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MechanicalPropertiesofPolyurethane
CoatedKnittedFabricsIntroductionSamplesandworkingmethodResultsanddiscussionConclusionsMechanicalPropertiesofPolyu1Part1introduction
Polyurethane-coatedknittedfabricsare
ofinterestbecausetheyexhibitseveral
positiveproperties,andyettheyarelittle
studied,especiallythoseusedinthe
garmentindustry.Theadvantagesof
polyurethanecoatingsincomparisonto
otherpolymersaregreaterresistanceto
abrasionandsplitting,increasedstrength
anddurability.Part1introductionPolyuret2
Polyurethanesareformedbythepolyaddition
reactionofapolyisocyanate
withapolyalcohol(polyol)inthepresence
ofacatalystandotheradditives.
Polyisocyanateisamoleculewithtwo
ormoreisocyanatefunctionalgroups,R-(N=C=O)n≥2andapolyolisamolecule
withtwoormorehydroxylfunctional
groups,R’-(OH)n≥2.Thereaction
productisapolymercontainingtheurethane
linkage,-RNHCOOR’-[3].Polyurethanesareformedb3Thereisachancetodevelopcoatedknitted
fabricsasprotectiveclothing,work
clothing,sportswearandcasualwear
more
comfortablethanclothesmadeout
ofcoatedwovenfabricbecausemovements
arelessrestrictedifclothingis
madeofelasticknittedmaterial.Coatedknittedfabricsaregenerallymore
stretchableandelasticthanwovenfabrics.Thereisachancetodevelopc4Part2SamplesandworkingmethodSamplesSevenknittedfabricswithdifferent
structures(designationsKF1-KF7)were
chosentocoverawideintervalofvalues
ofthecharacteristicsofelongationand
breakingforcestested(Tables1&2).Part2Samplesandworkingmeth5Theywerecoatedunderthesameconditions,
onthesamecoatingline,withthree
differentpolyurethanecoatings(designated
PU1-PU3).Theywerecoatedunderthesam6Thepolyurethanecoatingshave
nearlyequalaveragethicknessesand
weights,butdifferentmechanicalproperties
(Table3).Thepolyurethanecoatingshave7Asdescribedabove,thetotalnumberof
coatedknittedfabricswas21(7knitted
fabrics×3polyurethanecoatings).WorkingmethodThistimeweobservedmechanical
propertiesbeforeandaftercoating,and
formedconclusionsonthepredictionof
theirbehaviour.Thebehaviourofknittedandcoated
knittedfabricsinthelinearapplication
offorcewascomparedwiththatofthesamespecimensinthecaseofspherical
forceapplication.Thesampleswerestatisticallyanalysed
(descriptivestatistics,hypothesistesting-t-test,regressionanalysis).Asdescribedabove,thetotal8Part3ResultsanddiscussionPart3Resultsanddiscussion9Elongationofcoatedknittedfabricsin
relationtotheknittedfabricElongationinthewaledirectionElongationofcoatedknittedf10Theknitted
fabricselongatedfrom46.41%to309.93%,whichisaconsequenceoftheir
differentstructures.Thecoatedknitted
fabricselongatedinthewaledirection
from44.41%to382.44%.Thecoatedknittedfabrichasaconsiderably
higheraverageelongationinthe
waledirectioninrelationtotheknitted
fabric-onaverageabout16%,apartfrom
theleaststretchableknittedfabric(KF3),whichwasnotaffectedbythecoating.NamelytheKF3samplewasknittedin
apower-netstructure(Table1),where
elongationinthewaledirectiondepends
directlyonelongationpropertiesofthe
verticallylaidyarn(andnotformedinto
loops).Theknittedfabricselongated11Thet-testshows
thatthereisnostatisticallyconsiderabledifferencebetweenthemeanvalues
ofelongationofthegroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.92)ortheycanbeobservedasthesametypeofpolyestercoatingforelongationinthewaledirection.Thet-testshowsthatthereis12Regressionanalysisindicatestherelationship
