2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題

2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（二）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)HarlanCobenbelievedthatifyou'reawriter,youwillfindthetime;andthatifyoucan'tfindthetime,thenwritingisn'tapriorityandyou9renotawriter.Forhim,writingisaJjob—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn'twakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.3,likemostwritersthesedays,you'reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,ifsnot4tofindthetimetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwritherswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it'sa8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you'Hhaveto9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwriteit11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12theamountofexerciseorsportsyoudo.You'llhavetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14,There911probablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa15learningcurve,anditwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular.There9sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-andthat'sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it9stheone17supporter一somethingyoucan'tdowithout.Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingouractivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou'reawriter,thatmeans—20—writing.A.difficultA.combinedA.IfA.enoughA.AcceptA.well-knownA.donateA.causeA.highlightA.relationsA.untilB.normalB.comparedB.ThoughB.strangeB.ExplainB.well-advisedB.generateB.purposeB.sacrificeinterestsB.becauseC.steadyC.confusedC.OnceC.wrongC.RememberC.well-informedC.supplementC.questionC.continueC.memorieswhilepleasantD.confrontedD.UnlessD.easyD.SupposeD.wcll-choscnD.calculateD.conditionD.exploreD.skillsD.beforeWriteanessaybasedonthechartblow.Inyourwriting,youshouldinterpretthechart,andgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)2018-2020年我國(guó)快遞業(yè)務(wù)量變動(dòng)情況

（單位：10億件）A.putupwithA.intelligentA.putupwithA.intelligentA.habitA.toughA.inplaceofA.indispensableA.dullerA.peacefullyA.atmostB.occasionalB.testB.gentleB.inchargeofB.innovativeB.hardergenerouslyB.inturnC.hangontoC.intensiveC.decisionC.rapidC.inresponsetoC.invisibleC.quieterC.productivelyonaveragecutdownonD.emotionalD.planD.funnyD.inadditiontoD.instantD.quickerD.gratefullyD.aboveallSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown9s40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey9realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress/9saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds'wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet/9saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations."TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey5redoing.”Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.A]ataconsiderablylowcostatthedemandofregularshoppersasareplacementfororganiceggonspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogramin.reducingthedamageofworms.acceleratingthedisposalofwaste.creatingasustainablesystem.attractingcustomerstohisproducts.Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedinparagraph4tosuggest.thedoubtsovernaturalfoodsthesetbacksintheeggindustrythepotentialofregenerateproductsthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.arereluctanttochangetheirdietarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs[C|arecuriousaboutnewfoods[DJareamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts'.[A]marketprospects[B|nutritionalvalue[C]standarddefinition[D]moralimplicationsText2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe"unretiremenf,trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade."Ifsnotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”O(jiān)nereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.Thafsalsoup30.2%since2010.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretirees"areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,“Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan'tretire/9ThestudyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.[AJmorethanhalfretireesarephysicallyfitforjobtheoldworkerisasactiveasyoungpeopleoneinthreeAmericaswanttoretireearliermoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemboredomcanberelievedafterretirementthementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked|D]unretirementcontributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.laborshortagespopulationgrowth[C|longerlifeexpectancyrisinglivingcostsMany"unretirees“areincreasingtheirsavingby.increasingupinstocks[B|takingupoddjobsgettingwell-paidworkspendinglessWithregardtotheretirement,BrentWeissthinkthatmanypeopleare.unpreparedunafraiddisappointedenthusiasticText3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssignupprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,"darkpatterns"isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.O,Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotelJwhereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding"digitaldeception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns——thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn'toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.[A]improveuserexperiences[B|leakuserinformationforprofit[C]undermineusers'decision-making[D]remindusersofhiddencostsThe2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.[A]theirmajorflawstheircomplexdesignstheirseveredamagetheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.listentocustomerfeedbacktalkwithrelevantteamsturntoindependentagencies[D]relyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedgrantcompany'sdataprivacyrightsrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.newlegalrequirementsbusinesses5self-discipline[C|strictregulatorystandards[D|consumers'safetyawarenessText4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students9attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unbeknownsttothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students."Ifsanawesomedataset,“saysNinaStrohminger,apsychologistwhoteachesbusinessethicsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,“Schwitzgebelsays.Strohmingeragrees:"Thethingthatstillblowsmymindisthattheonlythingthat'sdifferentbetweenthesetwocasesisjustthatonedayinclass."Shesaysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,Strohmingernotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo.”Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence-classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authors(UniversityofKansas5sBradfordCokeletandPrincetonUniversity'sPeterSinger)sayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,T.A.s'eatinghabitsandstudents'videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghiswords.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.hardtodeterminenarrowlyinterpreteddifficulttoignorepoorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisthereasonforresearcherstostudymeateating?Itiscommonamongstudents.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.Itisimportantforstudents5healthItisahottopicinethicclassesEricSchwitzgelbePspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicprofessors.[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents[B|arelesssociablethanotherprofessors[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues[D]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinkstheeffectoftheinterventionis.permanentpredictableuncertainunrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents1changeinbehavior.]canbringpsychologicalbenefits]canbeanalyzedstatistically[C|isaresultofmultiplefactors[D]isasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Makeitahabit.Don'tgoitalone.Talktoadoctor.Listentoyourbody.Startlow,goslow.Gothroughthemotions.Roundoutyourroutine.HowtoGetActiveAgainAfteraBreakWhetheryou'verecentlylostyourroutineorarejustlookingtogetbackinshape,thesesimplestrategieswillhelp.Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity."ToomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnoutJsaysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivitytoVimileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually."Thisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight,“Denaysays.Butyou'llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.Ifyou'rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendingwalkingbecauseit'stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyothe