三一七級口語考試話題示例

三一七級口語考試話題示例三一七級口語考試話題示例三一七級口語考試話題示例資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月三一七級口語考試話題示例版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：TraditionalChinesemedicineTheABCofChineseMedicineTheoryTraditionalChinesemedicineisarangeoftraditionalmedicalpracticesusedinChinathatdevelopedoverseveralthousandyears.Thesepracticesincludeherbalmedicine,acupuncture,andmassage.TCMsaysprocessesofthehumanbodyareinterrelatedandconstantlyinteractwiththeenvironment.Thereforethetheorylooksforthesignsofdisharmonyintheexternalandinternalenvironmentofapersoninordertounderstand,treatandpreventillnessanddisease.TCMtheoryisbasedonanumberofphilosophicalframeworks.Diagnosisandtreatmentareconductedwithreferencetotheseconcepts.ThebasictheoryoftheChinesemedicineattemptstoexplainthenatureoflifecycleanddiseasechanges.Itincludesfivetheories:YinandYang.thefive-elements.howtodirectone`ernalorgansofthebody.andchannels.Italsoresearchesdialectics.explanationswhydiseasesoccur.howtodiagnoseandpreventdiseases.aswellashowtokeepthebodyhealthy.TheconceptofYinandYangderivedfromanancientphilosophicalconcept.Afterobservingthephenomenon.ancientpeoplegroupedallconflictingideasintoYinandYang.Theyusedthisconcepttoexplainhowthingschanged.ChinesemedicineusedYinandYangtoillustratethecomplicatedrelationshipbetweenvariousthingssuchasthedifferentpartsofthehumanbodyandlivingthingsvs.natureorsociety.ItwasbelievedthattherelativebalanceofYinandYangservedasthebasistomaintainthenormalactivitiesofthehumanbody.Ifsuchabalancewasdisturbed.diseasesoccurred.thusaffectingpeople`shealth.Thetheoryofdirectingone`sstrengthfocusedonhowvariouscomponentssuchasastronomy.meteorologicalphenomenaandclimatewouldaffecthealth.Thistheoryconsistedoftwoparts.fivestrengthsandsixclimaticfactors.Tlythestrengthsofmetal.wood.water.fireandearth.refertothedifferentseasonsoftheyearsuchasspring.summer.longsummer.autumnandwinter.Peopleregardedwind.coldness.summer.rawness.drynessandfireasthesixelementsoftheclimate.Thistheorytriedtopredictclimaticchangeandhowdiseaseoccurredbyparametersinastronomy.Chinawasoneoffirstcountriestohaveamedicalculture.IncomparisonwithWesternmedicine.theChinesemethodtakesafardifferentapproach.Withahistoryof5.000years.ithasformedadeepandimmenseknowledgeofmedicalscience.theory.diagnosticmethods.prescriptionsandcures.