betweentheelongationofthe
knittedfabricandthatofthepolyurethane-coatedknittedfabric.εcw=1.2312εkw-8.4717Thecoefficient
ofdetermination
R2=0.9915Itispossibletousetheregression
modelobtainedforeasypredictionof
thebehaviourofthecoatedknittedfabric
andthechoiceofanappropriateknitted
fabricsubstrate.Regressionanalysisindicates13ElongationinthecoursedirectionTheknittedfabrics
elongatedfrom34.96%to157.93%,
whichisaconsequenceofthedifferent
structuresofknittedfabricsandyarnsused.Thecoatedknittedfabricselongated
inthecoursedirectionfrom96.15%
to358.75%.Thecoatedknittedfabrichas
aconsiderablyhigheraverageelongation
inthecoursedirectioninrelationtothe
knittedfabric-onaverageabout102%.Elongationinthecoursedirec14Thet-testshowsthatthereisnostatistically
considerabledifferencebetweenthe
meanvaluesofelongationoftheknitted
fabricscoatedwiththreedifferenttypes
ofPUcoating(p=0.72)fortheelongation
inthecoursedirection.Regressionanalysisshowedthattherelationship
betweentheelongationofthe
knittedfabricandthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirectionhaveonlya
mediumcorrelation(r=0.79).Therelationshipbetweenvariablesis
notlinear.Exponentialregressionmodelεcc=103.53×e0.0064εkcwithacoefficient
ofdeterminationR2=0.6262,isthe
bestexplanationofelongationvariance
inthecoursedirectionofthesamplesof
coatedknittedfabrics(ecc)studiedwith
regardtotheelongationofthesamplesof
thesameknittedfabrics(ekc)examined.Thet-testshowsthatthereis15Itisinterestingtoinvestigatewhichelements
togetherwiththeelongationofthe
knittedfabricaffecttheelongationofthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirection.Itisinterestingtoinvestiga16ThesamplesofcoatedfabricKF3,KF4
andKF5showagreater
differencein
theelongationofthecoatedfabricand
uncoatedfabric
(Figure4,Table5)
andmoresignificantlydeviatefromthe
adaptedtheoreticalcurveoftheexponential
model.Theywereproducedfromalowthickness
knittedfabric(Table1).Theratiobetween
knittedfabricthicknessandcoating
thicknessincomparisonwithother
knittedfabricsislower(Table5)Thereisrelativelymorecoating,makinga
greatercontributiontoelongationinsuch
coatedfabrics.ThesamplesofcoatedfabricK17Therelationshipbetweentheratioof
thicknesses(Tr)andthatofelongation(er)clearlyshows(r=0.89)εr=5.9156Tr-0.8882theelongationdecreasesifthere
isrelativelylesscoatingonthecoated
fabric.Therelationshipbetweenther18Byusingmultiplelinearregression,a
muchbetterrelationshipbetweenthe
elongationofthecoatedfabricinthe
coursedirectionandbothvariables(elongation
oftheknittedfabricandratioofknittedfabricthicknessandcoating)εcc=149.3042+2.032309εkc-44.866TrThecoefficient
ofmultiplecorrelation(R=0.91)indicates
astrongrelationshipbetweenthe
elongationofthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirectionandthetwovariables
observed.Inadditiontotheelongation
oftheknittedfabric,theratiooftheknitted
fabricthicknessandcoatingshould
beconsidered.Technologicallythesefindings
showhowextremelysensitiveitistopredict
thebehaviourofcoatedknittedfabrics
withaverythinsubstrate(thickness>0.4mm).Byusingmultiplelinearregre19Comparisonoftheelongation
oftheknittedfabricandcoatedknitted
fabricduringsphericalelongationTheknittedfabrics
elongatedfrom26to68mmuntilball
bursting.Thecoatedknittedfabricselongated
from25to66mm.Comparisonoftheelongationo20Thet-testshows
againthatthereisnostatisticallysignificant
differencebetweenthearithmetic
