ethical倫理Cognitive認知Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology仁義禮智信忠恕孝悌本體論宇宙論認識論方法論benevolencerighteousnesscourtesywisdomreliabilityloyaltyforgive