會(huì)話含義與合作原則

會(huì)話含義與合作原則美國(guó)語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)家格賴斯為了保證談話順利進(jìn)行，談話雙方必須共同遵守一些準(zhǔn)則，特別是在1967年提出的“合作原則”。當(dāng)談話一方不遵守合作原則而又不是為了說(shuō)謊為目的即故意違反準(zhǔn)則，于是就產(chǎn)生會(huì)話含義。會(huì)話含義就是一種超出語(yǔ)句本身意義范圍的意義，即說(shuō)話者的“言外之意”。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，人們可以通過(guò)違反合作原則中的質(zhì)、量、關(guān)系原則和利用方式準(zhǔn)則來(lái)表達(dá)或推導(dǎo)出會(huì)話含義，來(lái)表達(dá)與字面意思不同的沒有說(shuō)出來(lái)的含義，回避志杰說(shuō)出想表達(dá)的意思，含蓄的表達(dá)自己的真實(shí)意圖。會(huì)話含義一般可以分為兩類：一般含義和特殊含義。一般含義是指在遵守合作原則中的默想準(zhǔn)則是帶有的含義。特殊含義是指在有意違反合作原則中的某項(xiàng)原則，在特定的語(yǔ)境中推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的含義。會(huì)話含義的特征可以歸納為：可取消性、不可分離性、可推導(dǎo)性、非規(guī)約性和不確定性。概要：一、會(huì)話含義的由來(lái)二、合作原則的幾項(xiàng)原則：質(zhì)的原則量的原則關(guān)系原則禮貌原則三、會(huì)話含義的產(chǎn)生方法：違反質(zhì)的原則：故意提供不足的信息，提供沒有必要的信息違反量的原則：說(shuō)一些不符合事實(shí)的話；說(shuō)一些荒唐的話違反關(guān)系原則利用禮貌原則：使用有歧義的詞語(yǔ)：使用不必要的詞語(yǔ)；打亂敘述順序四、會(huì)話含義的種類：一般會(huì)話含義和特殊會(huì)話含義五、會(huì)話含義的特點(diǎn)：可取消性、不可分離性、可推導(dǎo)性、非規(guī)約性和不確定性關(guān)鍵詞：會(huì)話含義合作原則違反談話AmericanlinguisticsH.P.Griceoncegavein1967.Inthespeech,Gricesaid,thetwosidesoftheconversationmustobeysomebasicrules,especiallythe“cooperativeprinciple",toensurethattheconversationcangoonpropitiously.Whenonesideoftheprincipledoesn’twanttolie,conversationalimplicaturecomesout.Conversationalimplicatureisakindofmeaning,whichisbeyondthesentenceitself.Generallyspeaking,peoplecanviolatethemaximofquality,quantity,andrelationandusethemaximofthemannertoproduceconversationalimplicature,whichsendtheunsaidmeaningofthewords.Generallyspeaking,conversationalimplicaturecanbedividedintotwokinds:generalizedimplicatureandparticularizedimplicature.Generalizedimplcaturereferstoanimplicature,whichobeysthecooperativeprincipleandalsohasthemeaning.Particularizedimplicaturereferstotheimplicaturethatviolatessomeofthecooperativeprincipleandmakesthemeaninginsomespeciallycontext.Thefeaturesoftheconversationalimplicature:cancelability,nodetachability,calculability,non-conventionalityandindeterminacy:Keywords:ConversationalimplicaturecooperativeprincipleviolateconversationAmericanlinguisticsH.P.Griceoncegavespeechesin1967.Inthespeech.Gricesaid,thetwosidesoftheconversationmustobeysomebasicrules,especiallythe“cooperativeprinciple",toensurethattheconversationcangoonpropitiously.Hebelievedthetwosidesoftheconversationshouldhaveasamewish:thetwosidescanunderstandeachother.Sobothofthemobeysomecooperativeprinciplestoachievetheaim.However,Gricesaid,notallthepeopleintheconversationobeytherules.Onceonesidefindstheothersidenotobeythecooperativeprinciple,hewillmakehimselftryhisbesttounderstandtheunsaidmeaningintheconversation.Sotheconversationalimplicaturecomesout.Astheconversationalimplicaturehasacloserelationshipwiththecooperationalprinciple,wewillintroducethecooperativeprinciplefirst.Inaconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate；Otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Thisgeneralprincipleiscalledthecooperativeprinciple.Therearefourmainmaximsinthecooperativeprinciple:Themaximofquality:makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange)；Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Themaximofquality:donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse;donotsaythatforwhichyoubackadequateevidence.Themaximofrelation:thewordshavearelationshipwithotherfactors.Themaximofmanner:avoidobscurityofexpression;avoidambiguity;bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity);beorderly.Theconversationalimplicatureisameaningoutofthesentenceitself;itisthespeaker’smeaningundertheliteral.Inthereallife,peopleoftenviolatesomeprinciplestosentsomedarkmeaning.Themeaningrelatedwiththecooperativeprinciplemaybecomebythefollowingways:First,toviolatethemaximofqualityOfferthedeficientinformationonpurpose.E.g.:OnefarmermeetsSamandsays:“Hey,Sam,myhorse’sgotdistemper.Whatdidyougiveyourshenhehadit?"