ThebasicprinciplesofChinesemedicineareratherdistinctive:Whentreatingadisease.doctorsoftraditionalChinesemedicineusuallyfindthepatient`sconditionthroughthesefourdiagnosticmethods:errogation.pulse.andpalpation.Combiningthecollectedfactsandaccordingtotheirinternalrelations.doctorswillutilizethedialecticstoanalyzethesourceandvirtueofthedisease.Thenmakesurewhatprescriptionshouldbegiven.IntraditionalChinesemedicalscience.thedrugsarealsodifferentfromtheWest.becausedoctorshavediscoveredthemedicinaleffectsofthousandofherbsoveralongperiodoftime.Beforetakingthemedicine.thepatientwillhavetoboilit.Thenthereisthedistinctivemethodofpreparation.associatedwiththeacupunctureandmassage.thetreatmentwilltakeeffectmagically.RelativeProperties-YinandYangThePhysiologyofChinesemedicineholdsthatthehumanbody`slifeistheresultofthebalanceofyinandyang.Yinistheinnerandnegativeprinciples.andyang.outerandpositive.Thekeyreasonwhythereissicknessisbecausethetwoaspectslosetheirharmony.Seenfromtherecoverymechanism?mek?niz?m]oforgans.yangfunctionstoprotectfromouterharm.andyinistheinnerbasetostoreandprovideenergyforitscounterpart.BasicSubstanceDoctorsofChinesemedicinebelievethatvitalenergy-movingandenergeticparticles.stateofblood.andbodyfluidaretheessentialsubstancesthatcomposetogethertoformthehumanbody.andthebasisforinternalorganstoprocess.Theyarechanneledalonganetworkwithinthebody-JingLuoastheirchannels.Onthephysicalside.vitalenergyservingtopromoteandwarmbelongstothepropertiesofyang.andbloodandbodyfluidtomoistenpossessesthepropertiesofyin.FourMethodsofDiagnosisItisawonderthatChinesedoctorscouldcurecountlesspatientswithoutanyassistantapparatusbutonlyaphysicalexamination.Terrogation.pulsetakingandpalpation.Observationindicatesthatdoctorsdirectlywatchtheoutwardappearancetoknowapatient`scondition.Astheexteriorandinteriorcorrespondsimmediately.whentheinnerorgansrunwrongly.itwillbereflectedthroughskinpallor.tongue.thefacialsensoryorgansandsomeexcrement.Auscultationandolfactionisawayfordoctorstocollectmessagesthroughhearingthesoundandsmellingtheodor.Thisisanotherreferencefordiagnosis.Interrogationsuggeststhatdoctorsquestionthepatientandhisrelatives.soastoknowthesymptoms.evolutionofthediseaseandprevioustreatments.ThetakingofthePulseandpalpationreferthatdoctorsnotingthepulseconditionofpatientsontheradialartery.andthentoknowtheinnerchangeofsymptom.Doctorsbelievethatwhentheorganicfunctionisnormal.thepulse.frequency.andintensionofpulsewillberelativelystable.andwhennot.variant.SuchacomplicatedmedicalsciencehadcomedownthankstorecordslikeTheYellowEmperor`sCanonofInteriorMedicine.ShenNong`sCanonofHerbs.andtheCompendiumofMateriaMedica.whichareallcomprehensiveandprofoundworks.Therearealsowide-spreadstoriespraisingtheexperiencedandnotabledoctorsinancientChinalikeHuaTuointheThreeKingdomsPeriods(220-280).Today.thoughwesternmedicinehasbeenadopted.traditionaltreatmentsarestillplayinganimportantroleandhaveraisedgreatattentionandinterestworldwideduetotheamazingcurativeeffectsreported.TheWuXing(ortheFiveMovements,FivePhasesorFiveSteps/Stages,arechieflyanancientmnemonicdevice,inmanytraditionalChinesefields.ItissometimestranslatedasFiveElements,buttheWuXingarechieflyanancientmnemonicdevice,hencethepreferredtranslationof"movements","phases"or"steps"over"elements".Bythesametoken,Muisthoughtofas"Tree"ratherthan"Wood".[1]Thefiveelementsare:Wood(Chinese:木,pinyin:mù)Fire(Chinese:火,pinyin:huǒ)Earth(Chinese:土,pinyin:tǔ)Metal(Chinese:金,pinyin:jīn)Water(Chinese:水,pinyin:shuǐ)Thesystemoffivephaseswasusedfordescribinginteractionsandrelationshipsbetweenphenomena.ItwasemployedasadeviceinmanyfieldsofearlyChinesethought,includingseeminglydisparatefieldssuchasgeomancyorFengshui,astrology,traditionalChinesemedicine,music,militarystrategyandmartialarts.Thesystemisstillusedasareferenceinsomeformsofcomplementaryandalternativemedicineandmartialarts.SomeclaimtheoriginalfoundationofthesearetheconceptoftheFiveCardinalPointsCyclesTheInteractionsofWuXing:Thecreationcycle(black,pentagonshapedlines)andtheovercomingcycle(purple,starshapedlines).Thedoctrineoffivephasesdescribestwocycles,ageneratingorcreation(生,shēng)cycle,alsoknownas"mother-son",andanovercomingordestruction(克/剋,kè)cycle,alsoknownas"grandfather-nephew",ofinteractionsbetweenthephases.[edit]GeneratingThecommonmemoryjogs,whichhelptoremindinwhatorderthephasesare,are:WoodfeedsFire;Firecreates/producesEarth(ash);EarthbearsMetal;MetalcarriesWater(asinabucketortap,orwatercondensesonmetal);WaternourishesWood.Othercommonwordsforthiscycleinclude"begets","engenders"and"mothers."[edit]OvercomingWoodpartsEarth(suchasroots)（orTreescanpreventsoilerosion）;Earthabsorbs(ormuddies)Water(orEarthdamcontrolthewater);WaterquenchesFire;FiremeltsMetal;MetalchopsWood.Also:WoodabsorbsWater;WaterrustsMetal;MetalbreaksupEarth;EarthsmothersFire;FireburnsWood.Thiscyclemightalsobecalled"controls","restrains"or"fathers".Education1、Wheredidyougotocollege

IwenttoBeijingInstituteofEducation.2、Didyourfamilyhaveanyinfluenceonyourchoiceofcollege?