meansofthethreetypes(PU1-PU3)of
samplestested(p=0.8372),andtheycan
beobservedasonegroupofsamples.Thelowerelongationofthecoatedknitted
fabricduringsphericalelongation,on
average8%.Itispossibletoconcludethat
coatingfixestheyarnandtheknitted
fabricstructure,i.e.thepolyurethaneadhesive
gluestheyarnwhichformsloops,
henceitcannotmovefreelyanddeformthefabricstructurenoradapttosphericalelongation,causinganearlyburstof
thecoatedknittedfabric.Thesamecoatedknittedfabric,which
willshowbettercharacteristicsthanthe
knittedfabricitself
duringelongationinthecourseorwaledirection,exposedto
sphericalelongationwillshowpoorer
characteristics.Thet-testshowsagainthatth21Themodeloflinearregression
εcb=0.7468εkb+6.1557withcoefficient
ofdeterminationR2=0.9292Themodeloflinearregression22Breakingforceofthecoatedand
uncoatedknittedfabricsBreakingforceinthewaledirectionBreakingforcesfrom
104.6Nto
907.5Nweremeasuredintheknitted
fabricofdifferentstructures.Breakingforcesfrom136.7Nto1053Nwere
measuredinthecoatedknittedfabrics.
Thecoatingcausedslightlyhigherbreakingforces–onaverage24%.Breakingforceofthecoateda23Thet-testshowsagainthatthereisno
statisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenbetween
thebreakingforcesofthethree
polyurethane-coatedgroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.93).Linearregressionmodel
Fcw=1.098Fkw+48.736,withthecoefficientofdeterminationR2=0.9802Thet-testshowsagainthatth24Breakingforceinthecoursedirection
oftheknittedfabricBreakingforcesfrom66.27Nto501.8N
weremeasuredintheknittedfabric.The
burstingofthecoatedknittedfabricsin
thecoursedirectionoccurredatbreakingforcesfrom108.1Nto672.2N.The
coatingcausedanincreaseinbreaking
forcesinthecoursedirectionoftheknitted
fabric-onaverageabout27%.Breakingforceinthecoursed25Thet-testshowsagainthatthereisno
statisticallysignificantdifferencebetween
thebreakingforcesofthethree
polyurethane-coatedgroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.88).RegressionmodelFcc=99.51×1,0039Fkc,withthecoefficientof
determination
R2=0.9367Thet-testshowsagainthatth26Breakingforceofthesphericalburst
oftheknittedfabricandcoatedknitted
fabricBreakingforces
from73Nto1058Nweremeasured
intheknittedfabricsandfrom91Nto
1228NinthecoatedknittedfabricsCoatingcausedanincrease
intheresistancetosphericalbursting-onaverageabout13%.Breakingforceofthespherica27thet-testshowsagainthatthere
isnostatisticallysignificantdifference
betweenthebreakingforcesofthethreepolyurethane-coatedgroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.989).LinearregressionmodelFcb=1,1214Fkb+4,0992explainstherelationshipbetweenthe
occurrencesobserved(Figure13).The
coefficientofdeterminationR2=0.9956thet-testshowsagainthatth28Part4ConclusionsAlthoughcoatingsignificantlychanges
themechanicalpropertiesofknitted
fabrics,thepropertiesofcoatedknitted
fabricsareprimarilydeterminedbythe
propertiesoftheknittedsubstrate.Elongationinthecoursedirectionofthe
knittedfabricsignificantly
increasesafter
coating-onaveragebyabout102%,
whiletheincreaseinelongationby
coatinginthewaledirectionislower,
amountingtoabout16%.Elongationinthewaledirectionof
coatedknittedfabricscanbepredicted
withgreatcertaintyknowingthatofthe
knittedfabric.Alinearregressionmodel
explains99.15%oftherelationshipbetween
theelongationoftheknittedfabricandcoatedknittedfabric.Elongationinthecoursedirectionof