“Turpentine,”gruntedSam.Aweeklatertheymeetagainandthefirstfarmershouts:“Sam,Igavemyhorseturpentinelikeyousaidanditkilledhim."“Sodidmine."noddedSam.第一位農(nóng)婦的真正目的不僅是向Sam了解馬病用了什么藥，而且想了解治療的結(jié)果，但通過(guò)對(duì)話它實(shí)際上只達(dá)到了一半的目標(biāo)。Sam并沒有滿足第一位農(nóng)婦想了解治療結(jié)果的要求，它違反了“量”的準(zhǔn)則，并沒有完全提供交談目的所需要的全部信息，結(jié)果第一位農(nóng)夫因?yàn)闆]有察覺到這一點(diǎn)而受騙上當(dāng)了。TheinformationissuperfluousE.g.:甲：他在你們銀行工作的怎么樣？乙：嗯，挺好！他不常跟同事吵架，跟顧客吵架也不多。正常情況下，作為對(duì)甲的回答，“挺好”已基本夠了，但乙又說(shuō)了下面這兩句話，提供了似乎毫無(wú)必要的信息。但是這兩句話表達(dá)了乙的含義：他這人不討人喜歡。Second,toviolatethemaximofthequantity.Saysomewordsthatarenotthetruth.Somerhetoricofferstheadvantagetothis.Heisafinefriend.Youarethecreaminmycoffee.第一句是反語(yǔ)，推導(dǎo)出的語(yǔ)用含義與巨資字面意思剛好相反：他是個(gè)背信棄義的朋友；第二句是個(gè)隱喻，說(shuō)話人喻指對(duì)方是個(gè)出類拔萃者；Saysomewordswhicharecockeyed.甲：伯父就是伯伯的父親，是嗎？乙：帥母一定是老師的母親，我覺得。Third,toviolatethemaximoftherelation.Saysomewords,whicharenotrelatedwiththeconversation.Johnny:Hey,Sally,let’splaymarrowbles.Mother:Howisyourhomeworkgettingalong,Johnny?母親的干預(yù)應(yīng)該看作是她有意違反“關(guān)系”準(zhǔn)則，讓兒子從中推導(dǎo)出“不能去玩”這個(gè)語(yǔ)用含義。Forth,toutilizethemaximofmannertounderstandtheconversationalimplicature.Tobeobscurityonpurpose韓信曰：“先生相寡人何如？”對(duì)曰：“愿少間?！毙旁唬?左右去矣。"通曰：“相君之面，不過(guò)封侯；相君之背，貴乃不可言.”通意在勸韓信被判劉邦，以誠(chéng)帝王之業(yè)，但又不便明說(shuō)，便采用了含蓄的雙關(guān)于法，隱晦的表達(dá)了意思。TouseambiguitywordsA:Nameandtitle,please?B:JohnSmith,Associateeditorandprofessor.B有意使用歧義句，使A不能確定他是副主編兼教授還是副主編兼正教授，從而抬高自己的身價(jià)。TouseunnecessarywordsMissSmithproducedaseriesofsoundsthatcorrespondedcloselywiththescoreof“Home,sweethome”.某人故意不簡(jiǎn)明扼要地說(shuō)MissSmithsang“Home,sweethome”而說(shuō)了啰嗦繁復(fù)的句子，顯然是想暗示“史密斯小姐表演的極不成功”這樣一個(gè)會(huì)話含義。TodisturbtheorderHerefilesofpinsextendtheirshiningrows；puffs,powder,patches,Bibles,trifles,billet-doux.句中所列舉的東西故意沒有按類別敘述，從而破壞了話語(yǔ)的條理性。特別是將“圣經(jīng)”與婦女的常用物品加雜開列在一起，傳達(dá)出這樣的含義：盡管這位婦女篤信上帝，做到圣經(jīng)隨身攜帶，但她只是把這本圣經(jīng)當(dāng)作與自己的化妝品、情書等相同的雜七雜八的東西罷了。Thesortsoftheconversationalimplicature:Generallyspeaking,conversationalimplicaturecanbedividedintotwokinds:generalizedimplicatureandparticularizedimplicature.Particularizedimplicaturereferstotheimplicaturethatviolatessomeofthecooperativeprincipleandmakesthemeaninginsomespeciallycontext.Intheconversation,onesideviolatesthecooperativeprincipleobliviously.Andtheothersideisforcedtoconcludingthemeaningofthewordsmeansontheparticulartime,placeandperson.Generalizedimplicaturereferstoanimplicature,whichobeysthecooperativeprincipleandalsohastheunsaidmeaning.Thefeaturesoftheconversationalimplicature:Cancellability:Theconversationalimplicaturecanbecanceled;thisisthemostimportantfeature.Ifweputsomelimitorpreconditionontheinherewords,somemeaningscanbecanceled.Therearetwofactorsarouseit.NodetachabilityConversationalimplicaturemakesuseofthecooperativeprinciplesothatthelistenercanconcludethemeaningfromthewords.Itadherestothecontextofthewordsbutnottheformofthewords.Ifthereispragmaticalmeaninginthecontextitcan’tdisappearnomatterwhatsynonymouswordsareused.Calculability