Myparentsjustgavemeseveralsuggestions,actuallyImadethedecisionmyself.TheywereverygladtoseethatIwasconfidentenoughtomakemyowndecisionsandagreedwithwhatIdecided.3、Whatwasyourmajor

ImajoredinEducationofEnglish(Ispecializedin)4、WhatmadeyoutochooseEnglishasyourmajor?Didyoufeelyoumadetherightchoice?IalwaysknewthatEnglishwaswhereIhadthemostpotential,youknowitisnotsoeasytoknowwhenapersonisjust18,butIamlucky.Iamverygladtosetupmygoalsataquiteyoungage.Itturnedouttobearightchoice.5、Namethreepracticalskillsyoulearnedinschoolthatcouldbeusedforthecurrentjob.Typing,photocopyingandwordediting.ThesethreeskillsareveryusefulinmyworkasanEnglishteacher.NearlyeverydayIhavetotypeandcopyalotofmaterialsforthestudents.Todoallthesebymyselfisreallyveryhelpfulformyjob.Yes,Ididatthattime.IleanedalotincollegeandIhavealwaysbeenawareoftheimportanceandvalueofeducation.Tomyconsolation,Istartedoutinoneparticularareaandswitchedtoanotherlateron.IthasenhancedmycapabilitytobecreativeandinitiativeforIhavelearneddifferentapproachestoperformingtheworkinasuccessfulway.6、Howdidyoudoinschool?

Myscoreswereaverage,butIspentalotoftimedoingthingsinotherareas,suchaspart-timejobandextracurricularactivitieslikeswimmingandcalligraphy.Ialwaysdidmyworkwholeheartedly.Aswithmostotherpeople,ifIcouldstartfromtheverybeginning,Iamsuremyscoreswouldbemuchhigher.7、Didyourparentsfinanceyoureducationwholly?

NO.myfatherisapeasantwhocouldn’taffordthemytuition.Ialmostlostthechancetoentertheuniversity.fortunately,Myolderbrotherhelpedme.Myolderbrotherpayforallthetuition.soIgratitudemybrotherverymuch.8、Whatwasyourfavoritesubjectwhenyouwereincollege?

Mygoalisverysimplified,thatis,tokeeplearningeverypossiblethingandimprovemyself.Societydevelopssorapidlyandwecannotdependonwhatwelearned4years,evenoneyearago.Iwillalwayskeepmyeyesandearsopentotherightpeopleaboutwhataregoingonandpickuplearningeveryday.9、Asfarasstudyingabroadisconcerned,thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesaswell.ExplainyouropinionaboutitSchoolmanagement.Ibenefitalotfromthecourse.Itnotonlyopenedmyeyesbutalsocultivatedmypotentialstobeasuccessfulprincipal.UsefulwordsandexpressionsInstitutionofhighereducation高等學校Comprehensiveuniversity綜合性大學Universityofliberalarts文科大學universityofscienceandengineering理工科大學Normaluniversity;師范大學Nine-yearcompulsoryeducation九年制義務教育Preschooleducation學前教育occupationalandtechnicaleducation職業(yè)技術教育Qualityeducation素質(zhì)教育Examination-orientededucation

應試教育Educationinpatriotism

愛國主義教育Elementaryeducation

初等教育Secondaryeducation

中等教育Self-taughtexamination

自學考試Nationalmatriculationtest高考Collegeentranceexamination

大學入學考試Academicrecord;school

record

學習成績Togotoaschoolofahighergrade;toenterahigherschool

升學結(jié)尾句型Tosumup,educationplaysaleadingroleinthedevelopmentofthesociety.Iwillconcludebysayingthatonceyou’vegotachance,donothesitate,justgoahead.Onthewhole,thetraditionaleducationneedsreforming.Therefore,wehavethereasontobelievethatmoreandmoreeffectivemeasureswillbetakentodevelopeducation.Lastbutnottheleast,justastheoldsayinggoes,onewillgetsomethingnewinlookingoverone’soldstudies（溫故而知新）