coatedknittedfabricscanbepredictedwithgreatcertaintyknowingthatofthe
knittedfabricandtheratioofknittedfabric
thicknessandcoating.Amultiplelinear
regressionmodel,withacoefficient
ofmultiplecorrelationR=0.91,explains
therelationshipbetweentheelongation
oftheknittedfabricandcoatedknitted
fabric.Part4ConclusionsAlthoughcoat29Elongationofcoatedknittedfabricsin
ballbursting
decreasesin
comparison
tothesamenon-coatedknittedfabrics
byabout8%
thatpolyurethanecoatingpreventsfabric
stitchesfromtakingafavorableposition
forthesphericalapplicationofforceCoatingcausedanincreaseinthebreaking
forceduringtheburstingofthe
samplesofcoatedknittedfabricsinthe
coursedirectionbyabout27%andinthe
waledirectionbyabout24%Coatingcausedgreaterresistanceto
sphericalbursting-onaverage13%.Alinear
regressionmodelexplains99.56%of
therelationshipbetweenbreakingforces
measuredintheknittedfabricandthose
inthepolyurethane-coatedknittedfabric.Itispossibletousetheregressionmodel
obtainedforsimplepredictionofthebehaviourofcoatedknittedfabricand
choiceofanappropriateknittedfabricsubstratetoaccelerateandsimplifythe
manufacturingprocess.Elongationofcoatedknittedf30MechanicalPropertiesofPolyurethane
CoatedKnittedFabricsIntroductionSamplesandworkingmethodResultsanddiscussionConclusionsMechanicalPropertiesofPolyu31Part1introduction
Polyurethane-coatedknittedfabricsare
ofinterestbecausetheyexhibitseveral
positiveproperties,andyettheyarelittle
studied,especiallythoseusedinthe
garmentindustry.Theadvantagesof
polyurethanecoatingsincomparisonto
otherpolymersaregreaterresistanceto
abrasionandsplitting,increasedstrength
anddurability.Part1introductionPolyuret32
Polyurethanesareformedbythepolyaddition
reactionofapolyisocyanate
withapolyalcohol(polyol)inthepresence
ofacatalystandotheradditives.
Polyisocyanateisamoleculewithtwo
ormoreisocyanatefunctionalgroups,R-(N=C=O)n≥2andapolyolisamolecule
withtwoormorehydroxylfunctional
groups,R’-(OH)n≥2.Thereaction
productisapolymercontainingtheurethane
linkage,-RNHCOOR’-[3].Polyurethanesareformedb33Thereisachancetodevelopcoatedknitted
fabricsasprotectiveclothing,work
clothing,sportswearandcasualwear
more
comfortablethanclothesmadeout
ofcoatedwovenfabricbecausemovements
arelessrestrictedifclothingis
madeofelasticknittedmaterial.Coatedknittedfabricsaregenerallymore
stretchableandelasticthanwovenfabrics.Thereisachancetodevelopc34Part2SamplesandworkingmethodSamplesSevenknittedfabricswithdifferent
structures(designationsKF1-KF7)were
chosentocoverawideintervalofvalues
ofthecharacteristicsofelongationand
breakingforcestested(Tables1&2).Part2Samplesandworkingmeth35Theywerecoatedunderthesameconditions,
onthesamecoatingline,withthree
differentpolyurethanecoatings(designated
PU1-PU3).Theywerecoatedunderthesam36Thepolyurethanecoatingshave
nearlyequalaveragethicknessesand
weights,butdifferentmechanicalproperties
(Table3).Thepolyurethanecoatingshave37Asdescribedabove,thetotalnumberof
coatedknittedfabricswas21(7knitted
fabrics×3polyurethanecoatings).WorkingmethodThistimeweobservedmechanical
propertiesbeforeandaftercoating,and
formedconclusionsonthepredictionof
theirbehaviour.Thebehaviourofknittedandcoated
knittedfabricsinthelinearapplication
offorcewascomparedwiththatofthesamespecimensinthecaseofspherical
forceapplication.Thesampleswerestatisticallyanalysed