Inaword,itistalents(人才)thatmakecontributionstothedevelopmentofeconomy.Weshouldtryourbesttostopbraindrain（人才外流）用于表達建議的結(jié)構(gòu)Inmyview,commonpeoplesometimescanbemorecompetenttokeepourcitycleanandbeautiful.AsfarasI’mconcerned,Ithinkridingabicycleisgoodforyourhealth.Well,accordingtome,themostimportantthingisnotsalarybutself-recognition.Itseemstomethatworkinghardisessentialtosuccess.We’dbettersolvetheproblem,otherwiseitwillbringaboutalotoftrouble.IthinkitwouldbeagreatideatoworkforabigcompanylikeMicrosoft.1.Changesintheeducationalsystem(教育制度的變化)RecentlytherehavebeengreatchangesinChina’seducationandschoolsystems.Thekeyschoolsystemisabandonedatjuniorhighschoolslevel.Yongelementarygraduatesgodirectlytothejuniorhighsintheirneighborhoods.InthepastallChineseschoolswereownedbythestate.Butnowwehaveprivateschools:fromprivatekindergartenstoprivatecolleges.Thereprivateschoolsoffermorechoicestopeople.Theyusuallyhavebetterteachingfacilitiesthanpubicschools.INpre-school,primaryandsecondaryeducationtheytendtoofferbetterteachingqualitybecausetheyofferbettersalarytotheirteachers.Thesituationofprivatecollegesisnotsatisfactory.Thefirstreasonisthatit’sfarmoreexpensivetorunacollegethanaschool.Qualifiedcollegeteachersareinshortsupplyeveninstate–owneduniversities.Withthenotionof‘life-longeducation”,adulteducationandcontinuingeducationarebooming.Returningtolearninghelpworkingpeopleimprovetheirskillsandconfidence,getmoreresponsibilityortokick–startanewcareer.Manyuniversitiesandcollegesofferdegreecourses.Studentswhoarenotregularstudentsatuniversitiescanstudythesecoursestogetacollegedegree.Thereareevenmorenon-degreecoursesofferedbothbyuniversities,collegesandbymanyotherprivateeducationalinstitutions.Therearealsoalotofpeoplewhoaretakingcoursesimplyforenjoyment.Elderlypeoplearetakingclassesincalligraphy,paintingordancing,youngerpeopleinsports.EducationinChinaisdiversifiedandbecomesrelevanttoeverycitizen.2.WhatIhavelearntinschool?

IguessthethingIlearnedthemostwashowtogetalongwithothers---howtorespectotherpeople’sopinionsandproperty.IwentawaytocollegewhenIwaseighteen.Ilivedinadormwith8otherboys.AthomeIalwayshadmyownroom.HhiswasthefirsttimeIhadtolivewithotherpeopleinthesameroom.Itwasnoteasyatfirst.Wewereallreallydifferent.Ourpersonalitiesandlifestylewerecompletelyoppositeinsomeways.Iamaslobbutoneofmyroommatesisaneatfreak.Ileavethingsaround,sometimesonherdeskandbed.Butshespenthoursonthetelephone.Iamanightowlbutheisamorningperson.Anywayatfirstitreallycausedproblems,butlucklywelearnedhowtogetalonglivinginoneroom.Ithinktheimportantthingistobetolerantandreadytocommunicate.Somehowwefiguredoutthatifsomethingisbotheringus.thebestthingtodoistotellthepersonconcernedwhatitis,inapoliteway,ofcourse.It’seasytostopspeakingtoeachotherwhensomethinggoeswrong,buttheproblemwillnotgetresolvedthateay.AnotherthingIlearntwasmanagingmytime.Itwasreallyachallenge.InhighschoolIhadthesamescheduleeveryday,andatnightmyparentsweretherepushingmetostudy.Butit’sdifferentwhenyougotocollege.Therearenoclassesintheafternoonandintheevening.Therearenoparentstourgeyoutostudy.Inthefirstsemester,Istayeduplateplayingcomputergames.IoftenwnettoclassunpreparedandIcouldhardlykeepmyeyesopeninclass.Mygradeswerereallysuffering.Iflunkedasubject.ItwasthenIrealizedthatcollegelifewasnotonlyaboutstudying.3.Howcanwemakeeducationbetter?Whatchangeswouldyouliketoseeineducation?教育改革TherearemanychangesIwouldliketoseeineducation.Forinstance,schoolingshouldbefreeuntilstudentsgettheirfirstdegee.Currentlyacollegestudenthastopaybetween5,000and9,000perschoolyearwhileapersoninthecityearnedaverage5,000yuanayearandinruralareasthefigurewas2000yuan.Obviouslytuitionisquiteapressureformanyfamilies.Asamatteroffact,ithaskeptmanystudentsfromthepoverty-strickenareasfromattendingcollegeandputmanymorestudentsunderconstantmentalpressure.AnotherchangeIwouldliketoseeisthatstudentsshouldbeallowedtochoosealltheircoursesbecauseIbelievestudentslearnbestwhentheystudythingsthatinterestthem.AndIbelievethatmoreemphasisshouldbeplacedonhelpingstudentsgetjobexperiencebecausethewholepointofeducationistopreparestudentsforafuturejob.Studentsshouldnotbeforcedtotakesuchcoursesasethics,politicalscienceandhistory,whichhavenopracticalvalue.Teacher’ssalariesshouldbebasedonhowpopulartheteachersarewithstudents.Thisway,teacherswouldworkhardtomaketheirclassesinteresting.Currentlymanyteachersatcollegesimplydon’tcarewhethertheirstudentsliketheirclassesornotManyofthemspendmostoftheirtimeandenergyonwritingacademicpapersorteachingadditionalclassestosupplementtheirincome.?NationalcustomsquestionforFestivals1.

WhatarethetraditionalChinesefestivals2.

Whenis…..

3.

Howdopeopledotocelebrate……4.

ArethereanychangesincelebratingtraditionalfestivalsinChina?5.

DoyouthinkfireworksshouldbebannedinBeijingincelebratingChineseNewyear?6.

WhatisyouropinioningivingkidsHongbaoinChineseYearNew?7.

DoyouthinkpeopleshouldhaveapublicholidayinMoon’Day,oneofChinesetraditionalfestival,whyorwhynot?

8.

Howmanywesternfestivalsdoyouknow?愚人節(jié)（AprilFool'sDay）愚人節(jié)（AprilFool'sDay/AllFool'sDay）是一個比較特殊的節(jié)日。時間是每年的4月1日（April1st）。按照西方國家的習俗，在愚人節(jié)這一天，人們可以任意說謊騙人，愚弄他人。騙人越高，越能得到推崇。在愚人節(jié)受到愚弄的人被稱為AprilFool(4月愚人）。按照他們的習慣，當一個人成功地使別人受到愚弄時，他就會笑著說，這時受愚弄的人恍然大悟，也會跟著哈哈大笑。愚人節(jié)活動活躍氣氛,放松一下大腦,為人們的生活增添一些樂趣,本不是件壞事。但是開玩笑或愚弄人應該有個分寸，要適可而止，不要只是一味地追求騙術的高明，而不顧他人的承受性，也就是說不要把自己的一時高興建立在別人的痛苦之上。不過愚人節(jié)最典型的活動還是大家互相開玩笑，用假話捉弄對方。有的人把細線拴著的錢包丟在大街上，自己在暗處拉著線的另一端。一旦有人撿起錢包，他們就出其不意地猛然把錢包拽走。還有人把磚頭放在破帽子下面擱在馬路當中，然后等著看誰來了會踢它。小孩們會告訴父母說自己的書包破了個洞，或者臉上有個黑點．等大人俯身來看時，他們就一邊喊著“四月傻瓜”。一邊笑著跑開去。總之，每逢愚人節(jié)這一天，動物園和水族館還會接到不少打給菲什(魚)先生成萊昂(獅子)先生的電話，常常惹得工作人員掐斷電話線，以便減少麻煩。如今的愚人節(jié)在美國已主要是淘氣的男孩子們的節(jié)日了。