(descriptivestatistics,hypothesistesting-t-test,regressionanalysis).Asdescribedabove,thetotal38Part3ResultsanddiscussionPart3Resultsanddiscussion39Elongationofcoatedknittedfabricsin
relationtotheknittedfabricElongationinthewaledirectionElongationofcoatedknittedf40Theknitted
fabricselongatedfrom46.41%to309.93%,whichisaconsequenceoftheir
differentstructures.Thecoatedknitted
fabricselongatedinthewaledirection
from44.41%to382.44%.Thecoatedknittedfabrichasaconsiderably
higheraverageelongationinthe
waledirectioninrelationtotheknitted
fabric-onaverageabout16%,apartfrom
theleaststretchableknittedfabric(KF3),whichwasnotaffectedbythecoating.NamelytheKF3samplewasknittedin
apower-netstructure(Table1),where
elongationinthewaledirectiondepends
directlyonelongationpropertiesofthe
verticallylaidyarn(andnotformedinto
loops).Theknittedfabricselongated41Thet-testshows
thatthereisnostatisticallyconsiderabledifferencebetweenthemeanvalues
ofelongationofthegroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.92)ortheycanbeobservedasthesametypeofpolyestercoatingforelongationinthewaledirection.Thet-testshowsthatthereis42Regressionanalysisindicatestherelationship
betweentheelongationofthe
knittedfabricandthatofthepolyurethane-coatedknittedfabric.εcw=1.2312εkw-8.4717Thecoefficient
ofdetermination
R2=0.9915Itispossibletousetheregression
modelobtainedforeasypredictionof
thebehaviourofthecoatedknittedfabric
andthechoiceofanappropriateknitted
fabricsubstrate.Regressionanalysisindicates43ElongationinthecoursedirectionTheknittedfabrics
elongatedfrom34.96%to157.93%,
whichisaconsequenceofthedifferent
structuresofknittedfabricsandyarnsused.Thecoatedknittedfabricselongated
inthecoursedirectionfrom96.15%
to358.75%.Thecoatedknittedfabrichas
aconsiderablyhigheraverageelongation
inthecoursedirectioninrelationtothe
knittedfabric-onaverageabout102%.Elongationinthecoursedirec44Thet-testshowsthatthereisnostatistically
considerabledifferencebetweenthe
meanvaluesofelongationoftheknitted
fabricscoatedwiththreedifferenttypes
ofPUcoating(p=0.72)fortheelongation
inthecoursedirection.Regressionanalysisshowedthattherelationship
betweentheelongationofthe
knittedfabricandthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirectionhaveonlya
mediumcorrelation(r=0.79).Therelationshipbetweenvariablesis
notlinear.Exponentialregressionmodelεcc=103.53×e0.0064εkcwithacoefficient
ofdeterminationR2=0.6262,isthe
bestexplanationofelongationvariance
inthecoursedirectionofthesamplesof
coatedknittedfabrics(ecc)studiedwith
regardtotheelongationofthesamplesof
thesameknittedfabrics(ekc)examined.Thet-testshowsthatthereis45Itisinterestingtoinvestigatewhichelements
togetherwiththeelongationofthe
knittedfabricaffecttheelongationofthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirection.Itisinterestingtoinvestiga46ThesamplesofcoatedfabricKF3,KF4
andKF5showagreater
differencein
theelongationofthecoatedfabricand
uncoatedfabric
(Figure4,Table5)
andmoresignificantlydeviatefromthe
adaptedtheoreticalcurveoftheexponential
model.Theywereproducedfromalowthickness
knittedfabric(Table1).Theratiobetween
knittedfabricthicknessandcoating
thicknessincomparisonwithother
knittedfabricsislower(Table5)Thereisrelativelymorecoating,makinga
greatercontributiontoelongationinsuch
coatedfabrics.ThesamplesofcoatedfabricK47Therelationshipbetweentheratioof
thicknesses(Tr)andthatofelongation(er)clearlyshows(r=0.89)εr=5.9156Tr-0.8882theelongationdecreasesifthere