圣誕節(jié)（Christmas）圣誕節(jié)是基督教徒紀念耶酥基督（JesusChrist）誕生的日子,公認的日期是12月25日。圣誕節(jié)本是一個宗教性的節(jié)日，后來逐漸演變成一個具有民族風格的全民性的節(jié)日，在美國、英國、加拿大、德國、意大利、澳大利亞等西方國家，甚至非洲，東南亞一些國家都很盛行。圣誕節(jié)指圣誕日（ChristmasDay）或圣誕節(jié)節(jié)期（Christmastide），即12月24日至第二年1月6日這段時間。另外人們把12月24日夜為圣誕前夜（ChristmasEve）。1．JesusChristmas耶酥是基督教的創(chuàng)始人，上帝的兒子。約公元前6年，耶酥由圣母瑪利亞（St.Mary）因圣靈降孕而生，降生在耶路撒冷附近伯利恒一家客店的馬棚里。耶酥長大后開始傳道，并召集了十二門徒。他認為要想拯救地球人類，就要對當時的猶太教進行改革，于是提出了一系列自己的宗教主張，但是由于他的言論和行為與當時的猶太統(tǒng)治者及社會當權者發(fā)生沖突，耶酥被門徒之一猶大出賣，后被釘死在十字架上。耶酥死后三天升天。他的門徒繼承他的事業(yè)繼續(xù)傳教布道。2．Christmastree圣誕樹可以說是圣誕節(jié)最重要的裝飾點綴物。圣誕樹通常使用整棵塔形常綠樹（如衫、柏等），或用松柏樹枝扎成一棵塔形圣誕樹。樹上掛滿了閃閃發(fā)光的金銀紙片、用棉花制成的雪花和五顏六色的彩燈、蠟燭、玩具、禮物等裝飾品。樹頂上還裝有一顆大星，樹上的彩燈或蠟燭象征耶酥是世界的光明，大星則代表耶酥降生后將三位東方賢人引到伯利恒的那顆星。圣誕樹的起源眾說不一。3．SantaClaus/FatherChristmas圣誕老人是西方老幼皆知的典型形象，是圣人與神靈的結(jié)合體，是仁愛與慷慨的代名詞。一般認為圣誕老人是一個留著銀白胡須、和藹可親的老人。他頭戴紅色尖帽，身穿白皮領子的大紅袍，腰間扎著一條寬布帶。傳說圣誕老人在圣誕夜駕著八只鹿拉的滿載著禮品的雪橇，從北方雪國來到各家，由煙囪下來，經(jīng)過壁爐到房間內(nèi)，把糖果、玩具等禮品裝進孩子們吊在壁爐和床頭上的襪子里。相傳圣誕老人是羅馬帝國東部小亞細亞每拉城（今土耳其境內(nèi)）的主教圣尼古拉的化身。17世紀荷蘭移民把圣誕老人的傳說帶到了美國。美國英語中的圣誕老人為“圣塔?克勞斯”（SantaClaus），在荷蘭語中原為“圣尼古拉”。圣尼古拉主教生前樂善好施，曾暗地里贈送金子給一農(nóng)夫的三個待嫁的女兒作嫁妝，將一袋金子從煙囪扔進去，恰好掉在壁爐上的一只長統(tǒng)襪中。所以現(xiàn)在在圣誕夜有不少天真的孩子都把襪子口朝上小心翼翼地吊在壁爐旁或床頭，期待圣誕老人送來禮物。在現(xiàn)代英美等國家，有不少百貨商店為吸引和招攬顧客，在圣誕節(jié)期間會專門派人扮成圣誕老人，向來商店購物的顧客（尤其是顧客帶的孩子）分發(fā)糖果和禮品。4．ChristmascardsandChristmaspresents按照習俗，過圣誕節(jié)時人們都互贈圣誕賀卡和圣誕禮品。賀卡可以在商店買到，也可以自制，只要寫上一句祝詞，寫上自己的姓名就行了。贈賀卡一般要根據(jù)對方的年興趣愛好以及與自己的關系等。不僅同事、同學、朋友之間互贈，家庭成員之間也有互贈賀卡和禮品的習慣。這是一種最普通的慶祝圣誕節(jié)的活動。5．Christmasdinner圣誕餐是圣誕節(jié)當天的主餐，有的家庭把它安排在中餐，有的把它安排在晚餐。這餐飯主要是家人聚餐，一般不邀請客人。圣誕餐主要食品為：火雞（turkey）或烤鵝（roastgoose）、布?。╬uddings）以及各類小甜餅（如goldenbuttercookies，fruitcookies）等。按照習俗，吃圣誕餐時，往往要多設一個座位，多放一份餐具，據(jù)說這是為了“主的使者”預備的，也有的說是為一個需要幫助的過路人而準備的。6．Christmascarol在圣誕夜（12月24日晚至25日晨），基督教徒們組織歌詠隊到各教徒家去唱圣誕頌歌，傳報佳音。據(jù)說，這是模仿天使在基督降生的那天夜里，在伯利恒郊外向牧羊人報告基督降生的喜訊。頌歌很多，比如《平安夜》、《鈴兒響叮當》、《小伯利恒》、《東方三賢士》等，內(nèi)容大都與耶酥的誕生有關。

復活節(jié)（Easter）復活節(jié)（Easter）是基督教耶酥復活的重大節(jié)日。對基督徒而言，復活節(jié)僅次于圣誕節(jié)。公元325年，尼西亞會議決定，為紀念基督教的創(chuàng)始人耶酥復活，將每年的春分月圓后的第一個星期日（thefirstSundayfollowingthefirstfullmoonafterMarch21）定為復活節(jié),所以，復活節(jié)每年的具體日期不確定。又因為復活節(jié)總是在星期天，所以它的英文說法可以是Easter/EasterDay，也可以是EasterSunday。從復活節(jié)開始以后的一周稱為復活節(jié)周（EasterWeek），在此期間，教徒每天進行祈禱。復活節(jié)前40天有一個大齋期稱為四月齋（Lent），是從基督教的圣灰星期三（AshWednesday）起至復活節(jié)前一天為止的40天，這主要是為了紀念耶酥在荒野禁食（）40天而絕食或懺悔。大齋期為信徒們提供了一贖罪（penance）、齋戒（fasting）、自制（self-denial）和懺悔（repentance）的機會，要求信徒們滌凈過去一年中的劣行與罪過。按照基督教的習慣，在復活節(jié)的前一天，教徒們要舉行夜間祈禱。這天晚上，教堂里燈火全部熄滅，意味著世界一片黑暗。等到午夜的鐘聲一響，神父手持一枝點燃的蠟燭（象征基督光芒），走進教堂，將各個教徒手中的蠟燭點燃，不一會兒，整個教堂被眾多的蠟燭光照得通明，祈禱也就隨之結(jié)束。復活節(jié)這一天要舉行宗教儀式和活動,如“圣餐”等，人們見面的第一句話就是“主復活了”（TheLord'srisen）。然后人們互贈彩蛋（Easteregg），小孩吃兔子糖，講兔子的故事。按西方國家的習俗，彩蛋和兔子是復活節(jié)的典型象征和吉祥物。

感恩節(jié)（Thanksgiving）感恩節(jié)是美國民間傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。時間是每年11月的第四個星期四（the4thThursdayinNovember）。1．起源感恩節(jié)的起源有一段有趣但很復雜的歷史，這一段歷史要從英國的宗教史說起。大約16世紀中葉，在英國教會（）內(nèi)出現(xiàn)了改革派。他們主張清除教會內(nèi)殘留的天主教舊制和煩瑣的禮儀，取消教堂內(nèi)華麗的裝飾，反對封建王公貴族的驕奢淫逸，主張過勤儉清潔的簡樸生活，因而被人稱為清教徒（Puritan）。清教徒中又分為溫和派和激進派。溫和派主張君主立憲，代表大資產(chǎn)階級和上層新貴族的利益。激進派則提倡共和政體，堅持政教分離，主張用長老制改組國會，代表中小資產(chǎn)階級貴族的利益，后來遭到當局的迫害，部分清教徒于是被迫逃亡國外。1620年9月，102名英國清教徒乘坐“五月花”號木船（Mayflower）從英格蘭的普利茅斯（Plymouth）出發(fā)，經(jīng)過將近3個月的海上漂泊，于當年12月23日來到美洲的Massachusetts東南部的Plymouth港口，并在附近意外地找到一個印地安人的村落，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)村內(nèi)無人于是定居下來。但是當時是冬天，又人生地不熟，白手起家，缺衣少食，以及疾病的侵襲等原因，到第一個冬天結(jié)束時，活下來的只有50來人。但有幸的是，第二年的春天，這批幸存下來的移民得到了當?shù)赜〉匕踩说臒嵝膸椭?。善良的印地安人給他們種子，教他們打獵，教他們根據(jù)當?shù)氐臍夂蛱攸c種莊稼等。就這樣，在印地安人的幫助下，再加上移民們的艱苦奮斗，終于迎來了1621年的大豐收。為了感謝上帝賜予的大豐收，移民們決定舉行一次盛大的慶?；顒樱瑫r也是為了感謝印地安人的熱心幫助。于是他們在1621年的11月下旬的一個星期四，與邀請來的曾幫助過他們的印地安人一起舉行了一個慶?；顒印Ｋ麄冊谔炝習r鳴放禮炮，舉行宗教儀式，虔誠地向上帝表示感謝。然后他們用自己獵取的火雞以及自己種的南瓜、紅薯、玉米等做的美味佳肴，隆重慶祝上帝的賜予，這便是美國歷史上的感恩節(jié)的開始。1789年美國第一任總統(tǒng)華盛頓正式宣布將11月26日作為過感恩節(jié)的日子。但一直到1941年由國會通過了一項決議，將每年11月的第四個星期四作為全國統(tǒng)一慶祝感恩節(jié)的日子。

萬圣節(jié)(Halloween)1．萬圣節(jié)（AllSaints'Day）按照基督教的習慣，每年的11月1日為萬圣節(jié)，是紀念所有圣徒的日子。萬圣節(jié)前夕便是萬圣節(jié)的前一天，即10月31日。在中世紀的英格蘭，萬圣節(jié)被叫做AllHallow，大家知道，"前夕"的英語是eve,所以萬圣節(jié)前夕便由Halloween+eve演變成Halloween。在英國，萬圣節(jié)前夕可以說是一個鬼節(jié)。因為大多數(shù)活動都與“鬼”有關。每到萬圣節(jié)前夕這天晚上，人們就圍坐在火爐旁，講述一些有關鬼的故事，有時讓一些在場的小孩聽起來好生害怕。有的人把蘿卜或甜菜頭挖空，做成一個古怪的頭形的東西，在上面刻上嘴和眼睛，在其內(nèi)放上一枝點燃的蠟燭，看上去古怪、讓人害怕，然后把它掛在樹枝上或大門上，據(jù)說這樣可以驅(qū)逐妖魔鬼怪。在美國，人們制作“杰克燈”或叫“南瓜燈”（Jack-o'-lantern）。小孩們身穿古怪的服裝，頭戴面具，裝扮成鬼怪的形象，手里提著一盞南瓜燈，從一家走到另一家，在大門口大聲叫著“是請客還是要我們搗亂（TrickorTreat）。這時若主人不請客（treat），這些頑皮的孩子就會動真格地搗亂（trick），有的在主人的門把上涂上肥皂或往玻璃上灑肥皂水；有的干脆把主人的門給卸下來；還有的順手拿走主人放在門口的日常小用品等。但人們對這些天真可愛的小客人一般還是歡迎的，并且事先都準備好糖果或零錢。聽到這些小孩來到時，他們馬上迎出來，給孩子們分發(fā)糖果或零錢。9.

WhatdoyoungpeopledotocelebrateChristmas,Valentine’Day,Father’Day,etc.