isrelativelylesscoatingonthecoated
fabric.Therelationshipbetweenther48Byusingmultiplelinearregression,a
muchbetterrelationshipbetweenthe
elongationofthecoatedfabricinthe
coursedirectionandbothvariables(elongation
oftheknittedfabricandratioofknittedfabricthicknessandcoating)εcc=149.3042+2.032309εkc-44.866TrThecoefficient
ofmultiplecorrelation(R=0.91)indicates
astrongrelationshipbetweenthe
elongationofthecoatedknittedfabricinthecoursedirectionandthetwovariables
observed.Inadditiontotheelongation
oftheknittedfabric,theratiooftheknitted
fabricthicknessandcoatingshould
beconsidered.Technologicallythesefindings
showhowextremelysensitiveitistopredict
thebehaviourofcoatedknittedfabrics
withaverythinsubstrate(thickness>0.4mm).Byusingmultiplelinearregre49Comparisonoftheelongation
oftheknittedfabricandcoatedknitted
fabricduringsphericalelongationTheknittedfabrics
elongatedfrom26to68mmuntilball
bursting.Thecoatedknittedfabricselongated
from25to66mm.Comparisonoftheelongationo50Thet-testshows
againthatthereisnostatisticallysignificant
differencebetweenthearithmetic
meansofthethreetypes(PU1-PU3)of
samplestested(p=0.8372),andtheycan
beobservedasonegroupofsamples.Thelowerelongationofthecoatedknitted
fabricduringsphericalelongation,on
average8%.Itispossibletoconcludethat
coatingfixestheyarnandtheknitted
fabricstructure,i.e.thepolyurethaneadhesive
gluestheyarnwhichformsloops,
henceitcannotmovefreelyanddeformthefabricstructurenoradapttosphericalelongation,causinganearlyburstof
thecoatedknittedfabric.Thesamecoatedknittedfabric,which
willshowbettercharacteristicsthanthe
knittedfabricitself
duringelongationinthecourseorwaledirection,exposedto
sphericalelongationwillshowpoorer
characteristics.Thet-testshowsagainthatth51Themodeloflinearregression
εcb=0.7468εkb+6.1557withcoefficient
ofdeterminationR2=0.9292Themodeloflinearregression52Breakingforceofthecoatedand
uncoatedknittedfabricsBreakingforceinthewaledirectionBreakingforcesfrom
104.6Nto
907.5Nweremeasuredintheknitted
fabricofdifferentstructures.Breakingforcesfrom136.7Nto1053Nwere
measuredinthecoatedknittedfabrics.
Thecoatingcausedslightlyhigherbreakingforces–onaverage24%.Breakingforceofthecoateda53Thet-testshowsagainthatthereisno
statisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenbetween
thebreakingforcesofthethree
polyurethane-coatedgroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.93).Linearregressionmodel
Fcw=1.098Fkw+48.736,withthecoefficientofdeterminationR2=0.9802Thet-testshowsagainthatth54Breakingforceinthecoursedirection
oftheknittedfabricBreakingforcesfrom66.27Nto501.8N
weremeasuredintheknittedfabric.The
burstingofthecoatedknittedfabricsin
thecoursedirectionoccurredatbreakingforcesfrom108.1Nto672.2N.The
coatingcausedanincreaseinbreaking
forcesinthecoursedirectionoftheknitted
fabric-onaverageabout27%.Breakingforceinthecoursed55Thet-testshowsagainthatthereisno
statisticallysignificantdifferencebetween
thebreakingforcesofthethree
polyurethane-coatedgroupsofsamples
tested(p=0.88).RegressionmodelFcc=99.51×1,0039Fkc,withthecoefficientof
determination
R2=0.9367Thet-testshowsagainthatth56Breakingforceofthesphericalburst
oftheknittedfabricandcoatedknitted
fabricBreakingforces
from73Nto1058Nweremeasured
intheknittedfabricsandfrom91Nto
1228NinthecoatedknittedfabricsCoatingcausedani
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