GreetingSeason春節(jié)TheSpringFestival農(nóng)歷lunarcalendar正月lunarJanuary;除夕NewYear'sEve;

元宵TheLanternFestival過年havetheSpringFestival對聯(lián)poeticcouplet:春聯(lián)SpringFestivalcouplets剪紙paper-cuts年畫NewYearpaintings買年貨doSpringFestivalshopping敬酒proposeatoast燈籠lantern:煙花fireworks爆竹firecrackers(Peoplescareoffevilspiritsandghostswiththeloudpop.)紅包redpackets(cashwrappedupinredpaper,symbolizefortuneandwealthinthecomingyear.)舞獅liondance(Thelionisbelievedtobeabletodispelevilandbringgoodluck.)舞龍dragondance(toexpectgoodweatherandgoodharvests)戲曲traditionalopera雜耍varietyshow;燈謎riddleswrittenonlanterns燈會exhibitoflanterns守歲staying-up拜年payNewYear'scall;giveNewYear'sgreetings;NewYear'svisit禁忌taboo去晦氣getridoftheill-fortune祭祖宗offersacrificestoone'sancestors壓歲錢giftmoney;moneygiventochildrenasalunarNewYeargiftCultureNoteIntheolddays,NewYear'smoneywasgivenintheformofonehundredcoppercoinsstrungtogetheronaredstringandsymbolizedthehopethatonewouldlivetobeahundredyearsold.Today,moneyisplacedinsideredenvelopesindenominationsconsideredauspiciousandgiventorepresentluckandwealth辭舊歲bidfarewelltotheoldyear掃房springcleaning;generalhouse-cleaningBlessings金玉滿堂TreasuresFillTheHome

生意興隆BusinessFlourishes

歲歲平安PeaceAllYearRound

恭喜發(fā)財WishingYouProsperity

和氣生財HarmonyBringsWealth心想事成MayAllYourWishesComeTrue

吉祥如意EverythingGoesWell

國泰平安TheCountryFlourishesAndPeopleLiveInPeace

招財進寶MoneyAndTreasuresWillBePlentiful

一帆風順WishingYouEverySuccess步步高升PromotingToAHigherPosition

出入平安SafeTripWhereverYouGo

祝你新的一年快樂幸福Wishyouhappinessandprosperityinthecomingyear!事業(yè)成功，家庭美滿Wishyousuccessinyourcareerandhappinessofyourfamily!Foodnames年糕NewYearcake團圓飯familyreuniondinner年夜飯thedinneronNewYear'sEve餃子Jiao-zi;

湯圓Tang-yuan;dumplingsmadeofsweetrice,rolledintoballsandstuffedwitheithersweetorspicyfillings八寶飯eighttreasuresricepudding糖果盤candytray什錦糖assortedcandies-sweetandfortune蜜冬瓜candiedwintermelon-growthandgoodhealth西瓜子redmelonseed-joy,happiness,truthandsincerity金桔cumquat-prosperity糖蓮子candiedlotusseed-manydescendentstocome糖藕candiedlotusroot-fulfillingloverelationship紅棗reddates-prosperity花生糖peanutcandy-sweet

Springfestival(春節(jié))ＴheSpringFestivalisthemostimportantfestivalforChinese.Itcomesonthefirstdayofthefirstmonthinthelunarcalendar.IntheGregoriancalendaritfallsinlateJanuaryorearlyFebruary.Thefestivalmarksthebeginningofanewyear.It’salsoafestivaloffamilyreunion.Familymembersandrelativesgettogethertosaygoodbyetotheoldyearandgreetthenew.Peoplewhoworkawayfromhometownareexpectedtogobackhome,sorailway,airlinesandlongdistancecoachesareverybusyrightbeforeandaftertheSpringFestivalholiday.“GuoNian,’meaning‘passingtheyear,”isthecommontermamongtheChinesepeopleforcelebratingtheSpringFestival.ItmeansgreetingtheNewYear.InmanypartsofChina,especiallyinthecountryside,GuoNianisstillthemostimportanteventintheyear.Peoplestartpreparingforithalfamonthbeforeitcomes.Theycleantheirhousesthoroughly,decoratethem,evenpaintthem;theybuynewclothesforchildren,preparefoodforthebigfeastontheeveofthefestival.Ontheeveofthefestival,thewholeextendedfamilycomestogetherforabigdinner.DumplingisamustforthisfestivaldinnerinnorthernChinawhile”NIanGao”---astickysweetricepudding—isthespecialfoodforthisoccasionforsoutherners.Peoplestayuptomidnightchatting,playingMahjiongorwatchingTV.AttheturnoftheoldandNewYear,peopleusedtoletofffire-crackerstogreetthearrivaloftheNewYear.Intheolddayspeoplebelievedsettingofffire–crackerscandriveawaytheevilspir